Sociology Midterm 3 Prep - PDF

**RELIGION** Social institution that involves **beliefs and practices** based on recognizing a sacred place Belief systems are a shared set of interrelated beliefs **Religion in Canada**: -society has become more **secular** -**declining** religious affiliation and religious attendance **Impli...

**RELIGION** Social institution that involves **beliefs and practices** based on recognizing a sacred place Belief systems are a shared set of interrelated beliefs **Religion in Canada**: -society has become more **secular** -**declining** religious affiliation and religious attendance **Implications of Religion for Individuals**: -**positive outcomes** -better physical and mental health -lower levels of substance abuse -more positive family outcomes -stronger academic orientation **Implications of Religion for Society**: **positive bonding capital** -**donate money to social cues** -voluntary humanitarian work **negative bonding capital** -**us v them mentality in a presence of a perceived threat** -can find expression in oppression, violence, crusades, war, imperialism and genocide **Functionalism in Religion**: -**binds members of society together** -collective conscience -collective effervescence **Symbolic Interactionism in Religion**: -rise of protestant doctrine enabled rise of capitalism -protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism -economy activity as a morally worthy vocation -**accumulation of wealth as a gift from god** **Conflict Theory in Religion**: -religion is the opium of the people -religion creates, justifies, **maintains inequality** **Feminism in Religion**: -historically women are repressed by religion **revisionists**: **uncover** message of equality **reformists**: **removal** of sexist language **revolutionaries**: **integrate** new elements **rejectionists**: new, **female centered spirituality** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **SCIENTISM** | | | | | | | | Scientific truths | | | | widely accepted | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | -rise of post truth | **Communism in | **Corporatization of | | culture | Science**: | Science**: | | | | | | -scientific knowledge | **Knowledge freely | -decline of public | | as objective truth | shared** | funding | | | | | | -scientific knowledge | **Universalism in | -**scientific | | as socially | Science**: | research is funded by | | constructed | | the wealthy** | | | **Knowledge free of | | | -science is the most | bias** | -rise of post | | reliable belief | | academic science | | system due to | **Disinterestedness | | | normative structure | in Science**: | -research becomes | | | | private property | | | **Truth as the only | | | | good** | **The Wealthy**: | | | | | | | **Skepticism in | -**determine the | | | Science**: | research topics and | | | | methods** | | | **Exposed to | | | | organized society** | -link salaries to | | | | delivery of desired | | | | results | | | | | | | | -prevent publication | | | | of unwanted results | | | | | | | | -support promotion of | | | | corporate friendly | | | | scientists | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Sociology in | **Feminism in | **Poststructuralism | | Science**: | Science**: | in Science**: | | | | | | -**how scientific | -underrepresentation | -**knowledge is | | knowledge emerges and | of women in science | intertwined with | | is distributed** | | power** | | | | | | -role of power and | | | | politics | | | | | | | | -impact of funding | | | | structures | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **EDUCATION** | | | | | | | | Major agent of | | | | socialization | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Sociology in | **Education and | **Functionalism in | | Education**: | Privatization in | Education**: | | | Canada**: | | | -functions of | | -**manifest functions | | schooling | -1950s attendance: | of education** | | | 5-40% | | | -interrelationships | | -**skill and | | with other | -2000s attendance: | knowledge | | institutions | 40-90% | development** | | | | | | -public v private | -90s-97: public | -historical and | | funding structures | funding for education | cultural transmission | | | down 30% | | | -curricula and social | | -fostering of social | | construction | 2022: | order and collective | | | | consciousness | | -role of classism and | -tuition fees 13x | | | imperialism | higher than 50 years | **Latent Functions of | | | ago | Functionalism in | | -role of crisis of | | Education**: | | civilization | -average student loan | | | | debt for bachelors | -Day care | | | degree \$28,000 | | | | | -social life | | | -23.5 billion federal | | | | student