Sheep and Goat Industry Status PDF

STATUS OF SMALL RUMINANT INDUSTRY SHEEP GOAT Meat and wool Meat, milk, and fiber (cashmere & mohair) “living mowers” “poor man’s cow” Most supplement 98.7% supplement household income household income 50 thousand...

STATUS OF SMALL RUMINANT INDUSTRY SHEEP GOAT Meat and wool Meat, milk, and fiber (cashmere & mohair) “living mowers” “poor man’s cow” Most supplement 98.7% supplement household income household income 50 thousand 3.7 million GOATS - No religious prohibition for EXPORT - Good for nursing mothers (Korea, Malaysia) - Price 2x of beef (Nepal) - For higher economic status (Malaysia) - Small initial investment - Can integrate with crop-based farming system - High-value products from meat, milk, and skin - Short period of getting RETURN OF INVESTMENT (ROI) - Handled by wives and children - Mature earlier - Higher fertility (8 months) - Multiple births - Shorter gestation period - Milked for 5 months - First kid crop: less than a year - Kilawin, papaitan, caldereta commercial farm: at least 21 head of adult OR at least 41 head of young OR at least 10 head of adult and 22 head of young 98.8% are in backyard farms Ave farmgate price: Php 137.97/kg - HIGH DEMAND, low supply - CHEVON: high water holding capacity -> good meat processing  BREEDS AND SELECTION - Indigenous stocks: more adapted, inputs lower SHEEP BREEDS - Exotic: may introduce new diseases 1. Philippine Native - Performance data: - Mature wt: 20 kg No. of offspring weaned per year - Avg Milk prod: 0.4 L exposed to the male - Lactation period: 187 days Annual mortality rate for each sex 2. Barbados Blackbelly Length of production life for each sex 3. St Croix (Virgin Island White) Incidence of major defects 4. Anglo-Nubian (dairy): For meat: body weight - Most popular breed For dairy: milk production - High butterfat content in milk -> cheese DOES - Mature wt: 75 kg - Avg Milk prod: 1.5-2 L - Purchase from area with same climactic - Lactation period: 250 days conditions 5. Boer (meat): - At least 20 kg - Mature wt: 80 kg - 6-8 months - Avg Milk prod: 1.5 L - Has given birth at least once - Lactation period: 200 days - Alert eyes 6. Saanen (dairy): - Healthy, active and has a good appetite - “Queen of Dairy Goats” - No deformities - Mature wt: 70 kg - Straight and strong legs - Avg Milk prod: 2 L - Normal genitals - Lactation period: 280 days - Good mothering ability 7. Toggenburg (dairy): - Good pedigree - Mature wt: 60 kg BUCKS - Avg Milk prod: 1.5-1.75 L - Lactation period: 220 days - Progeny tested (successful mating at least 8. Alpine (dairy): once) - Milk prod: 1.5-2.1 kg - At least 1 year old 9. Upgrades - From good producing line - Taller and bigger than native - Replace bucks every 2-3 years to prevent - Mature wt: 30 kg inbreeding - Avg Milk prod: 0.7-1 L - Healthy with no deformities - Lactation period: 215 days - Straight and strong legs - Three-way cross breed: - Active and with high libido 50%Bo:37.5%AN:12.5%Na - Normal testicles F1: 50% Purebred:50% Native - Clean, shiny, healthy coat F2: 75% Purebred:25% Native - Good body conformation F3: 87% Purebred:12.5% Native Male:female ratio: Choosing Breed or Strain - Senior (> 1 year old): 1:25 - Vary under environmental conditions - Junior (< 1 year old): 1:20  - Males: fight and constantly mount -> overstress females Culling (Physical Appearance): - Overshot jaw (Prognathism) - Undershot jaw (“parrot mouth”; Brachygnathia) - Cryptorchid - Extra teats - Abnormal or weak or twisted legs or feet - Poor kid size - Poor maternal instinct - Poor milkers - Supernumerary teats - Split testicles - Twisted/folded ears - Deformed hooves - Abnormal growth of horn  HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT 3. Specifications/dimensions - 1 m2 per adult Fencing - House is elevated with slatted