Session 3 Chapter 6 - Learning PDF

View this QuickTake in the app session 3 Chapter 6 Modified: Dec 2, 2024 10:11 AM 1. Outline Outline for Lecture on Chapter 6: Learning 1. Introduction to Learning Def...

View this QuickTake in the app session 3 Chapter 6 Modified: Dec 2, 2024 10:11 AM 1. Outline Outline for Lecture on Chapter 6: Learning 1. Introduction to Learning Definition: Learning as a relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience. 2. Nonassociative Learning Habituation Definition: Decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. Example: Becoming accustomed to noise in a daycare. Sensitization Definition: Increased response after exposure to a stimulus, often threatening or painful. Example: Reacting strongly to a sibling’s touch after being hit. 3. Associative Learning Classical Conditioning Learning that a stimulus predicts another stimulus. Key Terms: Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response. Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to the US. Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not trigger the UR but becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) after learning. Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS. Operant Conditioning Learning that a behavior leads to a certain outcome. Concepts: Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior. Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase behavior. Positive Punishment: Adding a stimulus to decrease behavior. Negative Punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior. 4. Observational Learning Modeling Definition: Imitating observed behavior. Vicarious Learning Definition: Learning the consequences of an action by observing others. Mirror Neurons Role: Neurons that activate when observing or performing an action, playing a role in empathy and learning. 5. Examples and Exercises Classical Conditioning Example: “Little Albert” experiment. Observational Learning Example: “Bobo Doll” study. 6. Biological Preparedness and Constraints Discussion on the importance of biological factors in learning processes. 7. Conclusion Review questions to test understanding of the material. 2. Study guide www.quicktakes.io session 3 Chapter 6 Page 1/5  View this QuickTake in the app Study Guide: Chapter 6 - Learning Summary of the Lecture Chapter 6 delves into the concept of learning, which is defined as a relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience. The lecture categorizes learning into three main types: nonassociative learning, associative learning, and observational learning. Each type is explored with definitions, examples, and key concepts. Nonassociative Learning Nonassociative learning involves changes in the response to a single stimulus over time. It includes: Habituation: A decrease in response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. Example: Becoming used to the noise in a daycare setting. Sensitization: An increased response after exposure to a stimulus, often one that is threatening or painful. Example: Reacting strongly to a sibling’s touch after being hit. Associative Learning Associative learning involves making connections between two events. It includes: Classical Conditioning: Learning that one stimulus predicts another. Key components include: Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response. Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to the US. Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not trigger the UR but becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) after learning. Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the CS. Operant Conditioning: Learning that a behavior leads to a certain outcome. It involves: Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior. Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase behavior. Positive Punishment: Adding a stimulus to decrease behavior. Negative Punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior. Observational Learning Observational learning occurs by watching others and includes: Modeling: Imitating observed behavior. Vicarious Learning: Learning the consequences of an action by observing others. Mirror Neurons: Neurons that activate when observing or performing an action, important for empathy and learning. Key Experiments and Concepts “Little Albert” Experiment: Demonstrates classical conditioning. “Bobo Doll” Study: Illustrates observational learning. Biological Preparedness and Constraints: Discusses the innate predispositions and limitations in learning processes. Review Questions The lecture concludes with review questions to test understanding of the material, ensuring that students can apply the concepts learned. Key Concepts and Terms Learning: Enduring change in behavior from experience. Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimulus. Sensitization: Increased response to a stimulus. Classical Conditioning: Associating two stimuli. Operant Conditioning: Associating behavior with outcomes. Observational Learning: Learning by watching others. Modeling: Imitating behavior. Vicarious Learning: Learning from others’ experiences. www.quicktakes.io session 3 Chapter 6 Page 2/5  View this QuickTake in the app Mirror Neurons: Neurons involved in imitation and empathy. This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts discussed in the lecture on Chapter 6, focusing on different types of learning and their implications. 