debt goes up | -social control by | | | 7 million a day | way of | | | | corporatization and | | | -decline of critical | student debt | | | analysis | | | | | | | | -rise of job training | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Critical Theory in | | | | Education**: | | | | | | | | -**social | | | | reproduction of the | | | | status quo** | | | | | | | | -privatization | | | | reduces social | | | | critique as crisis | | | | escalates | | | | | | | | -**hidden curriculum | | | | fosters social | | | | reproduction** | | | | | | | | -school costs affect | | | | social classes | | | | differently and | | | | exclude lower classes | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **GROUP BEHAVIOUR** | | | | | | | | Typically has a | | | | larger purpose and is | | | | relatively | | | | spontaneous, | | | | unconstructed and | | | | unconventional | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Localized** Crowd | **Casual** Crowd in | **Conventional** | | in Group Behaviour: | Group Behaviour: | Crowd in Group | | | | Behaviour: | | -**temporary | -**no intended larger | | | gathering** of people | purpose** | -**shared objectives | | who are in the **same | | and norms** | | place at the same | | | | time** | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Expressive** Crowd | **Acting** Crowd in | **Contagion Theory** | | in Group Behaviour: | Group Behaviour: | in Group Behaviour | | | | **(Irrational)**: | | -**shared and | -**join together in | | | participatory | pursuit of a common | -Anonymity, | | purpose** | goal** | suggestibility, | | | | contagion | | | | | | | | -**collective mind | | | | replaces | | | | individuality** | | | | | | | | -**fails to explain | | | | why not everyone | | | | joins a crowd** | | | | | | | | -promotes social | | | | control | | | | | | | | -individual | | | | restlessness -- | | | | social unrest | | | | | | | | -**milling about and | | | | moving around | | | | randomly** | | | | | | | | -collective | | | | excitement | | | | | | | | -social contagion | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Convergence | **Emergent Norm | Dispersed Forms of | | Theory** in Group | Theory** in Group | Group Behaviour: | | Behaviour | Behaviour | | | **(Irrational)**: | **(Irrational)**: | Fads, Fashions, | | | | Rumours, Gossip, | | -**like minded people | -**extraordinary | Widespread Panic, | | come together in | situation** | Moral Panic and | | order to behave in | | Disasters | | accordance with their | -various courses of | | | prior dispositions** | action possible | | | | | | | -spotlight on the | -new norms and | | | individual | justifications emerge | | | | | | | -**fails to account | -situation | | | for emotional group | appropriate forms of | | | influences** | social action | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **SOCIAL MOVEMENTS** | | | | | | | | -Enduring efforts to | | | | transform society in | | | | structured ways | | | | | | | | -Social movements are | | | | less spontaneous and | | | | more structured than | | | | collective behavior, | | | | but they can also be | | | | unconventional | | | | | | | | -they employ efforts | | | | to recruit a | | | | substantial number of | | | | participants | | | | | | | | -Social movements | | | | have identifiable | | | | leaders that engage | | | | in claims making | | | | | | | | -Social movements | | | | rely on their leaders | | | | abilities to utilize | | | | resources | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Dimensions of Social | Types of Social | **Value Added | | Change in Social | Movements: | Theory** in Social | | Movements: | | Movements: | | | **Alternative**: | | | -Type of change | **limited** change | **Structural | | | for **specific** | Conduciveness**: | | -Degree of Change | group/sector | **broad social | | | | conditions** | | -Intended Recipient | **Redemptive**: | | | | **massive change** | **Structural | | | for **specific** | Strain**: | | | group/sector | | | | | **Problems created by | | | **Reformative**: | the system** | | | **limited change** | | | | for society as a | **Spread of | | | **whole** | Generalized Belief**: | | | | wide awareness | | | **Revolutionary**: | | | | **massive change** | **Precipitating | | | for society as a | Factors**: | | | **whole** | | | | | **Triggering events** | | | | | | | | **Mobilization**: | | | | | | | | **Gathering of | | | | participants** | | | | | | | | **Operation of Social | | | | Control**: | | | | | | | | Limited social | | | | control | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Resource | | | | Mobilization Theory** | | | | in Social Movements: | | | | | | | | **Moral: