Sociology Midterm #3 Prep PDF

Sociology Midterm \#3 Prep +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Religion | +=======================================================================+ | Religion: social institution that involves belie...

Sociology Midterm \#3 Prep +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Religion | +=======================================================================+ | Religion: social institution that involves beliefs and practices | | based on recognizing a sacred sphere. | | | | Belief Systems: any proposition thought to be true and shared set of | | interrelated beliefs. | | | | Religion in Canada has declined and society in Canada has become more | | secular | | | | Implication in Religion for Individuals: | | | | -positive outcomes | | | | -better physical and mental health | | | | -lower levels of substance abuse | | | | -more positive family outcomes | | | | -stronger academic orientation | | | | Religion is a source of | | | | -social capital | | | | -bridging capital | | | | -bonding capital | | | | Implications of religion in society: | | | | positive bonding capital: | | | | -donate money to social cues | | | | -voluntary humanitarian work | | | | negative bonding capital: | | | | -us v them mentality in the presence of a perceived threat | | | | -can find expression in oppression, violence, crusades, war, | | imperialism, genocide | | | | Functionalism: | | | | Religion binds members of society together | | | | -collective conscience | | | | -collective effervescence | | | | Symbolic Interactionism: | | | | rise of protestant doctrine enabled rise of capitalism | | | | -economy activity as a normally worthy vocation | | | | -accumulation of wealth as a gift from god | | | | Conflict Theory: | | | | -Religion is the opium of the people | | | | -religion creates, justifies, maintains inequality | | | | Feminism: | | | | historically women are rejected by religion | | | | -revisionists: uncover message of equality | | | | -reformists: removal of sexist language | | | | -revolutionists: integrate new elements | | | | -rejectionists: new, female centered spirituality | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Science | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Scientism: | | | | Scientific truths wildly accepted | | | | -rise of post truth culture | | | | -scientific knowledge as objective truth | | | | -scientific knowledge as socially constructed | | | | -science is the most reliable belief system due to normative | | structure | | | | -Communism: knowledge freely shared | | | | -Universalism: knowledge free of bias | | | | -Disinterestedness: truth as the only goal | | | | -Skepticism: exposed to organized society | | | | Corporatization of Science | | | | -decline of public funding, scientific research is increasingly | | funded by wealthy individuals and corporations | | | | -rise of post academic science research results become private | | property | | | | -wealth individuals and commercial industry: | | | | -determine the research topic and methods | | | | -link salaries to delivery of desired results | | | | -prevent publication of unwanted results | | | | -support promotion of corporate friendly scientific | | | | Sociologists study: | | | | -How scientific knowledge emerges and is distributed | | | | -role of power and politics (critical lense) | | | | -impact of funding structures | | | | Influential theories: | | | | Feminism: | | | | -underrepresentation of women in science | | | | Poststructuralism: | | | | Knowledge is intertwined with power | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Education | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Education is a major agent of socialization | | | | Sociologists explore: | | | | -functions of schooling | | | | -interrelationships with other institutions | | | | -public v private funding structures | | | | -curricula and social construction | | | | -Role of classism and imperialism | | | | -role of crisis of civilization | | | | Education and privatization in Canada: | | | | -1950s attendance: 5-40% | | | | -2000s attendance: 40-90% | | | | -90s-97: public funding for higher education down 30% | | | | -2022: tuition fees 13x higher than 50 years ago | | | | -average student loan debt for bachelors degree \$28,000 | | | | -23.5 billion federal student debt up to 7 million a day | | | | -decline of critical analysis, rise of job training | | | | Functionalists: | | | | -Manifest functions of education | | | | -skill and knowledge of development | | | | -historical and cultural transmission | | | | -fostering of social order and collective consciousness | | | | Latent functions: | | | | -daycare | | | | -social life | | | | -social control via corporatization and student debt | | | | Critical Theory: | | | | -social reproduction of the status quo via education | | | | -privatization reduces social critique as crisis escalates | | | | -hidden curriculum fosters social reproduction | | | | -school costs affect social classes differently and exclude lower | | classes | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Crowds | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Group behaviour that has a larger purpose is relatively spontaneous, | | unstructured and unconventional | | | | Localized crowd | | | | -a temporary gathering of people who are in the same place at the | | same time | | | | casual: no intended larger purpose | | | | conventional: shared objective norms | | | | expressive: shared, participatory purpose | | | | acting: join together in pursuit of a common goal | | | | Collective behaviour in crowds as irrational: | | | | Contagion Theory: | | | | -anonymity, suggestibility, contagion | | | | -collective mind, replaces individuality | | | | -fails to explain why not everyone joins a crowd | | | | -promotes social control | | | | -individual restlessness -- social merit | | | | -milling -- moving around randomly | | | | -collective excitement | | | | -social contagion | | | | Convergence Theory | | | | -likeminded