Sociology Final Exam Notes PDF

Types of social movements: 1. Alternative: aim for limited societal change, target narrow group of people 2. Redemptive: aim for more radical change, target specific groups 3. Reformative: aim for limited social change, across entire society 4. Revolutionary: aim for radical reorg...

Types of social movements: 1. Alternative: aim for limited societal change, target narrow group of people 2. Redemptive: aim for more radical change, target specific groups 3. Reformative: aim for limited social change, across entire society 4. Revolutionary: aim for radical reorganization of society Value added theory: refers to planned collective action, social movements increase in value in a series of progressive stages to achieve a successful outcome Emergent Norm theory: develops in crowds as a result of the emergence of new behavioural norms in response to a precipitating crisis Contagion theory: collective action arises because of peoples tendencies to conform tot he behaviour of other in close contact Convergence theory: collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place Crowd Collective action: face to face with other members of the group Mass collective action: when people aren't physically together but still united Collective Action: action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of a situation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The social model of disability: relationships between impairment and environment (attitudes, beliefs, climate, architectural systems, services), views society as the disability Biomedical model: locates disability within the indivudal, views the impairment as the disability Lack of “Sense of Coherence”: Antonovsky - Life is comprehensible and predictable - Sufficient resources available to help me if i need - Life makes sense/has meaning - Focuses on resilience - Internal locus of control, results in self efficiency Putnam: - Reduction in bridging social capital (participation in volunteering) - Increase in bonding social capital (insularization among ethnic groups) - These factors were a threat to US democracy, led to a reduction is political participation Social Capital: collective benefits arising from cooperative attitudes/practices grounded in trust, reciprocity, and mutual aid - Subset of social cohesion Social Capital trends: - 3 or more close friends - Do someone a favour within the last month - Having ethnic diversity within friends Social Exclusion: process of excluding members of a group from normal interactions and sharing of benefits Post 2000 immigration: - More racialized - Linguistic minorities - Religious divide - Increase in social inequalities Social cohesion and Health: people who are socially dislocated may adopt (unhealthy) behaviours to adapt to their alienation - Overuse of alcohol and drugs - Overconsumption of unhealthy food - Relentless pursuit of power Impacts of stress on health: chronically high levels of cortisol in the brain are linked to depression, high blood pressure, and decreased immune function Social Determinants of Health explained: - Stress - Lack of social cohesion - Lack of social capital - Lack of sense of coherence - The social model of disability ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cultural support theory: - Cohen: cultural beliefs create and sustain deviant behavior (underage drinking) - Sutherland: deviance grows from exposure to learning experiences from family and social interaction that makes deviance more likely Status degradation: rituals where deviant status is conferred (courtroom trial) Discredited Stigma: clearly known/visible (physically disabled) Discreditable Stigma: unknown/can be concealable (mental illness) Labelling theory: - deviance label may amplify deviance  - individuals are labelled deviant by those with power to construct the label - Deviance labels are stigmatized and may become master status Primary Deviance: initial act of deviance, doesnr necessarily impact identity Secondary Deviance: Deviant identity Contemporary Critical Theory: Power is always operating upon us, surveillance vs self-surveillance Conflict Theory: Those in power define what is deviant and have the means to enforce measures of social control Marx: workers/unemployed lack commitment to existing social order owning to its exploitive nature Broken Window theory: crime occures whenever/wherever social controls are weak - Poor communities degenerate into more crime, best at explaining destructive property crimes - Normalization of deviance (paramedics at raves) General theory of crime: low self control causes deviance and criminal activity Personality traits of low self control: - Self centered - Unable to defer gratification - Risk seeker - Impulsive - Insensitive to the needs of others Hirschi causes of delinquency:  - Weak bond with parents (most important) - Weak commitment to conformity - Weak involvement in conventional activities - Weak belief in conventional values Types of deviance: - Conformity: choses social acceptance - Innovation: criminals - want money but don't want to work for it - Ritualism: limited desire to live beyond means, works but has little to nothing to show for it - Retreatism: problems at the street level - Rebellion: unacceptable goals Strain Theory (merton): deviance increased when social structure prevents people from achieving culturally defined goals through legitimate means Structural Functionalism: crime and deviance results from anomie (normlessness) - In times of rapid change, norms and values weaken as people aren't tied to social order therefore feel released from behaviour control Homicide in Canada: - Men are more likely involved - Victims usually know their killer - Drugs are often involved - Increased access to handguns, expect increased murder rate - Increased inequality = increased murder 4 general purposes of prison: - Retribution: punishment inflicted - Incapacitation: remove offender from society to protect society - Deterrence: the threat of punishments helps avoid reoffending - Rehabilitation: prepare offender to re enter society Criminality demographics:  - Gender: male over female - Age: late teens/early twenties - Race/ethnicity: indigenous (28% male) (40% women) - Class: positive correlation between inequality and crime Explanation for decline in criminal acitivity: - Aging population - Increased surveillance technology - Increased screen time - Increased access to abortion - Decreased levels of lead in gasoline - Etc Two elements of crime: - The act itself - Criminal intent Types of crime: - Violent - Property - Victmless