legitimacy | | | | of claim** | | | | | | | | **Cultural: strategic | | | | abilities** | | | | | | | | Social | | | | Organizational: | | | | | | | | Networks | | | | | | | | Human: experience and | | | | skill | | | | | | | | Material: finances, | | | | office space | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CRISIS OF | | | | CIVILIZATION** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | -by 2030, | **Liberal | | | temperatures are | Capitalism** Under | | | likely to reach 1.5 | Crisis of | | | degrees above | Civilization | | | pre-industrial levels | | | | | -more than half of | | | -Canada is warming at | all fossil fuels | | | twice the local rate | consumed are burned | | | | up over the last 50 | | | -without systemic | years | | | change we are on | | | | course for | -vertebrate species | | | catastrophe | have declined by 68% | | | | | | | -2.6-3.1 temperature | -rise of promotional | | | increase | post truth culture | | | | | | | -rising temperatures | -rise of mental | | | cause: | illness | | | | | | | -sea level rise | -decline of democracy | | | | | | | -worsened air | -**rise of | | | | inequality**, | | | -declining fresh | totalitarianism, | | | water deposits | fascism, social | | | | control | | | -reduced crop | | | | production | | | | | | | | -water/food shortages | | | | | | | | -rise of infectious | | | | diseases | | | | | | | | -natural disasters | | | | | | | | -mass death | | | | | | | | -by 2050 mass | | | | extinction | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **GLOBALIZATION** | | | | | | | | -Process by which | | | | social, cultural, | | | | political and | | | | economical relations | | | | extend farther than | | | | ever before | | | | | | | | -Globalization can be | | | | a misleading term, | | | | **not all social | | | | relations occur on a | | | | global scale** | | | | | | | | -connections and | | | | rewards are not | | | | shared equally by all | | | | citizens | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **National | Rise of | **World Bank** | | Governments** in | **Neocolonialism** in | | | Globalization | Globalization | -**fosters | | | | international peace | | -**no longer enjoy | -**roots of | and cooperation** | | uncontested | globalization in | | | sovereignty** with | ancient and colonial | -general agreements | | their own borders | times** | on tariff and trade | | | | | | -increased mobility | -**technological | -enforce neoliberal | | of capital | developments** in the | standards across the | | | 19^th^ century | world | | -increased mobility | connect the world | | | of commodities | | -reduction of poverty | | | -rise of US dominated | is the chief aim of | | -increased mobility | transnational | the World Bank | | of information | institutions post | | | | WWII | | | -increased mobility | | | | of images | \- | | | | | | | -relatively wealthy | | | | people | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **World Trade | **NATO** | **International | | Organization** | | Monetary Fund** | | | -**military | | | -**facilitates global | alliance** | -**enforce neoliberal | | trade** | | standards across the | | | -monopoly control | world** | | -opens up most of the | with neocolonial | | | world to unhindered | structure | | | capital flow among | | | | borders | -control over natural | | | | resources | | | -rise of | | | | transnational | -control over science | | | corporations | and technology | | | | | | | -**rising standards | -control over | | | on living** | financial flows | | | | | | | -full employment and | -control over | | | a large and steadily | military power | | | growing volume of | | | | real income | -control over | | | | information | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Elite Discourse** | **Cultural | Decline of Languages | | on Globalization | Imperialism** in | in Globalization | | | Globalization | | | -**cultural | | -14,000 distinct | | globalization within | -Exploitation of | languages in the | | the internet** | global media markets | 18^th^ century | | | to build political, | | | -exposure to diverse | economic and ideology | -7,000 distinct | | perspectives | empires | languages today | | | | | | -improved critical | -hides, normalizes | -about 2,000 distinct | | thinking skills | and whitewashes | languages by 2100 | | | | | | -strengthens | -undirectional flow | -the internet is 80% | | democracy | of information and | English | | | entertainment | | | -**race to the | products from a small | | | bottom; jobs move to | number of companies | | | countries with lower | and countries | | | wages and fewer | | | | regulations** | -**targeting the | | | | worlds