SOC 1100: Social Institutions Lecture Notes PDF

SOC 1100 The Study of Society (SESSIONS 7 -9) Social Institutions and Society; The Family Assigned Readings 1.Giddens, Anthony, and et al. (2018), Introduction to Sociology (11th Edition),...

SOC 1100 The Study of Society (SESSIONS 7 -9) Social Institutions and Society; The Family Assigned Readings 1.Giddens, Anthony, and et al. (2018), Introduction to Sociology (11th Edition), Part IV - Chapters 14, 15, 16, & 17. Pgs. 351 -478 [Mandatory]. 2. Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., & Heald, R. (2013). Sociology Themes and Perspectives (8th ed.). Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11. Pgs. 404-789. Andrew Hicks Department of Sociology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Guyana What is a Social Institution? -a group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a series of social roles, e.g. The education system, religion, the political system, the family and the economic system. Characteristics of an Institution? Institutions are purposive. They are relatively permanent in their content. Institutions are structured. Institutions are a unified structure. Institutions are necessarily value-laden.  The family is the smallest social institution with the unique function or producing and rearing the young. It is the basic unit of society. Characteristics of the Family ▪ closely knit and has strong family ties ▪ has a strong loyalty among members ▪ individual interests are sacrificed over the welfare of the group ▪ kinship ties are extended to “compadre” or sponsors Functions of the Family ❑ Reproduction of the human race and rearing the young (both biological and social in its forms)… ❑ Cultural transmission or enculturation ❑ Socialization of the child ❑ Providing affection and a sense of security ❑ Providing the environment for personality development and the growth of self concept ❑ Providing social status Kinds of Family Patterns According to Membership Conjugal or Nuclear Family Husband, wife and children Married couple, their parents, siblings, Consanguine or Extended Family grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins Kinds of Family Patterns According to Terms of Marriage Polyandry One woman married to two or more men Polygamy Polygyny One man married to two or more women Two or more men mate with two or more Cenogamy women in group marriage Monogamy One man married to one woman Kinds of Family Patterns According to Line of Descent Descent is recognized through the father’s Patrilineal line Descent is recognized through the mother’s Matrilineal line Descent is recognized through both the Bilineal father’s and mother’s line Kinds of Family Patterns According to Place of Residence Married couple lives with the parents of the Patrilocal husband Married couple lives with the parents of the Matrilocal wife Married couple maintains a separate Neolocal household and live by themselves Kinds of Family Patterns According to Authority Father is considered the head and plays a Patriarchal dominant role in decision making … Mother is considered the head and makes Matriarchal the major decisions … Both the mother and father share in making Egalitarian/Equalitarian decisions and are equal in authority … SOME OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL ISSUES ON THE FAMILY SIBILING STRUCTURES AND FAMILY RELATIONS SEXUALITY, SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND FAMILY RELATIONS ▪ HETEROSEXUALITY ▪ HOMOSEXUALITY ▪ BISEXUALITY, ETC FAMILY VIOLENCE & DISABILITY  Incest Zoophilia & Beastality Paraphilias Pedophilia - Fetishism Necrophilia - Transvestism Celibacy - Exhibitionism & Sadism Voyeurism - Masochism QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS THANK YOU !  SOC 1100 The Study of Society (SESSION 7/8) Social Institutions and Society, Cont’d. Assigned Readings 1.Giddens, Anthony, and et al. (2018), Introduction to Sociology (11th Edition), Part IV - Chapters 14, 15, 16, & 17. Pgs. 351 -478 [Mandatory]. 2. Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., & Heald, R. (2013). Sociology Themes and Perspectives (8th ed.). Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11. Pgs. 404-789. Andrew Hicks Department of Sociology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Guyana Super Yano Multiple Functions of Education ❖Technical/economic - refers to the contributions of the school to the technical or economic development and needs of the individual, the institution, the local community, the society and the international community. Multiple Functions of Education ❖Human/social - refers to the contributions of the school to human development and social relationships at different levels of society. Multiple Functions of Schools ❖Political - refers to the contributions of the school to the political development at different levels of society. Multiple Functions of Education ❖Cultural - refers to the contributions of the school to the cultural transmission and development at different levels of society. Multiple Functions of Schools ❖Education - refers to the