flooring: Goats Sheep prevent direct contact with feces & urine Hardest to confine Tame, easy to confine - 1 cm slat space interval to avoid leg accidents unless agitated or - 0.5-1 m height of floor to ground for air threatened circulation and ease in cleaning 1.5 m high 1 m high - Concrete ground floor for manure removal every 3-4 m Every 3-4 m Hog wire Hog wire, barbed wire, Fixtures used fish net, bamboo - Feed bunk: front of shed for no disturbance Corner post: Corner post: - Concentrate/mineral boxes: inside house HARDWOOD (yakal) HARDWOOD for easy access Ipil-ipil trees: in Live fences* - Water source between rotten posts as replacement - Lambing/Kidding pen: separate area in shed *Live fences - Brooder box: 50 x 45 x 35 cm keeps kids and lambs warm Madre de Cacao/Kakawate: Gliricidia sepium Ipil-ipil: Leucauna leucocephala Breed Age Space (m2) Malungai: Moringa oleifera < 1 year 0.75 – 1.25 Imported - Interlink and GI (Galvanized Iron) pipe ≥ 1 year 1.26 – 2.00 < 1 year 0.75 – 1.00 fence Native ≥ 1 year 1.00 – 1.50 Housing 1. Components of Good Housing (P.G.E.I.) - Production pen - Growing pen - Experimental pen - Isolation pen 2. Basic considerations - PROTECTION from weather, wet grounds, predators - ELEVATION for easier management and waste disposal - Goats: prefer elevated places: benches, steps, piled lumber - Well-ventilated: sun exposure for dryness - Well-drained - Sloped floor: ease of cleaning and feeding - Separate pens for lactating, dry, pregnant does, growers, and bucks - Feeding racks/troughs in front of aisle  NUTRITION 3. Vitamins - All water-soluble vitamins: synthesized by Bacteria & protozoa in rumen manufacture rumen microflora (if adequate nutrition) and make available many of the nutrients - Vit D3 Cholecalciferol: synthesized through Goats Sheep precursor dehydrocholesterol present in skin Browsers Grazers by UV Wide variety of feeds Narrow lips: select - Vit A: green pastures nutritious parts of 4. Minerals plant (better than - Ca & P: normal growth & bones and teeth cattle) : ratio: 1:1-1.5:1 Prefer to select from Less selective -> utilize : Excessive P -> urinary calculi (kidney many varieties of feeds roughages more stones) & vegetation productively than - Na & Cl: table salt, animals regulate intake acc goats to needs Refuse anything soiled Mix sheep & goats : 10 g/adult/day rather than sheep & cattle (competition) : short tongues: better to use loose salt- Appetite for Less efficient than mineral mix instead of salt blocks concentrates fed in goats & water - Co: synthesis of Vit B12 Cyanocobalamin by over 0.91 kg/day buffaloes in utilizing rumen microorganisms; prevent “wasting DECREASES within fibrous roughages disease” short period of time - Cu: 5 mg/day; prevent anemia, depressed High tolerance to Walk 3-5 km/day in growth, and depigmentation of wool bitter tastes search of feed - Se: 0.1 ppm; prevent white muscle disease (muscular dystrophy) Nutrient requirements: - I: avoid goiter 5. Water - Maintenance - Unlimited supply of clean water - Growth - Less water efficient & higher evaporative - Gestation ratio than goats - Lactation - Growing sheep: about 2-3 L/kg DM SHEEP - Later stage of gestation, lactation: increases by 50% 1. Energy - Confinement: 93 kcal ME/w0.75 Young kids - Grazing: 50-75% of maintenance req - Most fed on milk replacer - Growth: 9.7 kcal ME - 40ºC: milk/substitute - Pregnancy (last 2 months): 171% over - 0.5 to 1 L daily maintenance energy requirement - 3-5 times a day - Lactation (1st 8 weeks): 212 kcal ME/w0.75 - 2 weeks old: good milk replacer or whole milk 2. Protein - 3-4 months old (or as soon as capable of - Maintenance, growth, early pregnancy: 24 g eating roughage & concentrates): discontinue DP/Mcal ME feeding of milk - Last stage of pregnancy: 27 g DP/Mcal ME - Early lactation: 30 