Soc 3830/3860 PDF

SOC 3830 -Actus Reus -Mens Rea -Raphael Lemkin (1933, Madrid Genocide) ↳ Barbarism; the premediated destruction of national, social, religious/ racial collectivities ↳ Vandalism; destruction of works of art culture being expression of genius ↳ Genocide-gr...

SOC 3830 -Actus Reus -Mens Rea -Raphael Lemkin (1933, Madrid Genocide) ↳ Barbarism; the premediated destruction of national, social, religious/ racial collectivities ↳ Vandalism; destruction of works of art culture being expression of genius ↳ Genocide-gree 'Senos'(type/tribel + Latin 'cide' (Cidere, to kill) ↳ interested in protection of group life ↳another fundamental component of Lemkin's definition is Colonization ↳ Nuremberg was the 1st international war crimes tribunal in which Nazi war Criminals were tried for genocidal crimes and atrocities against Jewish people * UNGC ↳ Other words for genocide; Ethnic cleansing, ↳ Problems with genocide; State-centered, Overuse, Narrow usage, Perpetrator-centred, Legalism and high burden of proof, potentially oversimplifies conflict, Criminology has supported past genomics e.g., laws like the Indian act that supported cultural genocide in Canada, laws that suppressed Jews - ↳ 3 ways of determining intent by International Court of Justice and I net rational Crime Tribunal of Rwanda: -Through individual perpetrators -Through a comprehensive plan -Through a consist at pattern of action -> According to Frank chalk and Kart Johanssen; Critical Race > CRT Theory (Kimberle Creeshaw) - =  CARCERAL SPACES Carceral Space: a space in which people are incarcerated, punished, harmed and sometimes killed. During genocide, carceral spaces include; residential schools, jails and prisons, detention centres, torture rooms, reserve systems, colonially occupied lands, concentration camps Sofsky* sees carceral spaces a a system of power within concentration camp system. This system of power through carceral spaces contributed to the order of terror in the concentration camps of the Third Reich. Examples of terrorization and punishment in concentration camps included controlling time and unpredictable attacks. Dachau was Nazi-Germany’s rst concentration camp in 1933 which Martha Gelhorn, a travel writer reported on the liberation of the camp and what she saw in 2014. Dachau Video: Dachau was created to hold political tyrants, Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah witnesses. It expanded to sub camps, as at 1945 it held over 30,000 prisoners. Most prisoners died from malnutrition, exhausted from labour, execution, medical experiments,lack of space as there was thousands of prisoners wedged in tiny spaces.Over 40,000 people died in Dachau and were buried in the camp’s crematorium which contained a gas chamber but most of the deaths were by execution, shooting (they had a shooting range), hanging. Carceral space study is important to genocide studies because: Brown and Schept see abolition and decarceration as a major component of carceral studies. It’s important to look at micro(individual), meso(group/community) and macro ways that power is abused in carceral spaces The micro,meso and macro analysis of carceral spaces, what happened in them assist in genocide prevention, punishment of crimes also in victim support and witnessing. fi Elder Ted Fontaine Video; The video talked about how the orange shirt was brought about, kids were dehumanized by referring to them as numbers not their names, not letting them speak their languages, beaten for as little as saying hi to each other in the hallway. In 1996, the last residential school in Canada closed. Ted Fontaine went to two residential schools in Manitoba. Discussion Questions: 1. Based on Engle’s Feminism and its (dis) contents: How do the views on rape as a form of genocide affect how international courts (such as the ICTY) identify and address sexual violence 2. Based on Woolford’s Making Genocide Unthinkable: The current criminological theory we learn stems from North America and is therefore inspired; it learns from our current society and how we manage and deal with heinous crimes like sexual assault or rape. Our criminal court systems, whether in Canada or America, are not forgiving of victims. We rarely prosecute rape or sexual assault, and when we do, it can often be a harrowing experience for the victim. When Canada and America feel it is their "mandate" to intervene and provide solutions for genocide in other countries, how do our current societal and judicial practices of treatment toward victims in North America re ect in our policies and systems of solution abroad? 