contributions of the school to the development and maintenance of education at the different levels of society. Manifest and Latent Functions of Education Manifest functions of education are defined as the open and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution. Socialization/Resocialization Social control Social placement Manifest and Latent Functions of Education Transmitting culture Promoting social and political integration Agent of change Manifest and Latent Functions of Education Latent functions of education are the hidden, unstated and sometimes unintended consequences of activities within an organization or institution. Restricting some activities Matchmaking and production of social networks Creation of generation gap Functions of Schools by Calderon (1998) ▪ Conservation function ▪ Instructional function ▪ Research function ▪ Social service function Super Yano  Religion is the socially defined patterns of beliefs concerning the ultimate meaning of life. It assumes the existence of the supernatural. -Stark Super Yano Characteristics of Religion ❖Belief in a deity or in a power beyond the individual ❖A doctrine (accepted teaching) of salvation ❖A code of conduct ❖The use of sacred assumptions (stories) ❖Religious rituals (acts and ceremonies) Functions of Religion ❖Religion serves as a means of social control. ❖It exerts a great influence upon personality development. ❖Religion always fear the unknown. ❖Religion explains events or situations which are beyond the comprehension of man. ❖It gives man comfort, strength and hope in times of crisis and despair. Functions of Religion ❖It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills, spiritual and cultural values and practices ❖It serves as an instrument of change. ❖It promotes closeness, love, cooperation, friendliness and helpfulness. ❖Religion alleviates sufferings from major calamities. ❖It provides hope for a blissful life after death. ❖It bridges the gap between our expectations and our reality. Churches, sects and cults ❖Church – tends to be large, with inclusive membership, in low tension with surrounding society and tends toward greater intellectual examination and interpretation of the tenants of religion. Churches, sects and cults ❖Sect – has a small, exclusive membership, high tension with society. It tends toward the emotional, mystic, stress faith, feeling, conversion experience, to be “born again”. Churches, sects and cults ❖Cult – these more innovative bodies or agencies. They are formed when people create new religious beliefs and practices. There are three types: audience cults, client cults and cult movements. Elements of Religion ❑Sacred - refers to phenomena that are regarded as extraordinary, transcendent, and outside the everyday course of events - that is, supernatural. Elements of Religion ❑Legitimation of norms – Religious sanctions and beliefs reinforce the legitimacy of many rules and norms in the community. Elements of Religion ❑Rituals – are formal patterns of activity that express symbolically a set of shared meanings. Elements of Religion ❑Religious Community – Religions establishes a code of behavior for the members, who belong and who does not. Super Yano Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics substructures ❑Microeconomics - concerned with the specific economic units of parts that makes an economic system and the relationship between those parts. Super Yano Microeonomics vs. Macroeconomics ❑Macroeconomics - concerned with the economy as a whole, or large segments of it. Basic Economic Issues ❑ What goods and services to produce and how much? ❑ How to produce goods and services? ❑ For whom are the goods and services? Super Yano What Is an Economy? An economy is the organized way a nation provides for its people. A country’s resources determine economic activities such as: Manufacturing and transporting Buying and selling Investing Jobs Alternatively, the economy is explained as a system of production and exchange, manifested by firms and markets. What Is an Economy? Capital also includes infrastructure, which is the physical development of a country, including: Roads and ports Sanitation facilities and utilities How Does an Economy Work? Nations need to answer three basic questions regarding their economic system: Which goods and services should be produced? How will the goods and services be produced? For whom should the goods and services be produced? How Does an Economy Work? There are three broad categories into which economic systems are classified: Traditional Market Command No economy is purely one type. Traditional Economies In a traditional economy, traditions and rituals answer the basic questions. What: People belonging to a farming community farm for generations. There is little choice what to produce. How: The practices of a family’s ancestors carry on. For whom: Tradition regulates who buys and sells. Market Economies In a pure market economy , there is no government involvement in economic decisions. The market is free to answer: What: should be produced. How: to be competitive and out-sell competitors. For whom: to sell their goods and services to. Command Economies In a command economy a country’s government makes economic decisions and decides: What products are needed. How the government makes the decisions. For whom wealth is regulated by the government to equalize everyone.  