Bank Credit PDF

BANK CREDIT I. The concept of bank credit - Bank credit is a transaction beetween two entities, in which the credit grantor (bank) transfers assets to the credit recipient (customer) for use on the principle of repayment of both principal and interest (Giao dịch dân sự, tuân theo luật dân sự) - C...

BANK CREDIT I. The concept of bank credit - Bank credit is a transaction beetween two entities, in which the credit grantor (bank) transfers assets to the credit recipient (customer) for use on the principle of repayment of both principal and interest (Giao dịch dân sự, tuân theo luật dân sự) - Credit extension means an agreement that allows an organization or individual to use a sum of money or a commitment to allow use of a sum of money on the repayment principle by + Lending + Discounting + Finance lease (NH không cấp dưới dạng tín dụng, thực hiện thông qua công ty cho thuê tài chính) + Factoring (Bao thanh toán) + Bank guarantee (Bảo lãnh NH) + Letter of credit (Thư tín dụng) + Or another credit extension operation (ex: credit card,..) - Bank credit characteristics II. Credit classification - Factors affecting credit activities III. Credit process (Quy trình tín dụng) - Commercial banks credit process is a synthesis (tập hợp) of principles and regulations in banking in granting credit, building specific stes in a certain order from preparing credit application documents to paying of debt and terminating credit relationship 1. Credit application preparation - Search and identify customer needs + Identify target customers (Students,...): Individual or Organization + Customers come to the bank themselves (tiếp cận thụ động). Bank’s reputation and prestige (Bank phải có danh tiếng và uy tín). Branch network and information access (Cách tiếp cận). Available consulting channels (Kênh tư vấn) + Banks conduct marketing to customers (Chủ động tiếp cận KH). Banks. Business unit leaders (Giám đốc, Phó Giám đốc tiếp khách lớn,..). Employees - Consult and guide customers through procedures + Identifying customers’ exact needs (Tìm ra đúng thứ KH cần thì mới tư vấn đúng sản phẩm) + Consulting on products, services + Consulting on procedures and implementation processes + Consulting on bank policies, conditions, incentives,.. with customers + Answering customers’ questions 2. Credit appraisal and analysis - Thẩm định: hồ sơ, thông tin, ktra thông tin. Phân tích: tìm ra điểm mới, nguy cơ tiềm ẩn rủi ro trong tương lai, đưa ra dự báo trong tương lai - Information appraisal - Analyze, evaluate and make remcommendations by: 5Cs model and CAMPARI model - CAMPARI model + Character + Ability + Margin + Purpose + Amount + Repayment + Insurance 3. Credit decision 4. Credit disbursement 5. Credit monitoring (Giám sát tín dụng) 6. Credit closure (Kết thúc/Thanh toán khoản tín dụng) *Commercial bank’s credit process* - The steps are interrelated and support each other - There is relative independence - A mistake in one step will lead to a chain of errors - Generally, no step is more important than the others - No steps can be slipped IV. Credit methods 1. Lending - Lend ding a loan: Lending is a form of credit extension, whereby a credit institution assigns or commits to hand over a sum of money to a customer for a specified purpose within a certain period as agreed upon with the principle of repayment principal and interest + Nguyên tắc là vô điều kiện, khác với letter of credit phải đi với chứng từ + Cấp là giải ngân direct by money, cam kết cấp là cấp cho KH 1 số dư và KH có thể rút nhiều lần miễn là kh vượt số dư đó - Loan term is the period from the time the customer begins to receivee the loan until the time to pay off the loan principal and interest as agreed in the credit contract between the bank and the customer (Thời hạn cho vay là từ lúc giải ngân cho đến khi tất toán - trả full gốc lẫn lãi - thời hạn này khác với hiệu lực hợp đồng) - Repayment period / Debt repayment term: Repayment period refers to a set period of time constituting the agreed loan term and, at the end of each of these time periods, a customer is obliged to repay loan principal and/or interest amounts in part of in whole to a bank (trả gốc và/hoặc lãi 1 phần hoặc toàn bộ) - Characteristics of lending + The form of credit value is money + The essence is the act of giving money to customers in advance (Giao dịch dân sự, đưa tiền