3. fl SOCIOLOGY AND GENOCIDE PREVENTION Zygmunt Bauman argues that sociology typically responds to the holocaust on one of three ways: Ignoring the holocaust Privatizing the holocaust Normalizing the holocaust Bureaucracy: a mode of organization characterized by law-regulated behaviour, hierarchical organization, written records, expert management and technical knowledge according to Weber it is distinctively modern phenomenon). It’s a complex division of labour and a technical responsibility Bureaucracy is also dehumanizing Explaining genocide perpetration in Cambodia: Cambodia was a kingdom in which Prince Sihanouk was overthrown in march 1970 by John Khmer Rouge(victory in April 1975) in calling for the ousting of Lon Nol. Vietnam war and bombing of Cambodia occurred from1969-1973 Perpetrators not automatons who simple bought into KR ideology; ideology tailored to suit local sensibilities A “head for an eye”: the disproportionate model of Cambodian revenge[the resentment toward “oppressors” e.g, the rich, urbanities and Lon Nol supporters] Power and the formation of a “potent centre”: spiritual beliefs about tendency of power to concentrate within individuals or spaces Genocidal Ideology and the need for “ontological resonance” Patronage and “strings” Angkar(organization) as both the “parent-patron” and all knowing panopticon “Genocidal priming” and “manufacturing difference” A genocidal regime must localize its ideological pronouncements so that they make sense, are compelling and “take” among its followers Female Perpetrators Gendered role expectations and women in genocide: how does participation in genocide violate role expectations in the Rwandan context?  Why is it not enough to simply look at these gender assumptions? How were women mobilized in a gender speci c manner in the Rwandan genocide?what was the role of patriarchy and how did women use their agency to reshape Rwandan patriarchy What is the difference between direct and indirect violence? In what ways did women engage in both in Rwanda? SOUTHERN THEORY Who de nes southern theory: Carl Oglesby is an American political activist who coined the term global north and south in 1969 The terms GN and GS highlight the exploitation of the global northern countries though past or current exploitation Colonialism, enslavement and resource theft of humans,land and resources is an example of what GN have done to GS counties e.g., DRC mineral exploitation by GN countries Southern theory involves central and South America Raewyn Cornell (2007) discussed the erroneous centring of the US and Western European social science as “universal”, “metropolitan thinking” Southern theory highlights the voices of southern region people and scholars Carrington et.al (2018) suggest that criminology has made the same error by imposing imperial, colonial narratives of GN onto GS narratives. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of the Genocide (UNGC, 1948) as it relates to residential schools in Canada (carceral spaces) Indian residential school settlement agreement (IRSSA) is an example of genocide redress in Canada, though the federal government still only refers to colonial genocide The UNGC places stronger emphasis on physical and biological destruction than on social or cultural destruction than Lemkin Settler colonial nations were anxious to see “cultural genocide” excluded from the framework Canada doesn’t call it a cultural genocide because that would be admission of guilt fi fi GENOCIDE: THE CONCEPT SINCE THE UNGC Genocide is both a sociological and legal category In law, in order to prosecute for genocide, the emphasis has most often been on physical destruction and on an effort to demonstrate “special or speci c intent”- e.g, “the offender is culpable because he knew or should have known that the act committed would destroy, in whole or in part, a group” UNGC: “genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethical, racial or religious GROUPS The group is comprised of relations between members-it is not solely based on the individual lives of members Residential schools disrepute these relations in a manner that is intended to be permanent DESTRUCTION The group, as an entity, can be destroyed in many ways. How a group is destroyed depends much upon the nature of the group But, for most groups, forced removal of children, rapid assimilations alongside cultural, spiritual,psychological,physical and sexual forms of abuse, will severely impact the groups ability to reproduce itself. INTENT Intent is arguable more dif cult to discern, given claims of “benevolence” Moments of clearly formulated intent occurred, such as in the words of Duncan Campbell Scott, Superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1913-1932, who promised to “get rid of the Indian problem [and]….to continue until there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not been absorbed” But we seldom nd a simple, linear path from intent to action Even in the holocaust, several historians have noted the “twisted road to Aushwitz” whereby nazi policy was not the product of a pre-ordained master plan but that came about through sometimes haphazard and opportunistic operations When dealing with collective actors, intent is often more identi able as “general” rather than “speci c intent”, although one could argue for evidence. fi fi fi  Of a “consistent pattern of action” Class discussion: what are genocide in the global south done by the global north that you know about When you think of article II of the GC what evidence is there of genocide and exploitation is there of genocide and exploitation by GN countries What do you think is appropriate redress and reparations for these genocides GENOCIDE AND REPAIR Discussing genocide has value to survivors because it recognizes the extent to which