SocSci Finals Reviewer PDF

Lesson 8: The Camera, Exposure and You The Camera, Light & Exposure Photography is a form of visual art (considered now a fine arts as well) that is directly connected with technological advances of man. When technologies progress, the camera also does. 15 years ago taking a selfie was unheard of...

Lesson 8: The Camera, Exposure and You The Camera, Light & Exposure Photography is a form of visual art (considered now a fine arts as well) that is directly connected with technological advances of man. When technologies progress, the camera also does. 15 years ago taking a selfie was unheard of because the cameras then didn't have features that modern cameras have now. Key Points The main goal of Photography is to record and document/ capture moments. Similar to Paintings and drawings but done more accurately and instantaneously. All with the help of the CAMERA. There are many types and developments of the camera, but the essential feature of this small black box is its ability to capture light to produce an image. The CAMERA, similarly, is the paintbrush to a Painter. Light is the main ingredient in the formula of creating a photograph. No light, No Photograph. But how about night photography you might say, Is there a light I n darkness? Is Darkness the absence of light? Comment your insight below. Three (3) Main concepts (and camera settings) for you to understand in Photograph The ISO Aperture. and Shutter Speed. This is also referred to as the Triangle of Exposure. All three (3) settings focus on manipulating light. ISO determines how sensitive your camera is to light. Aperture determines the amount of light coming into your camera. Shutter speed controls how long that light comes into the camera. Is there a standard camera setting for you to be able to get a perfect photograph all the time? The answer is NO. There is no standard setting because Photography is dependent on the lighting condition. The lighting condition is not the same in the morning as it is in the afternoon. Outdoor lighting is different from Indoor and so on. Photography Greek Words "photos" -- LIGHT "graphe" -- DRAWING "DRAWING WITH LIGHT" CAMERA LENSES APERTURE SHUTTER SPEED ISO DEPTH OF FIELD COMPOSITION Wide Angle Lens Telephoto Lens Depth of Field Depth Exposure ( Shutter Speed) Rule of Thirds TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY Fashion Glamor Advertising Still Life Wedding Fine Art Nature ◦ Landscape/Wildlife/Underwater/ Seascape/ Cloudscape TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY Travel Architectural Portrait Photojournalism ◦ Documentary ◦ Street ◦ Celebrity ◦ Sports TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY Nude War Candid Fire Forensic Secret Macro Aerial TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY Headshot Food Astrophotography Child Black and White Night Lesson 9: Sculpture & Sculpting Sculpture is a form of visual art in which artists create three-dimensional works of art by shaping or combining materials. Sculpting, the process of creating sculptures, involves manipulating materials such as clay, stone, metal, wood, plaster, or other materials to create a desired form or composition. The history of sculpture dates back thousands of years, with examples found in various cultures around the world. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans produced remarkable sculptures that have survived through the ages, showcasing the skill and creativity of their artists. Sculpting techniques vary depending on the chosen material. For instance, sculptors working with clay might use techniques like modeling, coiling, or carving to shape the material into the desired form. Stone sculptors typically use tools like chisels, hammers, and rasps to carve away excess material and refine the sculpture's details. Metal sculptors often work with welding equipment and other metalworking tools to fabricate their creations. Contemporary sculpture encompasses a wide range of styles and approaches, from traditional figurative works to abstract and conceptual pieces. Artists often experiment with new materials and techniques, pushing the boundaries of what sculpture can be. Sculpting can be a highly skilled and labor-intensive process, requiring patience, precision, and a deep understanding of materials and techniques. Many sculptors undergo extensive training in art schools or apprenticeships to develop their skills. Sculpture plays a significant role in the art world, with sculptures displayed in museums, galleries, public spaces, and private collections around the world. It offers artists a unique way to explore form, space, and texture and communicate ideas and emotions to viewers. Common Materials for Sculpture Creation: Clay: Sculptors can mold, shape, and carve clay to create free-standing sculptures. Once the desired form is achieved, the clay can be fired to harden it. Stone: Sculptors carve stone, such as marble, granite, or limestone, to create free-standing sculptures. Stone sculptures can range from small-scale works to large monumental pieces. Metal: Metal sculptures are created through techniques like welding, casting, and forging. Metals such as bronze, steel, and aluminum are commonly used for free-standing sculptures. Wood: Sculptors carve, chisel, and shape wood to create free-standing sculptures. Different types of wood, such as oak, walnut, and cedar, offer unique textures and characteristics for