cho KH trước) + Diverse and rich loan object (Đa dạng hơn so với hình thức cấp tín dụng khác) + Various loan methods (9 methods) + Wide audience of customers (Individual, Organization) + Various disbursement and refund methods (Đa dạng về giải ngân và thu nợ) + Lending risks are complex (rủi ro phức tạp) + Client’s participating counterpart capital requirements (Sự tham gia về vốn tự có của KH là yêu cầu bắt buộc của hình thức cho vay) - Borrowers at credit institutions are legal entities and individuals (pháp nhân và cá nhân), including: + A legal person established and operating in VN, a legal person established in a foreign country anđ lawfully operating in VN + Individuals with Vietnamese nationality, individuals with foreign nationality => Đều có thể vay vốn tại VN - Loan purose + Lending for life needs/customer loans means a credit institution lends to an individual customer to pay expenses for consumption and living purposes of that individual or his/her family (Cho vay phục vụ đời sống/Cho vay tiêu dùng liên quan đến KH cá nhân (hộ gđ, cá nhân tiêu dùng cuối cùng))  + Lending for business and other activities (hereinafter referred to as business activities) is the lending by a credit institution to a customer being a legal entity or individual to meet capital needs outside the provisions of the above-mentioned consumer loans - including the capital needs of that legal person or individual and the capital needs of the business household or private enterprise in which that individual is the owner of the business household or private enterprise (Cho vay sxkd hoặc hoạt động khác phải có nhu cầu vay sxkd (DNTN - kh phải pháp nhân, hộ KD) - Lending principles (Nguyên tắc vay) + Lending activities of credit institutions to customers are carried out according to agreements between credit institutions and customers, in accordance with the provisions of law (Dựa trên giao kết (hợp đồng vay vốn) bằng văn bản) + Customers taking loans from credit institutions must ensure that they use the loan capital for the right purposes, repay the loan principal and interest on time as agreed - Lending requirement + Customer is a legal entity with civil legal capacity (năng lực pháp lý) as pescribed by law. Customers being individuals aged full 18 years or older with full civil act capacity (năng lực hành vi dân sự) as prescribed by law or from full 15 years old to under 18 years old without loss or limitation of civil act capacity as prescribed by law, provisions of the law + Demand for loans to use for lawful purposes + There is a feasible plan to use capital (Phương án sd vốn) + Have the financial ability to repay the debt - Simple loan / Loan forr each time / One-time loan - Lending by credit line (Cho vay theo hạn mức tín dụng) + Credit line/ credit limit (Số dư cho vay tối đa) is the maximum loan balance maintained within a certain period that the credit institution and the customer have agreed upon in the credit contract (Duy trì trong 1 khoảng thời gian đã thỏa thuận) + Lending by credit line: Credit institutions and customers determine and agree on a credit line to be maintained for a certain period of time (thỏa thuận và thống nhất hạn mức cho thời hạn hiệu lực của hạn mức) - Some products + Supplementary loans of working capital (Cho vay bổ sung vốn lưu động (vốn ngắn hạn, tái xét lại từng năm 12 tháng) + Loans sponsor export before delivery (ngoại thương trong quá trình xuất khẩu) 2. Discount - Discounting means a form of credit extension by purchase of on a definite term or purchase of the right to collect negotiable instruments (công cụ chuyển nhượng) and other valuable papers of beneficiaries prior to their due date (Mua có bảo lưu quyền truy đòi -> Ng có nghĩa vụ thanh toán giấy tờ có giá kh trả -> Đòi lại tiền đã mua) - Characteristics + Right of Recourse + Disbursement and refund (thường là giải ngân 1 lần, khi đến hạn thì thu nợ 1 lần) + Indirect credit (Mua lai nợ có sẵn thị trường) + Customers (Individual, Pháp nhân: ng thụ hưởng CCCN, GTCG) + Sponsored object (Khoản nợ dc hình thành trong CCCN HTCG, CCCN - Classifications + By object of discount (Phân loại chiết khấu). Discount valuable papers. Discount negotiable instruments, import and export documents,.. + According to the nature of refund. Non-refundable discount (Kh truy đòi). Refundable discount (Truy đòi) + In order of discount. Discount (Chiết khấu). Re-discount (Tái chiết khấu) - Discount method Remaining term of negotiable instruments, other values is the period from the date on which the negotiable instrument or other valuable papers are discounted to by credit institutions to the due date for payment of the entire amount stated on such negotiable instrument or other valuable paper Discount period for negotiable instruments , other values is the period from the next day of the day the credit institution agrees to receive the discount to the date the customer has to fulfill the obligation to commit to repurchase or up to the due date for payment of the full amount stated on such negotiable instrument, other valuable papers, including days off and holidays 3. Factoring - Factoring means a form of extension of credit by purchasing accounts receivable from a seller or giving an advance on behalf of a purchaser under a sale contract or service contract between the seller and the purchaser (NH mua lại 1 khoản phải thu từ ng bán (KH cần GTCG, chỉ cần hợp đồng giao dịch mua bán hàng) hoặc ứng trước 1 số tiền thanh toán thay cho ng mua - Factoring methods 4. Financial leasing (Cho vay tài chính) - Participants + Property owner - Lessor + User of assets - Lessee - Leasing is a contractual transaction between two entities, in which the lessor transfers the property to the lessee for certain period of time and the lessee must pay rent to the owner of the property - Operating lease is a form of asset lease whereby the Lessee uses the Lessor’s leased asset for a certain period and will return such asset to the lessor when the end of the lease term. The lessor retains ownership of the leased asset and receives the rental under the leasee agreement + Ownership of the leased asset is not transferred to the Lessee at the end of the operating lease contract (Kh có những thỏa thuận đặc biệt) + The lease contract does not stipulate the agreement to purchase the lead property between the Lessor and the Lessee + The lease term represents only a portion of the useful life of the leaseed asset  + The total rental value only accounts for a part of the rental property’s value - Financial leasing - Capital leasing: Leasing is a form of medium and long-term credit, which is made available through a contractual agreement. Accordingly, the lessor transfers the leased property to the lessee for use, the lessee is responsible for refunding the rent (collection of fees and charges) for the duration of the lease + Transfer ownership of property: Transferred upon termination of contract (Chuyển giao QSH sau 1 tgian xđ trên HĐ) + Property acquisition: There are provisions on the right to be purchased in the contract + Rental period: Equal to most of the asset’s operating time + Total rent: Almost qual or bigger of the property values - Financial lease classifications + Financial lease 2 parties + Financial lease 3 parties + Re-lease (tái cho thuê) + Lease cooperation (Đồng cho thuê / Cho thuê hợp vốn) + Under lease (Cho thuê giáp linh / Cho thuê lại trên hợp đồng cho thuê gốc) 5. Issuance and use of credit card - Credit card - is a card issued by the organization to the customer that acts as a tool to disburse the credit according to the previously committed limit (Dựa trên 1 hạn mức tín dụng đã dc cam kết cấp từ trước) - Issuance and use of credit cards is a form of crest facility in which the cardholder (borrower) is allowed to use a credit line within a certain period granted by the bank (issuing organization) to cover your usual spending needs by using a credit card. Sd thẻ tại quầy giao dịch, các chi nhánh vật lý NH, tại địa điểm chấp nhận thẻ, có POS (Point of Sale)/MPOS, thanh toán trên ứng dụng trực tuyến của NH, ATM/CDM (Cash Deposit Machine) các gd liên quan đến tiền, các bên thứ 3 có liên kết thanh toán thẻ (bên cung cấp cổng thanh toán như VNPay, zalopay,...), Big Tech (Apple Pay, GGPay, Samsung Pay,..) - Sponsored object: The need for regular; daily, cyclical spending needs => not for the purchase of large-value assets. Thẻ TD cá nhân: Chi tiêu thường xuyên, kh có sd cho TS có gtri lớn, dựa trên chu kỳ ngân quỹ của KH cá nhân đó. Thẻ TD tổ chức: Được nếu tổ chức ủy quyền cho cá nhân sd + Your credit card limit is the maximum amount you can borrow + A credit card statement is the bill yor card issuer sends you at the end of your billing cycle. It