3. Glossary Edit version Learning Concepts Learning: Changes lasting a long time that come from experiences Non-associative Learning Nonassociative Learning: A change in response to a a thing or event in the environment. Habituation : A decrease in response after repeated exposure to a thing or event. ex) working in a daycare -you end up getting use to the crying Becomes a habit Dishabituation - Increase in response due to change in habituated thing or event restoration to full strength of a response that has become weakened by habituation. habituation get use to the crying but a kid getting hurt let out a different high pitch cry you respond differently to is dishabituation Ex) a kid gets hurt habit change due to s different cry Sensitization: An increased response after exposure to a thing or event, often threatening or painful. threatening or painful thing or event ex) sibling hitting you in the car Eventually they touch you lightly and you freak out any experience of feeling or emotion Associative Learning refers to the acronyms Associative Learning: linking two events. Classical Conditioning : Learning that a thing or event predicts another thing or event. Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally triggers a response. Being offered something Unconditioned Response (UR): Natural response to the US. responding to being offered after learning has occurred we have ns and cr Neutral Stimulus: Initially does not trigger the Unconditioned response (UR) but becomes a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) after learning. Computer rebooting didn’t become a part of the equation until it becomes a habit of saying yes to being offered. Condition Stimulus: becomes a habit of saying yes to being offered every time the computer reboots Conditioned Response (CR): The what becomes a habit response to the Condition stimulus. Operant Conditioning : Learning that a behavior leads to a certain outcome. More consistency = more change in behavior www.quicktakes.io session 3 Chapter 6 Page 3/5  View this QuickTake in the app length of time and number of trials Biological constraints are factors that limit evolutionary change and can also affect learning and behavior Positive Reinforcement: Adding a thing or event to increase behavior. Negative Reinforcement: Removing a thing or event to increase behavior. Positive Punishment: Adding a thing or event to decrease behavior. Negative Punishment: Removing a thing or event to decrease behavior. Reinforcement=increasing punishment=decreasing Both positive you always adding something to either increase or decrease behavior. Both negative is always removing a something to either increase or decrease behavior **`chapter 6 part 2`** Acquisition Acquisition – gradual formation of association between the Conditional Stimulus and Unconditional Stimulus= being offered lead to CS what triggers it to become a habit – Time, or contiguity, is critical Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction: “Conditioned response after learning (CR)” is weakened when the Conditioned Stimulus CS is repeated too many times like if the computer was continuously repeating without the Unconditioned stimulus US Ex) For 1 week, ring bell but don’t feed dog Spontaneous recovery: CR reemerges after the presentation of the CS Must be reinforced to continue Ex) 1 week after extinction, ring bell & dog drools Think of this as a disruption in the routine Observational Learning Learning a behavior after watching someone do that behavior Observational Learning: Learning by watching others. Modeling: Imitating observed behavior. Be a good model to your children A child trying to tie their own shoes after watching their mom do it would be an example of _________, but a child trying to tie their own shoes after watching their older sibling being rewarded for tying their own shoes would be an example of _________. 1. Modeling; vicarious learning Vicarious Learning: Learning the consequences of an action by observing others. Being awarded for doing something then someone copy what you did in order to be rewarded. Mirror Neurons: Neurons that activate when observing or performing an action , playing a role in empathy and learning. Feeling pain and movement with goals While walking in the park one day, you see someone fall off their bike. Would your mirror neurons be active? YES Additional Concepts Biological Preparedness: The idea that certain associations are learned more readily than others due to biological factors. Constraints in Learning: Limitations on learning imposed by biological factors. www.quicktakes.io session 3 Chapter 6 Page 4/5  View this QuickTake in the app questions 1. You are sprayed with water each time I say the word “learn”, so you learn to flinch each time you hear the word “learn” even if you aren’t sprayed Classical conditioning 1. You learn how to make a new dessert by watching your mom make it Observational learning 2. You are no longer startled by announcements made over the intercom at work Non associative learning 3. You start coming to class more often because you know that you will sometimes get extra credit Operant conditioning 4. Practice What is the definition of learning as described in the lecture on Chapter 6? Describe the process of habituation and provide an example of how it might occur in everyday life. Explain sensitization and give an example of a situation where this type of nonassociative learning might be observed. Define classical conditioning and identify the roles of the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR). What is operant conditioning, and how does it differ from classical conditioning? Provide examples of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement in operant conditioning. Describe positive punishment and negative punishment, and give an example of each. What is observational learning, and how does it differ from associative learning? Explain the concepts of modeling and vicarious learning in the context of observational learning. Discuss the role of mirror neurons in observational learning and their potential impact on empathy. 5. Transcript File Name: Ch. 6 Learning Student Version.pdf Upload Date: Oct 29, 2024 4:56 PM www.quicktakes.io session 3 Chapter 6 Page 5/5