Social Psychology Part 2 Overheads (SMU F24) PDF

TODAY: Announcements… Quiz 5 (Learning and Memory) Opened Nov. 4 (a week later than posted in the course outline (Oct. 28) Closes by 11:59 pm Sun. Nov. 17 (Nov. 10) Applied Activity Milgram (due before 11:59 pm Nov. 7) Social influe...

TODAY: Announcements… Quiz 5 (Learning and Memory) Opened Nov. 4 (a week later than posted in the course outline (Oct. 28) Closes by 11:59 pm Sun. Nov. 17 (Nov. 10) Applied Activity Milgram (due before 11:59 pm Nov. 7) Social influence: Conformity, obedience & compliance Group Influences Prosocial Behaviour SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PART2 PERSUASION how to get people to do what you want  Compliance How do we persuade others to comply? Here’s a few tricks we’ll talk about next class… ▪ Foot-in-the-door technique ▪ Door-in-the-face technique ▪ Low-ball technique Foot in the door… Compliance - The Low-Ball Technique ▪ Request is presented as less than the true cost or commitment ▪ Once agreement is secured, higher hidden costs are revealed Compliance - The Low-Ball Technique ▪ More likely to agree to the final arrangement than if you hadn’t agreed to the original offer ▪ Why? Commitment and consistency Compliance - Door-in-the- face Technique ▪ Two Step process ▪ Ask for a large favour (likely to refuse) ▪ Then shift to a smaller favour (real request) Compliance - Door-in-the- face Technique ▪ Why?  Reciprocity Doesn’t always work... Compliance  Do people perform better or worse in front of an audience? Group Influence The effects of the group on individual performance The power of others… Remember piano recital? Group Influence: SF Social facilitation: Presence of others can boost arousal and facilitate dominant response. o Easy task: dominant response is fluid, fast, successful o Challenging task: dominant response is making mistakes (evidence that people can feel stressed and threatened) Social Facilitation ▪ Positive or negative effect on performance, attributed to presence of others. Presence of others Presence of others facilitates performance impairs performance Increased arousal or Social loafing motivation Diffusion of Evaluation responsibility apprehension  Group Influence Why does social facilitation happen? Audience Effects Impact of passive spectators on performance. Co-action Effects Impact on performance caused by presence of others engaged in same task. Social Loafing Tendency to exert less effort when working with others than when working alone. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 16 Inc.  Group Influence Why does social facilitation happen? Audience Effects Co-action Effects Social Loafing The factor that explains all of this… Arousal Zajonc’s Theory of Social Facilitation ▪ The presence of others increases our levels of arousal and motivation. ▪ At high levels of arousal  Our performance of simple tasks is facilitated.  Our performance of complex responses may be impaired. Social Facilitation Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 19 Inc. Social loafing The tendency to put forth less effort when working with others than when working alone  Especially with humdrum jobs when they believe they will not be held accountable.  Can you think of an example? How to minimize social loafing 1. Have people work on an interesting project. 2. Make the project personally relevant to the group. 3. Hold individuals accountable for contributions (clear expectations for who does what). GROUP DECISION MAKING Decision Making in Groups Human beings accomplish incredible feats by working together; feats no individual could accomplish alone. Decision Making in Groups ▪ But we often affiliate with people who are similar to us. ▪ How do discussions with like-minded people affect our attitudes? Groups & Decision-making Group polarization ▪ After group discussion, the tendency for members of a group to shift to more extreme positions ▪ If members of a group were initially positive, become way more positive Desire for Discuss Poorer consensus shared decisions information Groups & Decision-making Groupthink ▪ The tendency for groups to make hasty decisions in order to maintain group cohesion ▪ “Well, since everyone else thinks it’s a good idea…”  Group Influence Role-playing Refers to actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position Stanford Prison Experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXv91xFi pLM 29 Attitudes & attitude change Q: What’s an attitude? What’s an attitude? Attitude: Attitudes are beliefs and feelings that can influence our reactions Made up of 3 components: ▪ Cognitive belief ▪ Emotional (affective feeling) ▪ Behavioural Three Components of Attitude Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 32 Inc. Implicit vs explicit attitudes Implicit: ▪ Automatically activated associations; often learned through repeated exposure ▪ May be evolutionarily adaptive ▪ Can be difficult to change. Explicit: Beliefs we can explicitly report; shaped by values, social norms, and other beliefs; Ccan be updated with new information.  For example: True or False: Sasha has an explicit attitude toward going to watch NASCAR racing because she just doesn’t really like it but can’t explain why. a) true b) false  Another example: True or False: Jeremy has an explicit attitude toward attending prom because he keeps saying how much he hates it due to its high price, the poor choice of venue, and lack of cool people attending. a) true b) false WHEN DO ATTITUDES INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR? Which comes first? Attitudes or behaviour? ▪ Do attitudes predict behaviour? OR ▪ Does behaviour predict attitudes? The answer might surprise you… OFTEN, OUR ATTITUDES DON’T PREDICT BEHAVIOUR For example, attitudes about: Healthy eating Exercise The amount of plastic bottles in our oceans Attitudes do influence behaviour when… Attitude is specific to the behaviour I’m a Habs fan, and in hockey situations, my attitutude predict my behsaviour External factors are taken into account they apply to situations with which we have experience Attitude is strongly held When we are certain or passionate about them strong convictions are more likely to influence behaviour 39 What do we do when attitudes and behaviour don’t match? Or when two attitudes contradict each other? tension Cognitive dissonance theory begins with the idea that people are highly motivated to appear consistent, both to other people and themselves. Cognitive Dissonance Theory When attitudes and behaviour are inconsistent, individuals are motivated to reduce that inconsistency ▪ Discrepancy between behaviour and attitudes ▪ We act to reduce tensions by adjusting our attitudes to fit our actions  explaining away inconsistency tension  reducing its importance 42 Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Participants spent 30 minutes doing a boring task One-third of them were paid $1 and asked to lie and tell the next participant the study was very interesting; One-third were paid $20 and asked to lie; One-third were not paid or asked to lie (control). All participants were asked for their honest opinion of the study and how interested they were in repeating it. Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Which group is most likely to report that the study was interesting and that they would enjoy doing it again? ▪ paid $1 and asked to lie ▪ paid $20 and asked to lie ▪ not paid or asked to lie What do you think? Why? Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) ▪ paid $1 and asked to lie ▪ paid $20 and asked to lie ▪ not paid or asked to lie The participants paid $20 ($150 in today’s money) had an obvious reason for their deceitful behavior but the participants paid only $1 felt uneasy about the lie and ▪ So to reduce dissonance, they adjusted their attitudes ▪ “Maybe the study really was interesting after all.” Reducing Cognitive Dissonance Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 46 Inc. New slide: Try it yourself: Cognitive Dissonance How do we change attitudes? Persuasion Deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and behaviour of another.  Changing Attitudes Through Persuasion Elaboration likelihood model: ▪ Central route of persuasion  Inspires thoughtful consideration of evidence and arguments ▪ Peripheral route of persuasion  Associate with positive or negative cues  E.g., speaker’s attractiveness Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 49  Elaboration likelihood model ELM Central Route Peripheral Route What mode of processing? Thoughtful, reflective Automatic, surface level Is it effortful? Yes No What sways attitudes? Evidence Surface-level features; automatic associations Elaborate (think deeply)? Yes No What kind of change? Long term Short term When is it used? Personally important Low-stake issues or issues under time pressure  The 4 Elements of Persuasion Source of Communication Credibility, attractiveness, likeability. Audience People with low intelligence easier to persuade. Message Unemotional versus emotional. Medium Repetition can influence people. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 51 Inc.  Communicator and Audience Persuasive communicator (the source)  Shows expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness, or similarity to the audience ▪ Positive context increases likelihood of persuasion Audience ▪ People with high self-esteem and low social anxiety are more resistant to social pressure Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. 52 PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR Prosocial Behavior: Why Do We Help? ▪ Humans have the capacity for incredible cruelty but also for incredible kindness. ▪ Even infants prefer helpers to hinderers and toddlers go out of their way to help. ▪ But why do we help? Prosocial Behaviour Prosocial Behaviour Behaviour that benefits others. Helping, cooperation, sympathy. Altruism Behaviour aimed at helping others. Requires some self-sacrifice. Not designed for personal gain. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 55 Inc. Prosocial Behavior: Why Do We Help? Why do people help relatives? Kin selection: Helping relatives is adaptive because it increases the odds of successfully passing on our genes. Why do people help strangers? Norm of reciprocity: People are more likely to help those who have helped them or might be able to help in the future. Cultural evolution argument: Prosocial societies are more likely to succeed, leading to cultural and genetic transmission of prosociality. Prosocial Behavior: Why Do We Help? ▪ Why might people find it harder to empathize with some people than with others? We are more likely to help others with whom we can empathize. Empathy gap: When we struggle to understand the suffering of others. We are more likely to empathize with: o Similar others o Single innocent victim than struggling masses In this video, a TV crew stages a child being abducted to see whether bystanders on the street will intervene. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PEOPLE CHOOSE NOT TO HELP?  The Bystander Effect Bystander Effect As number of bystanders at emergency increases, probability victim receives help decreases. Help delayed if given. Diffusion of Responsibility Feeling among bystanders at emergency that responsibility for helping shared by group. Each individual less compelled to act than if one had total responsibility. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 59 Inc. The Bystander Effect Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 60 Inc. Failing to Help in an Emergency How can you mobilize people to act in a crisis?  Failing to Help in an Emergency How can you mobilize people to act in a crisis? Point to one person and ask them to help you. Steps to Help in an Emergency Some helpful review videos ▪ The Milgram Experiment: Would You Do It? – YouTube ▪ Social Influence: Crash Course Psychology #38 – YouTube ▪ A review of Asch’s conformity experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkK5eA_qhFk ▪ Cognitive dissonance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxAu7BTZQRY ▪ Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment ▪ https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=zimbardo%E2%80%99s%20pris on%20experiment%201971&view=detail&mid=AB1D8AD65EA6D0CD33 2AAB1D8AD65EA6D0CD332A&ajaxhist=0  The Bystander Effect: Want to know more about the case that started it all? The Bystander Effect The Death of Kitty Genovese mp4 - Bing video https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Bys tander+Effect+Kitty&view=detail&mid=A12 D45EECBB71F878A48A12D45EECBB71F878 A48&FORM=VDQVAP&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fs earch%3Fq%3DBystander%2BEffect%2BKit ty%26FORM%3DVRIBQP&rvsmid=4AFAED 965ABAA4C306864AFAED965ABAA4C3068 6&ajaxhist=0 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada 10 - 65 Inc.