Social Change & Education in the Philippines PDF

PRAYE R ENERGIZER Education from a decade ago has changed drastically. In the Philippines alone, all students are now required to take 13 years of formal school, instead of just ten years. Moreover, curriculums have been adjusted so that students can have sufficient time to master skills and con...

PRAYE R ENERGIZER Education from a decade ago has changed drastically. In the Philippines alone, all students are now required to take 13 years of formal school, instead of just ten years. Moreover, curriculums have been adjusted so that students can have sufficient time to master skills and concepts. Whether the change was successful or not, it is still too early to say since the first grade 12 students of the public school system are graduating only on March 201  Causes Of Social Change Economic Factors Industrialization led to a shift from agrarian economies to industrial production, creating urban centers and changing labor markets. Technological advancements like the internet, automation, and AI have influenced job markets, communication, and daily life. Political Factors Legislation addresses social issues like civil rights and labor laws. Government initiatives promote social welfare. Leadership includes political leaders and movements. Changes in governance structures and political ideologies are also key. UNIT 13: Education as a Social Institution In this unit, you should be able to: evaluate how functions of education affect the lives of people in society; and promote primary education as a human right. Lesson 1: Functions of Education in a Society HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES Pre- colonial period During the pre-colonial period, education was decentralized. Children were provided with vacational training but little in the way of traditional academics. Philippines schools were headed by parents or by their tribal tutors. Stories, songs, poetry and dances were passed from generation to generation through oral tradition. They employed a unique writing system known as Baybayin. Spanish period When the Spanish first arrived in Manila, they were surprised to find a population with a literacy rate higher than that of Madrid During the early Spanish period, most education was conducted by religious orders. Friars, recognizing the value of the literate indigenous population, built printing presses to produce material in baybayin. Missionaries studied the local language and the baybayin writing system to better communicate with the local populations and teach Christianity. The church and the school cooperated to ensure that Christian villages had schools for students to attend. American period An improved public school system was established during the first decade of American rule upon the recommendation of the Schurman Commission. Free primary instruction that trained people for the duties of citizenship and advocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President William Mckinley. Chaplains and non-commissioned officers were assigned to teach using English as the medium of instruction. Japanes period During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945), education was used as a tool to promote Japanese propaganda and influence. The Japanese aimed to instill loyalty to Japan and foster an Asian identity that distanced Filipinos from Western (specifically American) influence. They introduced changes to the Philippine educational system to support their goals. Key Features of Education During the Japanese Period 1. Shift in Curriculum: The Japanese authorities revised the curriculum to emphasize Asian values, Nippon (Japanese culture), and the rejection of American and Western ideals. Classes in Japanese language (Nihongo), Filipino, and cultural subjects were introduced. American literature and history were removed, replaced with content that promoted Japan's ideals and views. 2. Promotion of Nihongo: Learning Nihongo became compulsory, and it was taught alongside Filipino and English. Japanese language and cultural programs were heavily promoted to build goodwill between Filipinos and Japanese. 3. Emphasis on Vocational Training: Schools under Japanese control emphasized practical skills and vocational training. These changes aimed to prepare Filipinos for labor and manual work to support the Japanese war effort. The focus shifted from higher education and professional skills to practical skills like agriculture, carpentry, and other trades. 4. Moral Education and Asian Unity: The Japanese emphasized moral education that focused on patriotism, discipline, and Asian unity under the idea of a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." This concept aimed to unite Asia under Japanese leadership. 5. Community-Based Education: The Japanese also promoted a form of community-based education where values of cooperation, respect for authority, and obedience were emphasized. Schools became tools for spreading these ideals and fostering support for the Japanese regime. Education in Education in 20's VS 90's According to DepEd: Over 19 million students enrolled for SY 2024-2025. MANILA, Philippines — Over 19 million elementary, high school, and senior high school students have enrolled for School Year (SY) 2024-2025, the Department of Education (DepEd) said on Sunday. Education is an important part of society because it ensures that knowledge from one generation can be passed on to the next. Aside from passing on factual information, education is also an important vehicle of socialization. It passes on the norms and values of a society and helps ensures the society’s longevity. Education from a decade ago has changed drastically. In the Philippines alone, all students are now required to take 13 years of formal school, instead of just ten years. Moreover, curriculums have been adjusted so that students can have sufficient