The Economy The economy is the social system involved in the production and distribution of goods and services. Sociologists are concerned with both the economic behaviour of individuals and the economy as a whole - its basic components and the ways they interrelate. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.  Historical Changes in the Economy Industrial Revolution The key development in the emergence of the modern economy Introduced the factory system of production where goods were mass producted Scientific Management (Taylorism) The application of scientific principles and methods to management Separated the conception of work from its execution Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.  Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism Communism An economic system oriented to the collective, rather than the private ownership of the means of production Socialism An effort by society to plan and organize production consciously and rationally so that all members of society benefit Welfare States Societies with socialistic elements and strong social welfare programs Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.  Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism Capitalism An economic system based on market competition, private ownership of the means of production, and a profit motive Competitive capitalism Monopoly capitalism Transnational capitalism The centre of capitalism can be argued to now lie in consumption rather than production. Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc.  Historical Changes in the Economy Deindustrialization The decline of manufacturing as well as a corresponding increase in various types of services Factors in Deindustrialization Aging technology Expansion of globalization The rise of the consumer society Rise of the service sector Copyright 2014, SAGE Publications, Inc. When Is an Economy Successful? A healthy economy has three goals: Increase productivity Decrease unemployment Maintain stable prices Understanding the Economy Inflation refers to rising prices. The higher the inflation rate, the less that country’s money is worth. To combat inflation, governments raise interest rates to discourage borrowing money and slow economic growth. The Business Cycle The cycle of economic growth and decline is called the business cycle. The business cycle consists of five phases: Expansion Recession Depression Trough Recovery The Business Cycle Expansion is a time when the economy is flourishing, characterized by: Low unemployment High output of goods and services High consumer spending The Business Cycle Recession is a period of economic slowdown that lasts for at least six months. This time is characterized by: Reduced workforces and higher unemployment Lower consumer spending Low production of goods and services The Business Cycle A trough occurs when the economy reaches its lowest point, then begins to rise. The Business Cycle A depression is a period of prolonged recession. Businesses shut down Consumer spending is very low Production of goods and services is down significantly The Business Cycle Recovery signifies a period of renewed economic growth following a recession or depression. It is characterized by: Increasing sales Decreasing unemployment Increased consumer spending Super Yano The institution which resolves conflicts that are public in nature and involve more than a few people is called a government. It can be city, provincial (local), national or even international… Three Branches of the Government Executive Enforces rules and laws Legislative Makes rules and laws Judicial Interprets rules and laws Politics and Administration ❑ Politics - a pattern of human interaction that serves to resolve conflicts between people, institutions, and nations. ❑ Societal competition through established governmental channels to advance a position or enact a policy to benefit group members (Ritzer, 2015). Politics and Administration ❑ Administration - refers to the aggregate of persons in whose manages the reigns of government for the time being/a particular term of office… Constituent and Ministrant Functions of the Government ❑ Constituent - contribute to the very bonds of society and are therefore compulsory. Constituent and Ministrant Functions of the Government Examples of constituent functions The keeping of order and providing for protection of persons and property from violence and robbery. The definition and punishment for crimes The administration of justice in civil cases. Constituent and Ministrant Functions of the Government ❑ Ministrant - those undertaken to advance the general interest of society such as public works, charity and are merely optional… QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS THANK YOU !