lists all of your transactions and your outstanding balance (the total amount you owe for this billing cycle). It also tells you when your payment is due and the minimum amount you would need to pay (minimum payment) (sao kê giao dịch tín dụng từ 30 -45 ngày) - Condition ( issue card must base on these conditions) + Reputation + Income (Hệ số phát hành thẻ) + Job (Thu nhập ổn định, thiện chí trả nợ cao) + Credit (TSBĐ) + Collateral (Ký quỹ tiền gửi, cầm cố sổ tk or thẻ tk là phổ biến) - Credit limit depends on debt repayment capacity, collateral, credit policy, etc. However, it is usually based on the recurring income of the customer - Loan term: common will be 45-55 days (Kỳ sao kê/thanh toán: kê chi tiết các giao dịch thẻ trong kỳ, theo tháng ~30days. Thời điểm sao kê xong sẽ có thời gian hiệu chỉnh/khiếu nại -> 1 khoảng thời gian thanh toán (thanh toán trước ngày thanh toán cuối cùng, ~15days) - Disbursement: Through the process of using the card at the POS, mPOS, using online payment,... 6. Bank guarantee (Bảo lãnh ngân hàng) - Bank guarantee is a written commitment by a credit institution to an obligee to perform a financial obligation on behalf of a customer when the customer fails to perform or improperly performs the obligation as committed to the guarantee. The customer must accept the debt and return to the credit institution the amount paid on its behalf (có bên bảo lãnh - NH, KH và ng thụ hưởng bảo lãnh). Cam kết bằng vban của NH cho ng thụ hưởng để thực hiện về nghĩa vụ tài chính của KH khi KH kh thực hiện or thực hiện kh đầy đủ theo cam kết. KH sẽ chấp nhận khoản nợ này và hoàn trả theo nghĩa vụ - Relationship between the guaranteed and the beneficiary: The original relationship, the bas for forming the guarantee request, is expressed in the contract between the 2 parties - The guarantor is obligated to perform to the beneficiary + Financial obligations + Non-financial obligations - Relationship between the guaranteed and the issuing bank: + Relationship between the credit granting bank and the credit beneficiary + Shown in the guarantee commitment of the issuing bank - Bank insurance features + Form of credit value + Objects of sponsor + Customers + Minimum warranty term + Function off guarantee: Guarantee tool, Instrument off urging, Sponsorship tools + Advantages and Disadvantages - Classification + According to the intended use. Loan guarantee (BL vay vốn): A commitment made by a credit institution to the guarantee to repay the debt on behalf of the customer if the customer fails to pay or fails to pay in full and on time a loan owed to the guarantee. Payment guarantee (BL thanh toán): A commitment by a credit institution to the guarantee recipient that it will perform the payment obligation on behalf of the customer if the customer fails to perform or fails to perform his/her payment obligation when it is due. Bid guarantee (BL dự thầu): A commitment of a credit institution to a bid solicitor to secure the client’s obligation to participate in bidding. In case, customers must pay fines for vialating bidding regulations but fail to pay or fully pay the fines to the bid solicitor, credit institutions will do it instead.. Contract performance guarantee (BL thực hiện hợp đồng): A commitment of a credit institution to the guarantee recipient, ensuring the correct and complete performance of the customer’s obligations under the contract signed with the guarantee recipient. In case te customer violates the contract and must compensate the guarantee recipient but fails to perform or fails to perform fullt, thre credit institution will do it instead.. Warranty guarantee/Product quality guarantee (BL bảo hành/chất lượng sp): A commitment of a credit institution to the guarantee recipient, to ensure that the customer strictly implements the agreements on product quality under the contract signed with the guarantee recipient. In case the customer violates the product quality and must compensate the quarantee recipient but fails to perform or fails to perform fully, the credit institution will do it instead.. Payment Refund guarantee: A commitment by a credit institution to the guarantee recipient to guarantee the customer’s obligation to repay the advance according to the contract signed with the guarantee recipient. In case the customer breaches the contract and mút return the advance