people come together in order to behave in accordance | | with their prior dispositions | | | | -spotlight on the individual | | | | -fails to account for emotional group influences | | | | Emergent Norm Theory: | | | | -extraordinary situation | | | | -various courses of action possible | | | | -new norms and justifications emerge | | | | -situation appropriate forms of social action | | | | Dispersed forms of collective behaviour | | | | Fads, fashions, rumours, gossip, widespread panic, moral panic, | | disasters | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Crisis of Civilization and need for structural change | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | -2030, temperatures are likely to reach 1.5 degrees Celsius above | | pre-industrial levels | | | | -Canada is warming at twice the local rate | | | | -without systemic change we are on course for catastrophe and | | increase in temperature of 2.6-3.1 degrees Celsius | | | | -rising temperatures cause sea levels to rise, worsened air, | | declining fresh water deposits, reduced, reduced crop production, | | water/food shortage, rise of infectious diseases, mass death | | | | -2050 mass extinction | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Neoliberalism Capitalism | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | -in the past 50 years, more than half of all fossil fuels consumed | | have been burned up | | | | -vertebrate species have declined by an average of 68% | | | | -rise of promotional post truth culture | | | | -rise of mental illness | | | | -decline of democracy | | | | -rise of inequality, totalitarianism, fascism and social control | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Global North | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | -since 1850, the global north has been responsible for 92% of global | | emissions CO2 | | | | -100 corporations are responsible for 71% of emissions | | | | -the richest 1% are heating the planet as much of 2/3 of the rest of | | the population | | | | -global north will owe global south reparations | | | | -49 countries that operate as an integrated military, economic and | | political bloc | | | | Inner Core: | | | | -US, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel all rooted of | | white supremacy | | | | -core platforms under US control: NATO, G7 | | | | -Most powerful members have shaped the modern history of violence | | | | -14.2% of the world population but 40% of the worlds gross domestic | | product due to ongoing drain of wealth from the global south | | | | -the right to communicate | | | | -1985 USA and Great Britain pulled out of UNESCO | | | | -Severely undermining the organizations budget | | | | -making recommending reforms impossible | | | | -reinforcing their own predominance as exporters of information, | | entertainment and ideology | | | | Crisis of global north's hegemony | | | | -imperial overreach | | | | -permanent war | | | | -unwillingness to address the roots of climate change | | | | -economic instability | | | | The global north control over natural resources, financial flows, and | | science and technology is challenged by: | | | | -russia's recovery of its sovereignty starting in the late 2000s | | | | formation of BRICS and Belt and Road Initiative | | | | The global north resorts to hyperimperialism to prolong its hegemony | | | | -blatant disregard to international law and social justice | | | | -deadly sanctions (1/3 of world population) and austerity demands | | | | -growing reliance on military and media power | | | | -rapidly increased military spending (2022): | | | | -Withdrawal from arms control, treaties and globalization of NATO | | | | -covert regime change ops, drone assinations, CIA black sites | | | | -hybrid wars against Russia and china | | | | -growing threats of nuclear of annihilation and ecological collapse | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Global South | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | -suffers 82-92% of the economic costs and 98-99% of all deaths | | inflicted by climate breakdown | | | | -between 2008-2018 more than 200 million people were displaced by | | climate change | | | | -80% of them live in asia | | | | -the rest of the world. 145 diverse countries | | | | -former colonies and semi colonies | | | | -countries range from socialist or historically progressive to | | strongly sovereign seeing, to non aligned to heavily US militarized. | | | | -85% of the world's population | | | | -major regional and international projects | | | | Global South rising economies: | | | | China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey, Mexico | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Social Movements | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Social moments rely on their leaders abilities to utilize resources | | | | -enduring efforts to transform society in structured ways | | | | -less spontaneous, more structured than collective behaviour but also | | unconventional | | | | -efforts to recruit a substantial number of participants | | | | -Identifiable leaders, engage in claims making | | | | -Alternative: limited/specific | | | | -Redemptive: massive/group specific | | | | -Reformative: limited/society | | | | -Revolutionary: massive/society | | | | Value Added Theory: | | | | -structural conduciveness: broad social conditions | | | | -structural strain: problems created by system | | | | -spread of generalized belief: wide awareness | | | | -precipitating factors: triggering events | | | | -Mobilization: gathering of participants | | | | -Operation of social control: limited social control | | | | Resource mobilization theory: | | | | Moral: legitimacy of a claim | | | | Cultural: strategic abilities | | | | Dimensions of social change: | | | | -type of change | | | | -degree of change | | | | -intended recipient | | | | Social organizational: networks | | | | -Human: experience and skill | | | | -Material: finances, office space | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Genocide | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | International Court of Justice | | | | -Genocide against gaza's Palestinian population | | | | -Israel must immediately hault military offensive | | | | International Criminal Court | | | | -Warrants for arrest | | | | Genocide | | | | -killing members of a group | | | | -causing serious harm or bodily harm to members of a group | | | | -diliberately inflicting on the group of conditions of life | | | | -imposing measures intended to prevent bias | | | | -forcibly transferring children of a group to another group | | | | Punishment of Article 3 | | | | -genocide | | | | -conspiracy to commit genocide | | | | -direct and public incitement to commit genocide | | | | -attempt to commit genocide | | | | -complicity in genocide | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Globalization | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Globalization: process by which social, cultural, political and | | exonomical relations extend father than ever before | | | | National Governments | | | | -no longer enjoy uncontested sovereignty within their own borders | | | | -increased mobility of capital, commodities, information, images, | | relatively wealthy people | | | | globalization can be a misleading term even today; not all | | significant social relations occur on a global scale | | | | Rise of Neocolonialism: | | | | -roots of globalization in ancient and colonial times | | | | -technological developments of the 19^th^ century connect the world | | | | -post world war II -\> rise of US dominated transnational | | institutions | | | | -international monetary fund shapes financial and economic policy | | | | -world bank fosters international peace and cooperation | | | | -general agreements on tariffs and trade | | | | -world trade organization facilitates global trade | | | | NATO | | | | -military alliance | | | | -monopoly control | | | | -control over national resources | | | | -control over financial flows | | | | -control over science and technology | | | | -control over military power | | | | -control over information | | | | -World bank and the international monetary fund enforce neoliberal | | standards across the globe | | | | -world trade organization opens up most of the world to unhindered | | capital flow among borders | | | | -rise of transitional corporations | | | | Elite discourses on Globalization | | | | -cultural globalization (internet) | | | | -exposure to diverse perspectives | | | | -improved critical thinking skills | | | | -strengthening democracy | | | | -World trade organization -- rising standards on living | | | | -full employment and a large steadily growing volume of real income | | | | -world bank and the reduction of poverty is our chief aim | | | | -race to the bottom: jobs move to countries with lower wages and | | fewer regulations with regulations and working conditions across the | | globe negatively affected | | | | Total debt of developing countries: | | | | -1980, 580 billion to 2.4 trillion | | | | -worlds 10 richest men own 6x more wealth than the poorest 3.1 | | billion people | | | | -extreme inequality currently contributes to atleast 21,000 deaths a | | day | | | | Cultural Imperialism: | | | | -Exploitation of global media markets to build political, economic | | and ideological empires | | | | -hides, normalizes, whitewashes, imperialism | | | | -largely unidirectional flow of information and entertainment | | | | -products from a small number of companies and countries | | | | -targeting the worlds most affluent audiences | | | | -leaves most of the world culturally invisible and voiceless | | | | Decline of Languages: | | | | 16^th^ century had 14,000 distinct languages | | | | -today we have 7,000 distinct languages | | | | -estimates for the year 2100: about 2,000 distinct languages | | | | -internet is 80% English | | | | Global justice movements focused on: | | | | -neoliberalism | | | | -undemocratic roles of World Bank, IMF, WTO | | | | -rising inequality imperialism, totalitarianism | | | | -Environmental degradation | | | | World Social Forum | | | | -counter summit to the World Economic Forum | | | | Independent media: | | | | -designed to empower the public | | | | -employ a critical lens (promotional culture: functionalist lens) | | | | Theorizing Globalization: | | | | Modernization theory: | | | | -economic growth and technological innovation | | | | -social and moral progress, superiority | | | | -underdeveloped nations are themselves responsible for the | | underdevelopment | | | | -developed nations have the right the moral obligation to dominate | | underdeveloped nations | | | | -ideology of colonialism | | | | Dependence Theory: | | | | -underdevelopment has been intentionally created by developed nations | | via colonialism and neo-colonialism | | | | -enduring relationships of exploitation under neoliberalism | | | | -no opportunity for exploited nations to develop independent | | economies | | | | World Systems Theory: | | | | -capitalist world economy, hegemony, exploitation | | | | -global division of labour: | | | | -semi periphery nations: moving towards industrialization | | | | -periphery nations: resource extraction and export | | | | -external area: external to the capitalist world economy | | | | Postcolonial Theory: | | | | -examines the history, ideology and social role of: | | | | -media imperialism | | | | -neocolonial elite discourses and worldviews | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | UNESCO v Cultural Imperialism | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural | | Organization | | | | -agency that promotes world peace through international cultural | | cooperation | | | | -1980 new world information and communication order | | | | -there is a fundamental conflict between democratization and | | commercialization of communication | | | | -freedom of information is a fundamental human right | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Hyperimperialism | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+