most affluent | | | -regulations, wages, | audiences** | | | working conditions | | | | across the globe | -leaves most of the | | | negatively affected | world culturally | | | | invisible and | | | -total debt of | voiceless | | | developing countries; | | | | in 1980 580 billion | | | | -- 2.4 trillion | | | | | | | | -worlds 10 richest | | | | men own 6x more | | | | wealth than the | | | | poorest 3.1 billion | | | | people | | | | | | | | -extreme inequality | | | | currently contributes | | | | to at least 21,000 | | | | deaths a day | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Modernization Theory | Dependence Theory in | World Systems Theory | | in Globalization: | Globalization: | in Globalization: | | | | | | -economic growth and | -underdevelopment has | -Capitalist world | | technological | been intentionally | economy; hegemony, | | innovation | created by developed | exploitation | | | nations via | | | -underdeveloped | colonialism and | Global division of | | nations are | neocolonialism | labour: | | responsible for their | | | | own underdevelopment | -enduring | -core nations | | | relationships of | economically and | | -developed nations | exploitation under | militarily dominant | | have the right to | neoliberalism | | | dominate | | -semi periphery | | underdeveloped | -no opportunity for | nations moving | | nations | exploited nations to | towards | | | develop independent | industrialization | | -ideology of | economies | | | colonialism | | -periphery nations | | | | resources extraction | | | | and export | | | | | | | | -External area to the | | | | capitalist world | | | | economy | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Postcolonial Theory | | | | in Globalization: | | | | | | | | -examines the | | | | history, ideology and | | | | social role of media | | | | imperialism and | | | | colonial elite | | | | discourses and | | | | worldviews | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **GLOBAL NORTH** | | | | | | | | The Elites | | | | | | | | Imperialist Bloc | | | | | | | | Right to communicate | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Inner Core of the | -The Global North has | Crisis of the Global | | Global North | been responsible for | North's hegemony: | | | 92% of the CO2 global | | | -US, UK, Canada, | emissions | -imperial overreach | | Australia, New | | | | Zealand and Israel | -100 corporations are | -permanent war | | all rooted in white | responsible for 71% | | | supremacy | of emissions | -unwillingness to | | | | address the roots of | | -core platforms under | -the richest 1% are | climate change | | control: NATO, G7 | heating the planet as | | | | much of 2/3 of the | -economic instability | | -most powerful | population | | | members have shaped | | Global North control | | the history of | -in 1985 the US and | over natural | | violence | Great Britain pulled | resources, science | | | out of UNESCO | and technology is | | -14.2 of the worlds | | challenged by: | | population buys 40% | -severely undermining | | | of the world's gross | the organization | -Russia's recovery of | | domestic product due | budget | it's sovereignty | | to the ongoing drain | | | | of wealth from the | -making and | -formations of BRICS, | | global south | recommending reforms | Belt and Road | | | impossible | Initiative | | | | | | | -reinforcing their | -Global South rising | | | own predominance as | economies; China, | | | exporters of | India, Indonesia, | | | information, | Brazil, Turkey, | | | entertainment and | Mexico | | | ideology | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Hyperimperialism in | | | | Global North: | | | | | | | | -blatant disregard | | | | for international law | | | | | | | | -deadly sanctions | | | | | | | | -military spending | | | | | | | | -arms control | | | | | | | | -regime change, | | | | assassinations | | | | | | | | -hybrid wars | | | | | | | | -threats | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **GLOBAL SOUTH** | | | | | | | | The rest of the world | | | | | | | | 85% of the world's | | | | population | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | -suffers 82-92% of | -145 diverse | | | the economic costs | countries | | | and 98-99% of all | | | | deaths inflicted by | -former colonies and | | | climate breakdown | semi colonies | | | | | | | | -countries range from | | | | socialist or | | | | historically | | | | progressive to | | | | strongly sovereign | | | | seeking, to non | | | | aligned to heavily US | | | | militarized | | | | | | | | -major regional and | | | | international | | | | projects | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+