sculpting. Plaster: Plaster sculptures can be cast or carved to create free-standing artworks. Plaster is often used for making molds or creating preliminary models for sculptures. Types of Sculptures Free-standing sculptures can depict various subjects, including human figures, animals, abstract forms, and conceptual ideas. They are often displayed in outdoor spaces, parks, gardens, and public plazas, as well as indoor settings like galleries, museums, and private collections. Free-standing sculptures are three-dimensional artworks that are designed to be viewed from all angles and do not require a supporting structure or base for display. These sculptures are typically self-supporting and can stand independently without the need for external support. Creating free-standing sculptures requires careful planning, skillful execution, and an understanding of the chosen material's properties. Sculptors may use a variety of tools and techniques to shape and refine their artworks, including sculpting tools, chisels, grinders, and polishing equipment. Overall, free-standing sculptures offer artists a versatile and dynamic medium for expressing their creativity and engaging viewers in a multi-dimensional visual experience. Relief sculpture is a type of sculpture in which figures or designs project from a background surface. There are several types of relief sculptures, each characterized by the degree to which the figures or designs are raised or lowered relative to the background surface. The main types of relief sculptures include bas-relief (low relief), alto-relievo (high relief), and sunken relief (also known as intaglio or incised relief). 1. Bas-Relief (Low Relief): o In bas-relief sculpture, the figures or designs are only slightly raised from the background surface, creating a shallow depth of carving. The term "bas-relief" is derived from the French word "basso-rilievo," meaning "low relief."  oBas-relief sculptures are commonly found in architecture, decorative panels, and coins. They provide a subtle sense of depth and dimension while maintaining a relatively flat appearance when viewed from the front. 2. Alto-Relievo (High Relief): o Alto-relievo sculptures feature figures or designs that are deeply carved and prominently project from the background surface, creating a significant depth of carving. The term "alto-relievo" is derived from the Italian words for "high relief." o Unlike bas-relief sculptures, alto-relievo sculptures have more pronounced forms that cast distinct shadows, creating a dramatic effect of depth and realism. This type of relief sculpture is often found in monumental and narrative artworks, such as friezes and sculptures on pediments. 3. Sunken Relief (Intaglio or Incised Relief): o Sunken relief sculptures involve carving the figures or designs into the background surface, resulting in recessed areas or negative spaces where the images are carved. o This technique is commonly used in ancient Egyptian and Assyrian art, as well as in seals and engraved gems. Sunken relief sculptures create a contrast between the raised and recessed areas, emphasizing the outlines and forms of the depicted subjects. Relief sculpture offers artists a versatile medium for creating dynamic and visually engaging artworks that interact with light and shadow to convey depth and dimension. Each type of relief sculpture presents unique challenges and opportunities for artistic expression, whether through subtle bas-relief compositions or dramatic alto-relievo narratives. Lesson 10: Creative Consumption of Space Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and spaces for human use. Architectural design in itself is an art form realized through considerations of spatial design and aesthetics. Architecture is a multi-faceted art form that encompasses the design and construction of buildings and structures. It combines elements of aesthetics, engineering, and functionality to create spaces that serve various purposes, from housing and worship to commerce and recreation. Form and Function: One of the fundamental principles of architecture is the balance between form and function. Architects must consider both the practical requirements of a building and its aesthetic appeal. The design should not only be visually pleasing but also serve the needs of its users efficiently. Historical Context: Architecture reflects the cultural, social, and historical context in which it was created. By studying architectural styles and techniques from different periods, one can gain insight into the values, beliefs, and technological advancements of various civilizations. Architectural Styles: Architecture encompasses a wide range of styles, each with its own characteristics and influences. From the classical symmetry of Greek and Roman architecture to the elaborate ornamentation of Gothic cathedrals, there is a rich diversity of architectural styles to explore and appreciate. Materials and Construction Techniques: The choice of materials and construction techniques can greatly impact the appearance and functionality of a building. Whether it's the use of stone, brick, concrete, or steel, each material offers unique properties that architects can leverage to achieve their design objectives. Spatial Experience: Architecture shapes our experience of space and place. A well-designed building can evoke emotions, create atmospheres, and influence behavior. Architects often manipulate light, scale, and proportion to enhance the spatial quality of a place. Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable architecture, which focuses on minimizing the environmental impact of buildings. Sustainable design principles incorporate energy-efficient technologies, green building materials, and strategies for reducing waste and pollution. Iconic Landmarks: Certain buildings become iconic landmarks that define cities and regions. These architectural marvels not only serve practical functions but also symbolize cultural identity and aspiration. Examples include the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Taj Mahal in India, and the Sydney Opera House in Australia. Urban Planning and Design: Architecture plays a crucial role in shaping the urban environment. Urban planners work closely with architects to design cities that are functional, aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable. Concepts such as mixed-use development, pedestrian- friendly streets, and green spaces contribute to creating vibrant and livable communities. By appreciating the art of architecture, one can gain a deeper understanding of the built environment and its impact on society, culture, and the natural world. Whether through visiting historic landmarks, studying architectural theory, or engaging with contemporary design, there are endless opportunities to explore and celebrate the rich diversity of architectural expression. Some key points to look out for in the Architecture PPT: 1. Material Used during the period of Ancient Civilizations were stone that made crude and massive structures. 2. Greeks developed the Columns 3. Romans copied and improved the columns. They also contributed the development of the Arches. 4. Medieval Period: Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic Renaissance 5. Japanese Architecture - Godai Lesson 11: Anyone Can Sing Anyone can Sing... It is just a matter of choosing the right song for your voice! Music, by definition, is SOUND created by natural or artificial means that is logically and makes sense to the listeners. If the sound we are hearing is not logical and makes no sense, then it is considered to be NOISE. Man can produce SOUND in two (2) ways. The HUMAN VOICE and MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. The quality of our VOICES varies based on how well we exercise our vocal chords. Our Vocal CHORDS are similar to guitar strings. For women, their vocal chords are usually thinner and when air passes through it it vibrates and gives off a higher pitch. Alternatively, for men, our vocal cords are much thicker giving off a lower pitch. Voices can be classified into Soprano and Alto (for women) Tenor and Bass (for Men) In terms of Musical Instruments, there are three (3) general categories: The String, The Wind and the Percussion. Click attached Music PPT for Images... 1. String Instruments: o String instruments produce sound through vibrating strings. These strings are typically made of materials like metal, nylon, or gut, and they can be plucked, bowed, or struck to produce sound. o Examples of string instruments include the violin, viola, cello, double bass, guitar, harp, and piano (which is considered both a string and a percussion instrument due to its mechanism of sound production). 2. Percussion Instruments: o Percussion instruments produce sound by being struck, shaken, or scraped. They can create a wide range of sounds, from sharp and percussive to sustained and resonant. o Examples of percussion instruments include drums (like the snare drum, bass drum, and tom-toms), cymbals, tambourine, xylophone, marimba, glockenspiel, triangle, and various other handheld or mounted instruments. 3. Wind Instruments: o Wind instruments produce sound by vibrating air within the instrument. This vibration can be caused by blowing air through a mouthpiece (like in brass instruments) or across a reed (as in woodwind instruments). o Examples of wind instruments include the flute, clarinet, saxophone, oboe, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, French horn, tuba, and various types of folk and ethnic wind instruments. These categories cover a wide range of instruments used in different musical traditions and genres, each contributing unique timbres and textures to the overall musical landscape. Four Strings, Piano & the Orchestra : In terms of Genre, there are so many varied forms and types. To each his/ her own... Some prefer classical over modern. Country over Pop, and what about all the types of Rock music... Soft Rock, Hard Rock, Pop Rock etc... "Where words fail, music speaks." ― Hans Christian Andersen "One good thing about music, when it hits you, you feel no pain." ― Bob Marley Let's Leave the discussion with this last video to motivate you for your Musical Task: Remember: Be your own voice! Create music from your Heart. Lesson 12: Shake yer Tail Feathers Some species of birds, the males often shake their tail feathers to attract potential mates, The bigger, the more flashy / complicated and complex the movement the better. Some ethnic dances mimic this type of movements in hopes of achieving the same end goal which is attracting a potential partner. *** Calm yourselves, your dance requirement is not for you to attract a potential partner but rather to fulfill the definition of Dance! Dance is an art and recreation that involves the use of bodily movements rhythmically timed to music. Let us take a