Earth Science for STEM Rock Behaviors Under Stress (Quarter 2 - Module 5) PDF

Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 5: Rock Behaviors Under Stress CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 5 Earth Science for STEM Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 5: Rock Behaviors Under Stress First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyr...

Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 5: Rock Behaviors Under Stress CO_Q2_ESS SHS Module 5 Earth Science for STEM Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 5: Rock Behaviors Under Stress First Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Rowena A. Lambongog Editors: Randie B. Atienza and Eleneth D. Escalona Reviewers: Marionel U. Briz, Francia C. Silva, Rowena C. Delgado, Gaylee G. Masangcay, Cyrus T. Festijo, Rowena D. Cabanding Illustrator: Patrick Lemuel V. Reyes Layout Artist: Paulina S. Crescini, Leomar G. Paracha Management Team: Francis Cesar B. Bringas Job S. Zape Jr. Ramonito O. Elumbaring Reicon C. Condes Elaine T. Balaogan Fe M. Ong-ongowan Sacoro R. Comia Fe M. Fallurin Marieta N. Perez Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 Telefax : 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail Address: [email protected] Earth Science for STEM Quarter 2 – Module 5: Rock Behaviors Under Stress Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.  What I Need to Know This module presents how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compressing, pulling apart, and shearing. This aims to provide an overview of three kinds of stress which cause rocks to undergo deformation. This includes pre-test, procedure/learning experience/learning activities, reflection, and posttest. Read the directions carefully before doing all the exercises and activities. At the end of this module, the successful learner will be able to: 1. identify the different types of stress on rocks; 2. explain the behavior of the rocks under the different types of stress; and 3. describe the different geologic structures formed by rock stresses. What I Know Read and analyze the following questions. Write the letter of the correct answer in a separate sheet of paper. 1. Mountains are result of high-impact stress caused when two plates collided. What kind of stress caused it to form? A. compressional stress B. confining stress C. shear stress D. tensional stress 2. Rock undergoes changes when it is stressed. How does the rock behave when a tension stress acted on it? A. It is pulled apart or lengthen. B. It is compressed. C. It formed fold or fracture. D. It is deformed. 3. Which of the following type of stress is exerted in convergent plate boundaries? A. Compressional stress B. Direct stress C. Shear stress D. Tensional stress 1 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5 4. Ava played a clay bar. She pushed the two sides of the clay bar using equal force from her hands on the same axis. What type of stress did she exert on the clay bar? A. Compressional stress B. Direct stress C. Shear stress D. Tensional stress 5. How will the clay bar behave after the application of stress in item no. 4? A. The clay bar will lengthen. B. The clay bar will break apart. C. The clay bar will fold. D. The clay bar will be pulled apart. 6. Stress between two plates may cause rocks to be compressed or pulled apart. In which plate boundary does shear stress commonly occur? A. Combine boundaries B. Convergent boundaries C. Divergent boundaries D. Transform boundaries 7. What happened to the rocks under shear stress? A. The rocks are squeezed. B. The rocks fold or fracture. C. The rocks are pulled apart. D. The rock walls slip to each other on opposite direction. 8. A compressive stress was exerted on the rock layers forming a simple fold or bend. What is the type of fold formed on the rock layers? A. Anticline B. Incline C. Monocline D. Syncline 9. What type of fold is formed when a compressive stress resulted to a landmass that arches upward? A. Anticline B. Incline C. Monocline D. Syncline 10. What type of fault is shown on the illustration below? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse Figure. 1. Fault 11. Which of the following type of fault is found in divergent plate boundaries? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse 2 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  12. Which of the following type of fault system creates the world’s highest mountain ranges? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse 13. Which of the following type of fault formed the San Andreas Fault? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse 14. East African Rift is formed by stress on rocks that causes the hanging wall to drop down. Which among the type of fault does it belong? A. Normal B. Reverse C. Strike Slip D. Transverse 15. Reverse fault is formed through the stress that causes the hanging wall to move up. Which among the following is an example of this type of fault? A. Himalayas B. East African Rift C. San Andreas D. West Valley Lesson Rock Behaviors Under 5 Stress Rock is a naturally occurring substance that is an aggregate of different minerals that had been fused together. Each rock has a unique composition which make it distinct. Various types of rocks comprises large part of the earth which are involve in the formation of different land and rock formations. However, energy and forces on earth may cause deformation and breakage on rocks. These stress from forces may cause rocks to behave in a certain manner such as sliding in opposite direction, move away from each other or move towards each other. Thus, these may result to different geologic structure. What’s In Do you still remember metamorphism? Critical reading will help you test how good your memory is. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 3 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  Metamorphism Metamorphism is the process wherein heat and pressure change the rock’s physical and chemical makeup. Chemical changes happen during metamorphism when ions move and new minerals form. The new minerals which are the products of chemical change become more stable in the new environment. Foliation is the physical change that may occur during metamorphism. Contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism are the two main types of metamorphism. What is the difference between the two? When we say contact metamorphism, it is when magma contacts a rock and changes it by extreme heat while regional metamorphism is when great masses of rock are exposed to pressure. Questions 1. What is metamorphism? 2. What are the changes that occur on rocks during the process of metamorphism? How do these changes occur? 3. Write the characteristics of contact metamorphism on the first circle and the characteristics of regional metamorphism on the second circle. In their intersection, write the characteristics which can be found on both types of metamorphism. CONTACT REGIONAL METAMORPHIS METAMORPHIS M M Figure 2. Comparison Between Contact and Regional Metamorphism Notes to the Teacher This module is a self-assisted module however your help is necessary in monitoring and evaluating students work. Give instructions carefully and monitor the students in performing every activity. Make sure that the students completely accomplish all the activities to ensure high quality transfer of learning in this module. 4 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  What’s New As a preliminary activity, perform the simple experiment below and answer the guide questions. Keep in mind the precautionary measures that you should follow in doing the activity. Write your answers briefly on your answer sheet. Objectives of the Activity: After the activity, students should be able to: 1. Describe stress as it relates to materials, such as rocks. 2. Identify and distinguish between the three types of stress. Materials: Soil Water Alcohol Soap Procedures: Pre-Laboratory Activity 1. Prepare the materials needed. 2. Set the area so that it is clean and free from any hazardous or allergic materials. 3. Read articles and educational materials related to stress in rocks. Laboratory Activity: 1. Gather some soil to any type of container. Make it sure that it is free from any hazardous objects or chemicals. 2. Add some water to the soil and compress it into a ball – shape. Make two balls of soil with the same size. Set it aside for few hours to let it dry. Once dried, you may begin doing the activity. Figure 3. Ball of soil 5 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  3. Using ample force, pull the ball of soil for it to break into two large pieces. Make it sure that you will not bend or twist it. Refer to the figure below as your guide. Determine the type of stress present in this activity. Figure 4. Pulling apart to break the ball of soil. 4. Hold both parts of the ball of soil using your left and right hand. Apply ample force to squeeze the material. Refer to the figure below as your guide. Determine the type of stress present in this activity. Figure 5. The material is pressed using force. 5. Break the second ball by holding it with two hands at opposite sides and then slide or push the sides at opposite directions. Refer to the figure below as your guide. Determine the type of stress present in this activity. Figure 6. Pushing or sliding the sides of the mud ball parallel at opposite directions Post - laboratory Activity: 1. Clean your place of work after performing the activity. 2. Wash your hands properly and apply alcohol or sanitizer to avoid any allergic reaction from the soil. 6 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5 Guide Questions: Read and analyze the given questions. Write your answers briefly on a separate sheet of paper. 1. In the experiment, which procedure manifested tension stress? Similarly, when tension stress is acted on rocks, how will the rocks behave? _______________________________________________________________________. 2. Which procedure, manifested compressional stress? Applying it to rocks, how will you describe effect or impact of compression stress on rocks? _______________________________________________________________________. 