time to master skills and concepts. Whether the change was successful or not, it is still too early to say since the first grade 12 students of the public school system are graduating only on March 2018. Most people equate education with schools, but there is a huge difference between these two. Education refers to the various ways through which knowledge is passed on to the other members of the society. This knowledge can be in the form of factual data, skills, norms, and values. On the other hand, Schooling refers to the formal education one receives under a specially trained teacher. This was what Mark Twain, author of the novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn meant when he said, “I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.” Formal education happens inside a classroom and facilitated by a professional teacher. It is a classroom- based, structured, and sequentially graded system. It includes primary, secondary, undergraduate, and graduate schools. Non-formal education is any learning experience or training outside the organized formal system. This type of teaching may include attending seminars, workshops, and communitybased sports program. Unlike formal education which is based on concrete structure or curriculum, non-formal education follows less structured guidelines.  The Five Functions of Formal Education Socialization As has been discussed above, education is used to promote the norms and values of a society from one generation to the next. In some countries, the transmission function of education is taken on by families. However, in more advanced countries, social institutions such as schools become important as the family can no longer provide the tools and important knowledge needed by the young student. Social Integration Because education is used to transmit norms and values, it can also be regarded as a unifying force. It promotes desired values and ensures conformity. In cases of deviance, it provides widely known approaches to convert. For example, mandatory education laws in the US ensured that all immigrants to the country knew what was desirable and undesirable in the US society because they had to be educated in the US schools. Social Placement Formal education helps students to discover approved statuses and roles that will help the society’s longevity. Educational systems consider the various talents and interests of students and attempt to provide opportunities that provide a good fit for these talents and interests. Formal education, in a way, is an equalizer. It focuses on achievement, rather than educational background. Cultural Innovation Educational institutions are the center of cultural innovation because they stimulate intellectual inquiry and promote critical thinking. It enables new ideas to develop, as well as provide bases for new knowledge to become accepted in the mainstream. Through schools, theories are proven; technologies are improved; and cultures can adapt to the changing society. Latent Functions of Formal Education As more families have both parents working at the same time, schools tend to become an institution of child care. As children have to be in school, parents can have time to perform their economic duties without being burdened with childcare duties. Lesson 2: Education as a Human Right Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa once said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” Is there any truth to this statement? How does the rest of the world look at education? Education as a Human Right The status of education as a human right is no new thing. Many international conventions such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities have reaffirmed this right. Despite the consensus on the importance of education, human rights advocates continue to campaign for it due to two reasons: When children receive basic primary education, they will be able to learn the basics of literacy and numeracy, and hence, gain the basic social and life skills they need to be an active member of society and live a fulfilling life; and Many children around the world still do not have access even to basic primary education. Three Facets of the Right to Education The right to education goes beyond having the capacity to go to school. Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights underscores three basic rights in relation to education. 1. Education enables individuals to exercise all their rights. Through basic education, individuals are able to know about their rights and are able to assert them. They are able to get good paying jobs, participate fully in the political process, care for their environment, cooperate with their fellow men, and fight for equality and justice. 2. All children have a right to quality education. It is not enough that children are able to access education. Instead, they must be afforded with an education that meets their needs and prepares them for future challenges in their adulthood. In this aspect, learning outcomes are important indicators of success. 3. All children must be given the same educational opportunities. Socio-economic background, capacities, and location should not be a factor in a child’s education. Wherever the child is living, there should be schools that are able to provide him or her with an education that is at par with international standards. Children with disabilities should be allowed to go to school. The curriculum, their teachers, and class activities have to be adapted to fit their needs. Education in the Philippines As of 2013, the Philippine Statistics Authority shows that there are almost 10,000 private education institutions operating in the country. 20.1% of them are offering pre- school education; 17.5% of them are engaged in primary education; 25.6% are in secondary education, and 26% are involved in tertiary education. Thankyou for listening!