g DP/MCal ME Young Lambs  - Creep-feeding: for heavier weaning weights - Concentrate supplementation when pasture quality is poor: 1.5% of liveweight Lactating does - 6 kg/head/day: good quality forage! - 1 kg/20 L drinking water: Molasses to increase water consumption - Ad libitum: vitamin-mineral salt Pregnant dry does - High quality forages to build reserves for coming lactation and nourish developing feti - 0.2 - 0.7 kg/day: vitamin-mineral + concentrates Dry ewes - Least nutrient requirements: medium-quality pastures with adequate minerals - Last trimester of pregnancy: good pastures to ensure full-term pregnancy and prepare ewes for lactation Breeding bucks - Not breeding: good pasture - two weeks BEFORE and DURING breeding season: 0.45 to 0.9 kg concentrates Breeding rams - not breeding: good pasture - one or two months before joining ewes: concentrates to induce moderate liveweight gains  CARE AND HERD MANAGEMENT - Clipped hair, washed face: reduce odor & Tethering discourage lice - Morning: substantial forage - Groomed regularly, occasional bath - Noontime: shaded places Breeding ram - Afternoon: retethered (cooler) - 5 – 12 m long rope - After 3 months, ram lambs separated from - Collar: may be made of water hose female lambs Extensive system - 8 – 10 months of age: final selection - Let loose but tended to - Confined but given adequate exercise (for - Unattended: los, stolen, gain access to bones & muscles) gardens, crops, etc. - Overgrown hooves: trimmed to avoid - Very little management lameness and inability to mate Semi-extensive system - Wool: sheared regularly during summer - Native & improved pastures (confined - Bath: remove odor & external parasites grasslands) - Extra concentrate supplements - Night: housed - Supplemented with feeds Signs of approaching Freshening Intensive system (Pure Confinement) DOE EWE - Uncommon 2 months before: - For meat: cut napier grass or guinea grass enlarged udder and ------------------------- with limited concentrates teats - For dairy: stall-feeding; cut and carry system Low bleats, nervous Soft bleats, fretful & (roughage & concentrates or rice straw & nervous molasses) Hollow right flank & Hollow both flanks & Integration into plantation agriculture (may be both rumps either side of tail extensive/intensive/semi-extensive) Several days before kidding: slight mucous - Raised in established plantations of rubber, vaginal discharge -> more opaque & slightly coconut, mango, etc. yellow - Necessary management inputs for GOAT May paw her bedding around husbandry under this system is neglected Restless: lies down & gets up - Plantation undergrowth: grasses, weeds, legumes Newborns - BENEFITS: 1. Increase soil fertility - Record breeding dates to expect birthing 2. Minimize labor for clearing herbage dates 3. High-crop yield - isolate in previously disinfected & freed from 4. Higher economic returns (both crop and drafts kidding/lambing pen just before animal components) birthing (1 x 1.5 m) - assist only when necessary Breeding Buck - kid: wipe body dry immediately - After 3 months, buck kids separated from - lamb (cold weather): dry under the sun or rub doe kids and given higher energy ration with soft cloth - Space for exercise to make them active - Remove mucus in nose - Hooves: carefully trimmed  - Tie string 2-3 cm from base of navel, cut and dip navel in iodine - Extensive system: no assistance; DOE: clean, dry well-bedded stall; EWE: clean pasture - Afterbirth (placenta): expelled 30 mins – 4 hrs after birthing - Water to replace lost body fluids - Quality forage and concentrates - Make sure offspring suckles colostrum Other management practices 1. Eartagging/earnotching 2. Bathing/dipping 3. Disbudding/dehorning 4. Hoof trimming: avoid “foot rot” 5. Dentition 6. Castration 7. Deworming 8. Milking/bottle feeding  BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION - Swap serviceable bucks from one owner to another to prevent inbreeding every 2 to 3 Reproductive phenomena years - Sexual maturity: 5-6 months - Do not breed very young bucks/does - Estrous cycle: - Select heaviest animal Goat: every 18-24 days; ave: 21 days - Do not use purebred ducks to native does Sheep: every 15-19 days; ave: 17 days - Follow recommended management practices - Estrus: 18 hours Reproduction rate Signs of estrus DOE: 3 kidding per 2 year = 6 kids Allowing themselves to be mounted First offspring – 2 kiddings = 4 kids Mounting other animals Mucous discharge from vulva 2nd offspring – 1 kidding = 2 kids Swollen vulva TOTAL = 12 kids Behavioral changes ▪ Frequent urination ▪ Frequent wagging of tail Artificial Insemination ▪ Nervousness Super Ovulation Embryo Transfer (SOET) ▪ Lack of appetite - Gestation period: 5 months - Age at first breeding: 8-12 months - Postpartum breeding: 1 month after birthing GOAT SHEEP Weaning Age 2-4 mos 3-5 mos Age of Puberty 4-8 mos 6-10 mos Estrus/Heat 2-3 days 1-2 days Estrus Cycle 18-21 days 15-19 days Ovulation 33 hours ------------ Gestation/Pregnancy 145-155 d 144-151 d Causes of Reproductive Failure - Unfertile sperm buck - Abnormal sperm - Hormonal malfunction - Over fat condition - Malnutrition - Disease and injury Do: - Buy/acquire stocks from reputable sources  HERD HEALTH PROGRAM Most common health problems 4. Non-specific respiratory disease ▪ Pasteurella sp. Vaccine: 3 months old 1. Weak, hypoglycemic lambs and kids ▪ Every 3 months thereafter: repeated ▪ Lambing/kidding pen: one week before ▪ Prevent common cause of resp disease birthing and 2 weeks after; promotes 5. Traumatic injuries suckling, prevents trampling; facilitates - Awareness of physical cause of disease observation of newborns - Prompt treatment ▪ Brooder box: keeps kids and lambs warm during cold periods Biosecurity: prevent infectious diseases 2. Posterior paralysis in purebred bucks Common Diseases ▪ Mineral blocks – provide to all ages; prevent mineral deficiencies 1. Caseous lymphadenitis 3. Gastrointestinal parasitism - Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis + predisposing factors (injuries + poor Health program sanitation) ▪ 1 month old: deworm - CS: swollen lymph nodes with pus ▪ 2 weeks and weaning time (3 months - Tx: surgical removal (generally unsatisfactory) old): repeat deworming - Pvn: cull infected animals, treatment, ▪ Mom simultaneously dewormed with kids sanitation ▪ Every 6 months: deworm 2. Contagious ophthalmia (infectious ▪ Controls infective stages in the pasture keratoconjunctivitis) - Chlamydia and Mycoplasma spp. Limitation - CS: sore eyes, corneal opacity, lacrimation ▪ remained a problem - Tx: antibiotics, eyedrops ▪ 6 months interval too long - Pvn: fly and dust control ▪ Possible build-up of anthelmintic 3. Contagious ecthyma (sore mouth) resistance - Orf virus - CS: Scabby lesions (lips, muzzle, eyelids, Modified health program udder, teats, feet) ▪ 3 weeks old - Tx: Astringents, antibiotics for secondary ▪ 3 weeks after infections ▪ Every 3 months thereafter - Pvn: Vaccination 4. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis Deworming programs (S.P.A.M.) - Emerging disease ▪ Sorsogon: max rainfall, no dry season – - Retrovirus every month - Main mode of transmission: colostrum ▪ Pampanga: wet season: every 2 months; - CS: arthritis, encephalitis, progressive weight dry season: once loss, pneumonia, hard udder ▪ Albay: no pronounced rain period, short - Tx: none dry season (1-3 months) – every 6 months - Pvn: kidnapping ▪ Masbate: rainfall evenly distributed - Synovial membrane of carpal joint thickened throughout year – every 3 months and has villous surface - Coagulative necrosis of brain present