3. Which procedure manifested shear stress? What will happen to rock if it will undergo shearing? _______________________________________________________________________. What is It Rocks and large masses undergo deformation wherein it changes their shape, location, size, tilt or break due to squeezing or shearing. When the rocks or plates are pulled or pushed together, stress may occur. Not only human can experience stress, rocks also experienced different kinds of stress. In earth sciences and geology, stress is the force per unit area that is placed on a rock. There are three main types of stress, namely, tension, compression, and shear. 1. Tensional stress causes rocks to be pulled apart that result to lengthening and break apart. This type of stress can be found at divergent plate boundaries. 2. Compressional stress causes rocks to fold or fracture. It squeezes rocks together. Compression is the most common type of stress in convergent plate boundaries. 3. Shear stress happens when forces slide pass each other in opposite direction which results to slippage and translation. This is the most common stress found in transform plate boundaries. A. Before Stress B. Compression C. Tension D. Shearing Figure 8. Stress on Rocks 7 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5 Geologic Structures 1. Folds – are formed when rocks experienced compressive stress and deformed plastically. It causes bending of rocks. There are three types of folds: monoclines, anticlines and synclines. A monocline is a simple bend in the rock layers where the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top. An anticline is a fold that arches upward where the oldest rocks are found at the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks are covered over them at the top of the structure. A syncline is a fold that bends downward which rocks are curved down to a center. Figure 9. Folds 2. Faults – A rock under ample stress can crack, or fracture. The fracture is called a joint because there is a block of rock left standing on either side of a fracture line. The footwall is the rock that place on top the fault, while the hanging wall is below the fault. Faults can be classified into: a. Normal faults–are the most common faults at divergent boundaries. In relation to the footwall, it develops as the hanging wall drops down. East African Rift is one of the examples of this type of fault. Figure 10. Normal Fault b. Reverse faults – This type of fault is most common at the convergent boundaries. It forms when the hanging wall moves up. It creates the world’s highest mountain ranges such as Himalayas Mountains and Rocky Mountains. 8 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  Figure 11. Reverse Fault c. Strike-slip faults – This type of faults formed when the walls move sideways. It can be either right lateral or left lateral. It is mostly common on transform plate boundaries. The most popular example of this type is San Andreas Fault. Figure 12. Strike-Slip fault What’s More A. On each of the space below, arrange the scrambled letters to form the correct term based on the given description. Write your answers in a sheet of paper. _______________ 1. A simple bend on the rock layers ONESCLIMON ________________ 2. Formed when rocks experienced compressive stress and deformed plastically DOLF ________________ 3. A bend that arches upward ESCLITINAN ________________ 4. A rock fracture or cracks due to stress SLATFU ________________ 5. The most common faults at divergent plate boundaries ORMLAN LATUSF 9 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5 ________________ 6. This fault type can be found on convergent boundaries. EVESRER FULATS ________________ 7. It formed when the walls move sideways. KESRIT LIPS ULFATS ________________ 8. An example of mountain range MHAYALASI ________________ 9. The type of fault common on transform plate boundaries RISTKE SIPL FATSUL ________________ 10. An example of fault at divergent plate boundaries SEAT RICANAF TRIF B. Identify the following types of stress on the following statements. Write T if it pertains to tensional stress, C for compressional stress, and S for shear stress. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. __________ 1. It causes rocks to fold or fracture. __________ 2. It causes rocks to be pulled apart. __________ 3. The common type of stress found on divergent plate boundaries. __________ 4. This stress on rocks results to slippage and translation of walls. __________ 5. It occurs on convergent plate boundaries. __________ 6. It causes rocks to lengthen and break apart. __________ 7. This type of stress squeezes rocks together. __________ 8. It commonly occurs in transform plate boundaries. __________ 9. It happens when the dominant force is directed away from each other. __________ 10. It develops when the forces are directed towards each other but not along the same axis. C. Copy the table below on a sheet of paper. Draw and identify the type of stress, and its effects on rocks. Illustration of type of stress Type of Stress Effects on Rocks 10 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  What I Have Learned Analyze the given illustrations then complete the thought of the organizer below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. What I know I think _____________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ____________________________. What I heard According to ______________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________. What I Read Based from ________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________. What I know I think ____________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________. What I heard According to ________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ____________________________. What I Read Based from _______________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ____________________________. 