look a the evolution of Dance: Think about this for a sec. What dance/s are you familiar with? Why do we people dance? Dance as an art was often used to tell a story, to set a mood and, like most of the forms of art we have encountered, is used to express feelings & emotions. Dance as a recreation provides fun, relaxation and companionship Elements of Dance 1. Theme 2. Design 3. Movement 4. Technique 5. Music 6. Costume and Props 7. Choreography 8. Scenery 3 Kinds of Dances Ethnic - uniquely identifiable to a particular culture. The dance in itself is not used for entertainment per se but for cultural purposes. Weddings and Courtship dances included. Social - otherwise know as Ballroom Dances. This is done for socialization, often danced with a partner. Cha Cha, Swing, Foxtrot and Waltz are some examples of this. Theatrical - or Modern/ Spectacular Dances, the intent is to present, entertain and wow the audience. Lesson 13: All the World's a Stage Theater is the culmination of all the forms of art. Visual, Audio Visual, Literary and Performing all rolled into one beautiful package. Although technically speaking DRAMA is the art. It is literature in action. Drama is the theatrical dialogue performed on stage. A story told through conversation of the characters performing on stage. It is simply acting. Drama is a composition that tells a story through action and dialogue and designed for theatrical performance. "[an imitation of action. The medium of drama is not words, but persons moving about using words]." Aristotle [Types of Drama] TRAGEDY Tragedy revolves around a tragic hero who suffers misfortune. In his [Poetics], Aristotle wrote about the qualities of tragedy, which include a catharsis or cleansing. Greek tragedy was performed as part of an estimated 5-day Athenian religious festival, which may have been instituted by Peisistratus. The Great Dionysia, the name of this festival, was held in the Attic month of Elaphebolion, from the end of March to mid-April. Three tragic playwrights competed during the festival for the prize for the best series of three tragedies and a satyr play. The first competition is thought to have been held in 535 B.C. at which time Thespis won. There were rarely more than a chorus and 3 actors, regardless of how many roles were played. Actors changed their appearance in the skene. COMEDY Greek Comedy is divided into Old and New. Since the only Greek comedy comes from Attica -- the country around Athens -- it is often called Attic Comedy. Old Comedy tended to examine political and allegorical topics while New Comedy looked at personal and domestic themes. Euripides is considered an important influence on the development of New Comedy. The primary writer of Old Comedy is Aristophanes; the primary figure for New Comedy is Menander. The Roman comedy writers followed Greek New Comedy. The relatively modern "Comedy of Manners" can be traced to Greek New Comedy. General Information on the Greek Theater: Men played the role of women. Actors wore masks and costumes. Performances were outdoors often on hillsides. The word "theater" comes from the word theatre which was the viewing area for the Greek audience. Theatrical Structure Producer Director Playwright Actor Band Chorus Stage Manager Acting is not real but appears convincingly so. A death scene does not mean that actual characters die, a kissing scene does not mean that the characters are really in love. We employ drama and acting every day. We, in essence, are all actors. Drama is playing a character. One can have different characters in real life. For instance, In my case, I play the role of a teacher/ instructor at work. Alternatively, I play also the role of a husband and a father to my wife and kids when I am at home. The same could be said for your case, you are a student in school, but a loving son/ daughter at home ( especially if we need something right? kidding!), as well as a friend or boy/girlfriend to your special someone. Actors are we, so to speak, daily. We act according to the situation we are involved or presented in. Here are a few fun video clips. The main character is a well-known actor, which I am sure your are familiar with. Take note of the different characters he plays and other elements present during his performance (i.e, Lighting, Music, Stage Design, Acting Style and Story). TYPES OF STAGE CONFIGURATION THEATER VOCABULARY 1. Rehearsal: A scheduled practice of the play. 2. Script: The text of the dialogue and stage directions of a play. 3. Blocking: An actor's movement around a set. 4. Stage Directions: Any instruction for the actors in the script of a play. 5. Stage Left: The side of the stage on the left when facing the audience. 6. Upstage: The half of the stage that is farthest from the audience. 7. Crossing: Moving from one point on the stage to another. 8. Exit: A stage direction which specifies which person goes off stage. 9. Beat: The smallest division of action in a play or a very short pause. 10. Table Read: A reading of the entire play or act without blocking. 11. Monologue: An extended set of lines spoken by one person. 12. Character Motivation: A character's individual desires or goals. 13. Cheating Out: The practice of turning one's body towards the audience even while keeping the head facing one's scene partner. 14. Prompt: To give an actor his/her next line when he/she has forgotten it. 15. Improvisation: Acting without having planned what to do or say.