Canadian society sought to destroy their relations with their families and communities. IRSSA: -of cial apology: “the government now recognizes that the consequences of the Indian residential schools policy were profoundly negative and that this policy has had a lasting and damaging impact on aboriginal culture, heritage and language”- Stephen Harper, 2008. This apology lacks accountability, doesn’t even actually apologize and doesn’t acknowledge the genocide caused” -compensation (CAP and IAP) -truth and reconciliation commission only 11 have been integrated by federal government -pope’s apology -60’s scoop settlements -radar research of unmarked graves which were approximately 2300 found so far in Canada. Since 1948, the UN has only recognized 3 genocides under article II: Rwanda. Bosnian and Sbrenica Massacre, Cambodian genocide by the Pol Pot Regime. This has led to genocide recognition political disputes and accusations of the UN as a failed organization Genocide watch is tracking what’s happening in Lebanon to civilians especially Syrian and Palestine refugees experiencing discrimination Mayans experienced genocide by Spanish Conquistadors(along with Peruvians), and also by the Guatemalan military in counter insurgency fi operation in 1960-1996 Discussion Questions: How would a south criminological theory view the imminent crisis of over representated minority groups in the Canadian carceral system? Why was the success of indigenous children in the white world, as mentioned in the book, rather important to indigenous parents? Smudge Class: Speaker- Casey Abraham and his partner, Kelly Ross govt responsible for 68 percent out of 85 percent of the population in the country is the Don’t believe me believe me Gregory Stanton’s Ten Stages of Genocide: “Genocide is a process that develops in ten stages that are predictable but not inexorable. At each stage, preventive measures can stop it. The processs is not linear. Stages can occur simultaneously”. Stage 1, Classi cation: as violent extremists and terrorists classify themselves as the ingroup and classify their targets of violence as the out group. Stage 2, Symbolization: when combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups e.g., yellow star for Jews under nazi rule, blue scarf for people from eastern zone in Khmer Rouge Cambodia Stage 3, Discrimination: when a dominant group uses law, custom and political power to deny the rights of other groups. The powerless group may not be accorded full civil rights, voting rights or even citizenship. Stage 4, Dehumanization: When one group denies the humanity of the other group, members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects or diseases (slaves, savages, alien),]. The majority group is taught to regard the other group as less human and even to believe that they care better off without them Stage 5, Organization: genocides are always organized, usually by the state. Often occurs during civil or international wars. Organization is seen as a key component of terrorist and violent extremist groups and even a lone wolf terrorist can make plans for violence and killing Stage 6, Polarization: when extremists drive the group apart, laws may forbid intermarriage or social integer action. Extremist terrorism targets moderates, fi are the most able to stop genocide. Stage 7, Preparation: national or perpetrator group leaders plan the nal solution to the Bosnian,Jewish,Armenian,Tutsi or other targeted group “question”. They often use euphemisms to disguise their intentions such as referring to their goals as “ethnic cleansing” or “counter-terrorism”. They build armies, buy weapons and train their troops/militia. Stage 8, Persecution: the victim groups most basic human rights are systematically violated through extrajudicial killings, torture and forced displacement. They are deliberately deprived of resources such as water, food in order to slowly destroy the groups Stage 9, Extermination: extermination begins and quickly becomes the mass killing legally called “genocide”. It is regarded as extermination by the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human. Stage 10, Denial: its the nal stage that lasts throughout and always follows genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies =, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. Critiques of Stanton’s stages: Rosenberg (2012) argues that genocide is processional, a process not an event. The Armenian Genocide: the state repression that occurred by the Turkish government against Armenians and happened in 1915-1923 during and after WW1, during the decline of the Ottoman Empire The genocidal crimes or actus reus, included forced deportation to killing elds in Syria, after a rebellion where the Turkish state suspected Armenians of collaborating with Russia, longtime enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Armenians were tortured,staved,raped and shot or drowned: 1 million Armenians were killed, the survivors were forced to concert to islam. The Turkish state still denies there was a genocide, both domestically and internationally. YouTube video; “Genocide” was coined its name by Raphael Lemkin in 1944. fi  the Armenian genocide is contested knowledge, and there is a dispute between the Turkish state and Armenians over the politics of memory “Armenians and Turks have developed very distinct, antithetical knowsledge repertoires regarding the genocide” There is no way to understand the constitution of plural knowledge without reference to politics Both sides deploy political resources and epistemic power to promote their knowledge Savelsberg (2023) calls the “sociology of knowledge” or the social construction of knowledge. Evidence of the Armenian genocide: there is a vast amount of evidence that points to the historical reality of the Armenian genocide, eyewitness accounts, of cial archives, photographic evidence, the reports of diplomats, and the testimony of the Armenian survivors Armenians were a Christian minority, and there is authenticated evidence of mens rea, that the intent and planning was clear by the Turkish state to “liquidate” Armenians The modern-day Turkish government denies represses education about the Armenian genocide domestically and internationally. Far-reaching denial by the Turkish state: Russia,Germany,France,Italy,Canada,holland,Switzerland of cially recognized the Armenian genocide. In 2007, turkey threatened to ban US aircraft from using American bases in turkey to support US troops ghting the Iraqi insurgency Turkish of cials successfully pressured President George w. Bush to take to the Rose Garden to publicly denounce and ultimately prevent a vote on a House genocide recognition resolution. Impact of emotions and nationalism: the Armenian genocide continues to reproduce but also challenge categorical inequalities between the majority (Turk) and the minority, (Armenian) populations in turkey fi fi fi  these inequalities are not only economic, political and cultural; they are also emotional, shaping and are shaped by the ongoing negotiations among fellow citizens of their place within the nation. The Armenian genocide and the con icting epistemic structures that it incites is a source of anxiety for Armenians due to their actual displacement within the nation these relational anxiety were crucial in reproducing hierarchical and exclusionary con gurations, experiences and re3presentatyions of nationhood during these events. As an example of power of emotions and nationalism, Ahar refers to Hrandt Dink, and Armenian journalist who advocated reconciliation between Turks and Armenians who recognized the genocide. Hrandt Dink was murdered in 2007 by a nationalist extremist teenager many non violent, diplomatic efforts by Armenians continue to be denied and repressed by the Turkish government. They were revenge killings by Armenians such as Soghoman Tehlirian who killed genocide architect Talaat Pasha in 1921. Tehlirian who had witnessed his family being massacred in the genocide-he was acquitted. The holodomor 1928- Stalin becomes general secretary of the USSR, introducing the ve-year plan to transform the USSR into a model economic powerhouse. Selling grain in international markets is an integral part of the plan, providing funds to nance the industrialization and militarization drives. Lenin’s “Ukrainization policies” that promoted Ukrainian language, arts and culture were reversed by Stalin. Bilinksy, 1999 the actus reus was “politically engineered” famine by Russian dictator joseph Stalin. Soviet policy was to withhold grain from 4.5 to 6 million Ukrainian peasants who then staved to death in 1932-1933. The famine was also predated by Russian persecution of Ukrainian elites, which Hryshko, 1988 as cited in Bilinksy. The famine speci cally targeted Ukrainian peasants and forced collectivized farming on them, with an attempt to Many Ukrainian peasants and farmers wanted a national distinct Ukrainian fi fi fi fl identity which threatened soviet leaders and their policy of colonial Russi cation of Ukrainians and their lands. Othe genocidal crimes include executions and forced labour camps. Intent or mens rea for genocide is dif cult to prove within 1948 genocide convention de nition doe to lack of access to Soviet archives. Soviet police didn’t starve and oversaw the forced starvation, which some scholars compare to the holocaust. John Paul Himka(2012) Himka is a Ukrainian-Italian Canada historian who has heavily critiqued Ukrainian leaders (Yuschenko) attempts yo have the famine designation a genocide and calls it revisionist “methodology” Himka notes evidence of Ukrainian participation in programs against Jews and poles and that Ukrainians should acknowledge their own mass violence and participating in the holocaust against Jews When comparing the holodomar to the holocaust, Himka argues that those numbers are in ated and that the holocaust was a legitimate genocide Himka’s binary position argues that Ukrainian militia were culpable in pogroms and holocaust ad that Ukrainian leaders like Yuschenko deny holocaust involvement. Himka minimizes that peasants in soviet Ukraine and Ukraine inhabited region of Russia called Kuban also experienced genocide that was speci cally targeted towards nationalist peasants. Kul’chyts’kyi, 2015 it is no accident that social groups were deleted from the original text of the convention due to the efforts by