11 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  What I know I think ____________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________. What I heard According to ______________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________. What I Read Based from ______________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________. What I Can Do Read the statements below. In not more than 50 words, answer the questions that follow. Write your answer in a sheet of paper. Movement of tectonic plates generates enough energy that causes earthquakes which are released along the faults. As a STEM student, why do you think is it necessary to study the characteristics of fault system? If you are residing on an area where active fault is present, what will you do to educate your neighbors about it? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________. Rubric Category 5 4 3 2 1 Content There is one There is one There is one There is no The essay clear, well- clear, well- clear, well- clear, well- does not focused topic. focused topic. focused topic. focused topic. respond to Main ideas are Main ideas are Main ideas are Main ideas are what is clear and are clear and are clear and are not clear and needed in well supported well supported well supported are well the task. by detailed by detailed by detailed supported by and accurate and accurate and accurate detailed and information information. information. accurate and examples. Only one The questions information. The questions question was were not were clearly answered. directly and vividly answered. answered. 12 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  Organization of The ideas and Some ideas Few ideas and Few ideas and All ideas ideas concepts are and concepts concepts are concepts are and precisely are vague but vague and incoherent concepts organized in a in a logical unorganized and are logical format format and but not misleading. incoherent and easy to easy to follow. misleading. and follow. misleading. Pertinent words 50 pertinent 40 pertinent 30 pertinent 20 pertinent 10 pertinent words were words were words were words were words were used. used. used. used. used. Total Score: Assessment Read the following question carefully. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 1. Ava plays a clay bar. She pushed the two sides of the clay bar using equal force from her hands on the same axis. What type of stress did she exert on the clay bar? a. Compressional stress b. Direct stress c. Shear stress d. Tensional stress 2. How will the bar of clay behave after the application of stress in item no. 1? a. The clay bar will lengthen. b. The clay bar will break apart. c. The clay bar will fold. d. The clay bar will be pulled apart. 3. Mountains are result of high-impact stress caused when two plates collided. What kind of stress caused it to form? a. compressional stress b. confining stress c. shear stress d. tensional stress 4. Which of the following type of stress is exerted in convergent plate boundaries? a. Compressional stress b. Direct stress c. Shear stress d. Tensional stress 5. Which of the following plate boundaries do rocks slide past each other? a. Combine plate boundaries b. Convergent plate boundaries c. Divergent plate boundaries d. Transform plate boundaries 6. What happened to the rocks under shear stress? a. The rocks are squeezed. b. The rocks fold or fracture. 13 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  c. The rocks are pulled apart. d. The rock walls slip to each other on opposite direction. 7. Which of the following type of fault is found in divergent plate boundaries? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse 8. East African Rift is formed by stress that causes the hanging wall to drop down. Which among the type of fault does it belong? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse 9. A compressive stress was exerted on the rock layers forming a simple fold or bend. What is the type of fold formed on the rock layers? a. Anticline b. Incline c. Monocline d. Syncline 10. Rock undergoes changes when it is stressed. How does the rock behave when a tension stress acted on it? a. It is pulled apart or lengthen. b. It is compressed. c. It formed fold or fracture. d. It is deformed. 11. What type of fold is formed when a compressive stress resulted to a landmass that arches upward? a. Anticline b. Incline c. Monocline d. Syncline 12. What type of fault is shown on the illustration below? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse 13. Reverse fault is formed through the stress that causes the hanging wall to move up. Which among the following is the result of this type of fault? a. Himalayas b. East African Rift c. Marikina Fault d. West Valley 14. Which of the following type of fault system creates the world’s highest mountain ranges? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse 14 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  15. Which of the following type of fault formed the San Andreas Fault? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Strike Slip d. Transverse Additional Activities Analyze the given pictures. In not more than 50 words, write an essay related to the land formation in the given picture. Refer to the rubrics below as your guide in writing your answers. Write on a separate sheet of paper. Source: This photo was taken by Ms. Niña Katherina A. Blanca at Talahib Pandayan, Batangas City. Rubric Category 5 4 3 2 1 Content It shows an It has some It has many It has many It does not understanding mistakes in mistakes in mistakes in show of the topic’s terminology or terminology terminology understanding concepts and shows a few and shows a and shows a of the topic’s principles and misunderstandings lack of lack of concepts and uses of concepts. Four understanding understanding principles. appropriate examples were of many of many One example terminology given with concepts. concepts. was given and notations, complete Three Two with Five descriptions. examples examples complete examples were given were given descriptions. were given with with with complete complete complete descriptions. descriptions. descriptions. 15 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5 Organization The ideas and Some ideas and Few ideas Few ideas All ideas and of ideas concepts are concepts are and concepts and concepts concepts are precisely vague but in a are vague and are incoherent organized in a logical format but unorganized incoherent and logical format easy to follow. but not and misleading and easy to misleading. misleading. follow. Focus and There is one There is one clear, There is one There is more The topic and details clear, well- well-focused topic topic and than one main ideas focused topic and content. Main content. focus of topic are not clear. and content. ideas are clear but Main ideas and content. Main ideas are not well are Main ideas are clear and supported by somewhat are vague are well detailed clear. and not supported by information. detailed. detailed and accurate information. Total Score: 16 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5  Module 5 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS 17 Assessment What’s More 1. A A. 2. C 1. MONOCLINES 3. A 2. FOLD 4. A 3. ANTICLINES 5. D 4. FAULTS 5. NORMAL FAULTS What I Know 6. D 6. REVERSE FAULTS 7. A 1. A 7. STRIKE SLIP FAULTS 8. A 2. A 8. HIMALAYAS 9. C 3. A 9. STRIKE SLIP FAULTS 10. A 4. A 10. EAST AFRICAN RIFT 11. A 5. C 6. D 12. C B. 7. D 13. A 1. C 8. C 14. B 9. A 15. C 2. T 3. T 10. A 4. S 11. A 5. C 12. B 6. T 13. C 7. C 14. A 8. S 15. A 9. T 10. S Answer Key References Books Olivar, J., Rodolfo, R., & Cabria, H. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science Series: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Online Resources Brainly. “Which of the following faults occurs where the "hanging wall” moves up or is thrust over the "footwall"?” Brainly. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://brainly.ph/question/8912271 Dutton, John A. “Faults”. e-Education Institute. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth520/content/l7_p3.html “Faultline Seismic Science at the Epicenter”. Faults. June 3, 2020. https://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/basics/faults.html#:~:text= The%20San%20Andreas%20Fault%E2%80%94made,are%20sliding%2 0past%20each%20other. GeoSciences Libretext. “Stress In Earth’s Crust.”GeoSciences. June 3, 2020. https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Geology/Book%3A_Fundamen tals_of_Geology_(Schulte)/07%3A_Crustal_Deformation/7.03%3A_Stre ss_in_Earth's_Crust “Crustal Deformation”. Lumen. June 3, 2020. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-stress-in- earths-crust-2/ Maggi Glasscoe. “Forces in Earth.” Scecinfo. May 21, 2020. http://scecinfo.usc.edu/education/k12/learn/plate5.htm “Rock Behavior Under Stress.” Quizizz. Accessed June 3, 2020 https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5ffae545dc57fc001b03dcdc/rock- behavior-under-stress “What Are the Types of Stresses in the Earth's Crust?”. Sciencing. June 3, 2020. https://sciencing.com/types-stresses-earths-crust-22473.html “Teachengineering organization.” Soapy Stress Worksheet. August 21, 2021. https://www.teachengineering.org/content/cub_/activities/cub_rock/cu b_rock_lesson01_activity1_worksheet.pdf “East African Rift Valley, east Africa.” The Geological Society. June 3 2020. https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Policy-and-Media/Outreach/Plate- Tectonic-Stories/Vale-of-Eden/East-African-Rift-Valley 18 CO_Q2_ESS_ SHS Module 5 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected]