Energy Concepts & Cellular Respiration (PDF)

made by Echo https://t.me/xb5bot Page (1) Energy Concepts & cellular respiration and metabolism Energy Concepts - Energy Basics - ATP ATP - ‫ﻘْﻼب ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‐ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي و اﻻﺳ‬ - Enzymes -Biochemical Pathway...

made by Echo https://t.me/xb5bot Page (1) Energy Concepts & cellular respiration and metabolism Energy Concepts - Energy Basics - ATP ATP - ‫ﻘْﻼب ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‐ أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻠﻮي و اﻻﺳ‬ - Enzymes -Biochemical Pathways What is Energy? Energy is the ability to do work or put matter into motion Energy is present in the universe in many forms Example s of Energy: ‫ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ أو وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠ‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ؟ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻫ‬‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻫ‬‫‐ اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟ‬ :‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ﺎل ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻮن ﺑﺄﺷ‬‫ اﻟ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‬ - Heat - Light waves - Sound waves - Electrical Energy (electron movement) - Mechanical Energy (physical movement) - Chemical Energy (chemical bonds) (‫ﻴﺔ )اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎﻧﻴ‬‫ﺘﺮون( ‐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻴ‬‫ﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻹﻟ‬‫‐ ﺣﺮارة ‐ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻀﻮء ‐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ‐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ‬ (‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ )اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟ‬‫‐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ‬ Energy Flow Energy flows from the sun to the earth. Energy from sunl ight is captured by plants and stored in carbohydrate molecules. Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein molecules are taken up by other organisms, and used to make energy molecules such as ATP In the biological world, food energy passes through an ecosystem ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬‫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻓ‬Sunl ight ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ اﻷرض‬‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ إﻟ‬ ‫ ﺻﻨﻌﻬﺎ‬‫ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ‬، ‫ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬‫ﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات واﻟﺪﻫﻮن واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎول ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟ‬.‫ﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ ﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﻴﺌ‬، ‫ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟ‬‫ ﻓ‬ATP ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Page (1)  made by Echo https://t.me/xb5bot Page (2) Plan ts, algae and some bacteria obtain energy from sunlight and produce energy rich carbohydrate (sugar) molecules. All other organisms obtain their energy by consuming plants and other animals and converting carbohydrate, protein, and lipid molecules they con tain into energy Energy Forms ‫ﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﺗﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟ‬‫ﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠ‬‫ واﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ وﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺒ‬TS ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت واﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى واﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬‫ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟ‬.(‫ﺮ‬‫)اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ وﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺪﻫﻮن أﺷ‬، ‫ واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬، ‫ﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬‫اﻟ‬ Chemical Energy: potential energy stored in chemical bonds, released when chemical bonds are broken - example: phosphate bonds in ATP, chemical bonds in food Mechanical Energy: energy directly involved in moving matter - example: muscle contraction Electrical Energy: energy that flows within charged particles (ions) :‫ﺴﻮرة ‐ ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﺪات ﻣ‬‫ ﺗﻢ إﻃﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬، ‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟ‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓ‬:‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ‬ :‫ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة ‐ ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓ‬:‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎﻧﻴ‬‫ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻴ‬‫ﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟ‬، ATP ‫رواﺑﻂ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﻓ‬ (‫ ﺗﺘﺪﻓﻖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ )أﻳﻮﻧﺎت‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘ‬:‫ﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ‬ - example: movement of Na + and K + ions during nerve impulses Radiant Energy: energy that travels in waves - example: waves of sunlight ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬:‫ اﻷﻣﻮاج ‐ ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘ‬:‫ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬+ K ‫ و‬+ Na ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ أﻳﻮﻧﺎت‬:‫‐ ﻣﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ Page (2)  made by Echo https://t.me/xb5bot Page (3) Thermodynami cs Thermodynamics: a branch of Physics which describes the relationships between heat (thermo) and other types of energy There are 2 laws of Thermodynamics which describe the basic concepts of energy in the physical world: - The 1 Law of Thermodynamics ‫( وأﻧﻮاع أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ‬Thermo) ‫ ﻓﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺬي ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬:‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬Thermodynami CS ‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻷوﻟ‬‫ ‐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬:‫ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬‫ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓ‬‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﺘ‬‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬ - The 2nd Law. Of Thermodynamics The 1st Law of Thermodynamics The 1 Law of Thermodynamics states: - The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. - Energy is not created or destroyed, its is only converted from one for m to another ‫ﻮن‬‫ اﻟ‬‫ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓ‬‫ ‐ إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬:‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬1 ‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ دول‬‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻷول ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬‫ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬.‫‐ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬ ‫ آﺧﺮ‬‫ م إﻟ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪ إﻟ‬، ‫ ‐ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬.‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ - From this, we know that energy is always present, and will be actively in use, or stored: Kinetic Energy: energy being used, doing work, energy of motion Potential Energy: energy stored or inactive ، ‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬:‫ أو ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ‬، ‫ﻮن ﻗﻴﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻨﺸﺎط‬‫ و ﺳﻴ‬، ‫ﺎ‬‫ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ أن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة داﺋﻤ‬، ‫‐ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺰﻧﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬:‫ﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬‫ وﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ‬، ‫واﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ Page (3)  made by Echo https://t.me/xb5bot Page (4) The 2d Law of Thermody namics states that natural spontaneous processes move from a state of order (nonrandomness) to a condition of randomness or disorder, also known as entropy. This law deals with heat and entropy Heat is a product of energy conversion from one form to anoth er ‫ أ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ أن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻔﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم )ﻋﺪم اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ( إﻟ‬‫ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠ‬namics ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬2D ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ ﻧﺘﺎج ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺤﺮارة واﻹﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫ‬.‫ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ‬‫ واﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ أﻳﻀ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ أو اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬ ‫ أﻧﻮث إﻳﻪ‬‫ﻞ إﻟ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺷ‬ Entropy is the amount of disorder, or chaos present in a system Conversions in energy produce Entropy - Organization, structure requires energy input - Disorganization, chaos releases energy The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states: - In a ny cyclic process, the entropy will either increase or stay the ‫ﻞ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻬﻴ‬، ‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ إﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ ‐ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼت ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ‬‫ أو اﻟﻔﻮﺿ‬، ‫إﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬ ، ‫ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮرك‬‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ دورﻳﺔ ﻓ‬‫ ‐ ﻓ‬:‫ﺎ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬‫ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﻨﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‬‫ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ اﻟﻔﻮﺿ‬، ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‐ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺰﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ أو ﺗﺒﻘ‬ same - In other words, left alone, most systems will degrade and release energy ‫ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ وﺗﻄﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬، ‫ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻤﻔﺮدﻫﺎ‬، ‫ﻧﻔﺲ ‐ وﺑﻌﺒﺎرة أﺧﺮى‬ Page (4)  made by Echo https://t.me/xb5bot Page (5) Entropy in Biology Living organisms are organized, they have LOW entropy To maintain low entropy, a constant input of energy is needed INTO the body of the organism - Plants: sunlight energy required to sustain life - Humans: food energy from plants, other animals is required to sustain life ‫ ﻣﺪﺧﻼت‬‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟ‬، ‫ اﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬‫ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠ‬، ‫ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟ‬‫إﻧﺘﺮوﺑﻴﺎ ﻓ‬ ‫ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﺬاﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬:‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ‐ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬‫ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ أﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠ‬:‫ ‐ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬‫ﺎﺋﻦ اﻟﺤ‬‫ ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓ‬ ‫ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬‫ وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﺤﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠ‬، ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ Page (5)