Stalin’s diplomats Communist transformations required the destruction, at time even physical of population strata that were tied to private ownerships The Ukrainian holocaust is the destruction of 1.6 million Jews in Ukraine during the second world war. It is important for all forms of genocide in Ukraine to be recognized. Peasants who dies in the holodomor, were supposed to convince the living that out was crucial to work conscientiously on collective farms-a form of terrorism where mass violence was used to create fear and obedience. fl fi fi Contemporary violence in Ukraine Centre for preventative action, 2024 in 2013, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych’s decided to reject a deal for greater economic integration with the European Union. This led to nationwide protests in Ukraine, which were met with a violent crackdown by state security orders, which eventually led to Yanukovych eeing Ukraine. A month after Yanukovych ed in 2014, Vladimir Putin annexed and occupied a region of Ukraine called Crimea, with the reason he needed to protect Russian speaking Ukrainians. Timeline for con icts Ethnic divisions polarized and “pro-Russian separatists in the eastern Ukraine regions of Donetsk and Luhansk held their own independence referendum’s”. NATO intervened, tryomh to negotiate a return to Ukraine control of Crimea, and NATO increased troops to starve off Russian aggression in eastern and Central Europe, especially the Baltics and Poland Centre for preventative action-global con ict tracker February 2022, the United States warned that Russia intended to invade Ukraine, citing Russia’s growing military presence at the Russia-Ukraine border. President Putin then ordered troop to Luhansk and Poland claiming the troops were a “peacekeeping” function. CPR global con ict tracker The United States responded by imposing sanctions on the regions and on the Nord stream 2 gas pipeline a few days later. Later that month, Russia invaded Ukraine, on febrarury 24, 2024, with the Putin justifying that Ukrainians were committed genocide against Russian-Ukrainians, and that he had to denazify Ukraine. Etkind, 2024-Genocide Researcher Ektind critiques Lemkin’s lack of discussion about the holodomor, until 1953, though Lemkin was alive and working during the holodomor. Etkind outline Lemkin’s history as a Russian Jewish subject, who grew up in what is now Belarus. Lemkin didn’t address the holodomar, in his 1944 Axis Rule in Occupied Europe Book fl fl fl fl fl  Lemkin de ned the Russian mass murders and cultural destruction that happened in the occupied Baltics as genocide in 1944, which was then disputed by Soviet experts. After Stalin died, in 1953 Lemkin called the holodomar genocide. Etkind argues that Putin, con ates Russian and Ukrainian identities, and that the “reason for genocide is the oppressors striving to establish their order on the occupied lands” Timofey Sergeytsev “Ukranianism is an arti cial anti-Russian construction that has no civilizational content of its own, a subordinate element of an alien and foreign civilization”. Sergeytsev supports the “denazi cation” of Ukraine, and that Russia should control Ukraine to protect Russian Ukrainians from genocide. Russian actus reus/genocidal crimes-Ukrainian Prosecutor General Andriy Kos (2022) as cited in Sen.,2022 Rape of women,men and children Mass physical harm to Ukrainians civilians, not just military Kidnapping 5500 and transferring Ukrainian children to Russia Mass graves, executions in Bucha and hostumel, some with signs of torture Evidence of war crimes and mass atrocities, but mens rea is dif cult to prove Ibrahim called incitement to genocide, also a genocidal crime The US and European state have opposed sanctions against Russia and its oligarchs. Rwandan Genocide: after liberation from colonial Belgian powers, there was extensive political violence between Tutsi and Hutu groups that had been pitted against each other by Belgian colonizers. In April 1994, over a period of 100 days, approximately 800,000 Tutsis were killed, assaulted, and stolen from by Hutu perpetrators. Political violence in Rwanda…the genocide against Tutsi in 1994 and beyond, is remembered, narrated and embedded in everyday socialite. It makes two related arguments. First that violence, as narrated as past in these [Gacaca] courts, is imagined as returning in thre future, and the present is the space to prepare for this inevitable return fi fi fi fi fl  The structuring temporal logic, or genocide-time, undergirds everyday socialite relations between the protagonists of Gacaca courts years after their of cial end. Second, both survivors and perpetrators of the genocide claim forms of racialized victimhood, a legacy of European imperial categorizations of Rwandans into Hutus and Tutsis. “Genocide-time signals a temporal moments in which ethnic categories, crucial for colonial management, become radicalized and deeply entangled with political violence” WILLIAMS AND PFEIFFER-A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON INTENT AND MOTIVATIONS Genocide is the crime of crimes. What distinguishes the most prominent of all international statutory offences from other forms of macro violence is