without refunding or incompletely refunding it, the credit institution will do it instead.. Other financial guarantees: Tax guarantee, Underwriting securities,... + According to the release method. Direct guarantee. Indirect guarantee. Co-guarantee. Guarantee with confirmation + According to the nature of the guarantee. Co-Obligation guarantee. Independent guarantee + According to payment terms. Guarantee on request. Guarantee with documents. Guarantee with arbitral awards, courts V. Loan security (Bảo đảm tín dụng) 1. Collateral Property + Property comprises objects, money, valuable papers and property rights (vật, tiền, GTCG or quyền TS) + Property includes immovable property (BĐS) and movable property. Immovable property and movable property may be existing property or off-plan property Immovable property includes: (BĐS là đất và TS gắn liền với đất) + Land  + Houses and constructions attached to land + Other property attached to land, houses and constructions (nhà xưởng, công trình xây dựng/kiến trúc/trưng bày, cây trồng lâu năm + Other property as prescribed by law Movable property is property which is not immovable property - Methods of realizing collateral + Put collateral up for an auction + The secured party sell collateral itself + The secured party accepts the collateral as substitutions for the performance of obligations of the securing party + Other methods 2. Types of security (Các hình thức bảo đảm) - Pledge of property (Cầm cố TS) + Pledge of property means the delivery by one party (hereinafter referred to as the pledgor) of property under its ownership to another party (hereinafter referred to as the pledgee) as security for the performance of an obligation (Bên cầm cố giao TS thuộc sở hữu của học cho 1 bên khác - bên nhận cầm cố, bảo đảm thực hiện 1 nghĩa vụ nào đó, trong NH nó là nghĩa vụ trả nợ) + Pledgers deliver pledged properties to pledgees or to third individuals for temporary hold (Cầm cố TS của chính KH vay vốn or của bên T3) + Pledges may hold pledged properties here the properties are located or in location of their choice (Để lại cho chính bên cầm cố, nếu đủ dk NH kiểm soát dc nó) - Mortgage of property (Thế chấp) + Mortgage of property means the use by one party (hereinafter referred to as the mortgagor (bên thế chấp)) of property under the ownership of the obligor as security for the performance of an obligation to the other party (hereinafter referred to as the mortgagee (bên nhận thế chấp)) without transferring such property to the mortgagee + The mortgaged property shall be held by the mortgagor + The parties may agree to deliver the mortgaged property to a third person to hold - Escrow deposit (Ký quỹ) + Escrow deposit is an act whereby an obligor deosits a sum of money, precious metals, gems or valuable papers into an escrow account at a credit institution to secure the performance of an obligation (Dùng 1 lượng tiền, hiện kim (vàng, bạc,..) or GTCG tương đương như tiền (tín phiếu kho bạc) đưa vào trong tài khoản ký quỹ phong tỏa để bảo đảm cho việc thực hiện nghĩa vụ + In cases where the obligor has failed to perform or has improperly performed an obligation, the obligee shall be entitled to receive payment and compensation for damage caused by the obligor from the bank where the escrow deposit is affected, after đeucting the bank service charges. Deposit: Tiền gửi ký quỹ, dựa trên tiền gửi thanh toán, tiền gửi có kỳ hạn. Luật có nhận vàng bạc đá quý, tuy nhiên NH ít nhận do thị trường đá quý VN không tốt bằng các nước khác. Security collateral - Guarantee (Bảo đảm) + Guarantors must fulfill secured obligations when secured obligations are infringed as a result of. Obligors fail to fulfill obligations in a timely manner. Obligors fail to fulfill obligations before the deadline agreed upon. Obligors fail to adequately fulfill obligations. Obligors fail to correctly fulfill obligations + A guarantor may guarantee an obligation in whole or in part on behalf of a principal debtor + A guaranteed obligation includes interest on the principal, penalties (phạt) and compensation (tiền bồi thường) for any damage and interest on late payment, unless otherwise agreed + The parties may agree on using security as property to secure the performance of guaranteed obligation - Fidelity guarantees + Rights and obligations of parties in fidelity guarantee + Some related terms