the dolus specialis, the social intent, that informs perpetrators when they commit certain acts of violence(structural or physical) In the Rwandan genocide there are many examples of how people managed to evade participation altogether or for strategies to be recruited into the group of perpetrators but not actually have to participate in the killings. Nonetheless, these narratives of the fear of threats are often widespread amongst perpetrators and can,this,very well motivate individuals to participate in genocide. INTERNATIONAL FAILURES DURING THE GENOCIDE U.N peacekeepers were in Rwanda were not allowed to act to prevent genocidal crimes and killings. In the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide, the international failure to stop the killings has been understood as a shameful reaction to a crime that demanded a more interventionist response. Discussion Questions: How did the dismantling of familial structures through forced mariages reinforce obedience of citizens to the Khmer Rouge regime? Why was the destruction of existing Western literature considered necessary for the total revolution initiated by the Khmer Rouge? Read genocide convention theory for exam Genocide in Bosnia Timeline-Montreal: from 1945-1992, Herzegovina and Bosnia were a part of the socialist Federal republic of Yugoslavia, along with ve other Balkan states. following the death of preseident Tito in 1980, Yugoslavian ethnic groups began advocating for independence. Particularly Serb nationalism was growing with the popularity of Slobodan Milosevic in Serbia and Radovan Karadzic in Bosnia. Catalysts to genocide: when milosevic was elected president in 1989, he wanted to consolidate nationalistic, Serbian power or “greater Serbia” and wanted to suppress independence of other ethnic groups. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and dissolution of the USSR, eastern bloc countries moved to independence. In 1991 Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence, threatening Milosevic’s plans and land base for a greater serbia Montreal holocaust museum. In 1991, Karadzic became president of the Serbian republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnian declared independence after a referendum in 1992. Serbian Bosnian troops then attacked Sarajevo and killed 5000 between 1991 and 1995, and attacked Bosniak and Croat People, their property and institutions. International Failures: the un placed a peacekeeping force, to assist in building demilitarized zones for refugees including Srebrenica but were not allowed to provide military assistance. Evidence of Serbian concentration camps came to light in 1992 where men were killed, tortured and forced to abuse each other. Bosniak women were raped, 8300 Muslim men and boys were killed including Srebrenica in 1995 when peacekeepers were ordered out, along with 20000 women and children. Women and girl’s experience of the Bosnian genocide: women and girls were mass raped in the Bosnian genocide. They were forced to make pornography while being individually or gang-raped by Bosnian fi soldiers. MacKinnon argues that women’s rights are treated separately from human rights and their speci c gender based violence experiences are erased from records of human rights violation, since rape is a part of women’s every day. refugee women were forced to sexually service UN troops and make porn with them. Women were also raped in Serbian concentration camps-it was policy, plan and practice to make more Serbian by forced pregnancy. Dehumanizing women and their experience of human rights violations condones atrocities. End too genocide and attempts for justice: approximately 100,000 were killed in the Bosnian war and genocide and it ended with a Bosnian and NATO military offensive. Bosnia and Herzegovina became their own republic (Croat-Bosniak), while there is now a Bosnian Serb republic. The ICTY tribunal tried the following Serbians: Krstic: former commander of the Serb forces in Srebnica, sentenced to 11 years in prison for complicity in a genocide Milosevic: former president of Serbia, who dies before being formally charged Karadzic: former president of Bosnian Serbs, sentenced to life imprisonment for committing genocide, war crime and crimes againts humanity Mladic: former commander in chief Attempts at justice: the ICJ recognized the genocide in 2007, but only found the state of Serbia/ Montenegro guilty of preventing and punishing genocide to, for committing acts of genocide. The UN and Netherlands government were sued by Srebrenica survivors. Survivors were successful in The Hague court of appeal when the Dutch government was found responsible for the killings of 350 men and boys during Srebrenica. Criticism of the lack of justice: 1. ‘critically analyzed the lack of reparations for families of men and boys killed in Srebrenica treating the over 7000 men as a ‘Un petit rien’ (a little nothing). The 2007 ruling by the ICJ was challenged by Bosnia who requested an appeal for the acquittal for crimes of genocide, the request was dismissed. Silber and Little discussed the practices of ethnic cleansing throughout Bosnia of Muslim,non-Serbs by Serbian terror squads and paramilitaries. fi