Semester Exam Study Guide PDF

Semester Exam Study Guide Elizabeth O'Brien +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the unit conversions for | 1000 milli= 1 gram | | milli, centi, and kilo? | | |...

Semester Exam Study Guide Elizabeth O'Brien +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the unit conversions for | 1000 milli= 1 gram | | milli, centi, and kilo? | | | | 100 centi= 1 gram | | | | | | 1 kilo= 1000 grams | +===================================+===================================+ | When should goggles be worn in a | Chemicals, heat, and glassware | | lab? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the steps you should | Notify instructor immediately, | | take if there is an accident in | code 1, if chemical in eyes/skin | | the lab? | flush water from eyewash station | | | or safety shower for at least 20 | | | minutes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is physical science? | Study of nonliving things | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the 2 branches of | Physics and chemistry | | physical science? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is matter? | Anything that has mass and takes | | | up space | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are 3 things that are not | Time, energy, and light | | matter? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are 3 separation techniques | Distillation, chromatography, | | used in physical science? | filtration | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the 2 types of pure | Elements (periodic table) and | | substances? | compounds (water) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the 2 types of mixtures? | Heterogeneous (not mixed) and | | | Homogeneous (well mixed) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is density and its formula? | Mass per unit of volume of a | | | substance m over dv | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | How do you find the density of a | Measure the mass with a scale, | | regular solid? | its volume with a ruler (length, | | | width, and height) then divide | | | the mass by the volume | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | How do you find the density of an | You measure the mass with a | | irregular solid? | scale, its volume by water | | | displacement in a graduated | | | cylinder then divide the mass by | | | volume  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | How do you find the density of a | Measure the mass of the known | | liquid? | volume of the liquid using a | | | scale, then divide the mass by | | | the volume measured with a | | | graduated cylinder | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the formula for Boyle's | P1V1 = P2V2 | | Law? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | How are P and V related? | As pressure of gas increases, the | | | volume decreases | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the formula for Charles's | V1 over T1 = V2 over T1 | | Law? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | How are V and T related? | As volume of gas increases, the | | | temp. increases | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the difference between | Mass is the amount of matter in | | mass and weight? | an object, weight is the measure | | | of the amount of gravity exerted | | | on an object | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is a physical change? | Influence form of a substance but | | | not its identity, easily | | | reversed, change of phase, | | | intensive properties stay the | | | same | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are intensive properties? | Density, melting point, color, | | | etc. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are chemical changes? | Caused by a chemical reaction, | | | forms a new substance with | | | different properties, not easily | | | reversed, 1+ properties of | | | matter, heat, sound, light or gas | | | is produced | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are 3 examples of physical | Slicing bread, ice cream melting, | | changes? | plate breaking | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are 3 examples of chemical | Baking a cake, egg frying, | | changes? | fireworks | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the 4 phases of matter? | Solid, liquid, gas, plasma | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the names of the phase | Solid to gas= sublimation, solid | | changes? | to liquid= melting, liquid to | | | solid=freezing, gas to solid= | | | deposition, gas to liquid= | | | condensation, liquid to gas= | | | vaporization, gas to plasma= | | | ionization, plasma to gas= | | | recombination | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is an atom? | The smallest part of a chemical | | | element that can exist | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the main points of | Atoms are uncuttable and all the | | Dalton's atomic theory? | atoms of the same element are | | | alike (billiard ball) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What was Thomason's atomic model? | A chocolate chip cookie: atoms | | | are a positively charged | | | substance with negatively charged | | | particles scattered (chocolate | | | chip cookie) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What did Rutherford discover? | Atoms are made of mostly of empty | | | space with a dense positively | | | charged nucleus (cherry with a | | | pit) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What was Bohr's atomic model? | electrons move in definite orbits | | | (solar system) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the 3 subatomic | Proton (+) and neutron (0) in | | particles and location and charge | nucleus, electron (-) outside | | of each? | nucleus Protons give identity to | | | the element, neutrons have the | | | largest mass, electrons give | | | chemical properties and have the | | | smallest mass | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the difference between | Atomic number tells how many | | the atomic number and mass | protons, mass number is the total | | number? | number of protons and neutrons | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the name of group 1? | Alkali metals | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the name of group 2? | Alkaline earth metals | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the name of group 7A? | Halogens | | (17) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the name of group 8A? | Noble gases | | (18) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is malleability and | Malleable: press them into new | | ductility? | shapes without them breaking | | | | | | Ductile: pull them into wires | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the difference between a | Neutral atom: equal number of | | neutral atom and an ion? | protons and electrons, no | | | electrical charge | | | | | | Ion: atom that has gained or lost | | | electrons, giving it a charge | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is the name of the groups | Transition metals | | 3-12? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Where is the metalloid staircase? | Its tarts at boron and goes down | | | to the left | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is an ionic bond and how do | Metal and nonmetal, you use their | | you name them? | charges, and add ide to the | | | second word | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is a covalent bond and how | 2 nonmetals, use prefixes based | | do you name them? | on its subscript | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What do isotopes represent? | The mass number | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is does the top number of an | The mass number | | isotope formula represent? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What does the bottom number | The atomic number | | represent? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is periodic law? | When elements are listed in order | | | of their atomic numbers fall into | | | groups  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | How many valence electrons are in | 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 going in | | the elements on the periodic | order of the groups and skipping | | table? | transition metals | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the charges of all | +1, +2,+3, +/- 4, -3. -2, -1, 0 | | groups of elements? | going in order of the groups and | | | skipping transition metals | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the prefixes of a | 1-mono, 2- di, 3- tri, 4-tetra, | | covalent compound? | 5-penta, hexa-6, hepta-7, octa-8, | | | nona-9, deca- 10 | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are 3 indicators of a | Color, temperature, gas/bubbles | | chemical reaction? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is synthesis? | 2 reactants yielding 1 product | | | A+B=AB | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is decomposition? | 1 product yields 2 or more | | | products AB=A+B | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is single replacement? | 2 reactants=2 products. 1 | | | reactant and product are flipped | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is double replacement? | 2 reactants=2 products, 2 | | | reactants and 2 products are | | | flipped | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is combustion? | Reactant + oxygen = water and | | | carbon dioxide | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What is acid/base reaction? | An acid and base react to form a | | | salt; neutralization | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the values on the pH | \< 7=acid, 7=neutral, \> 7 is a | | scale? | base | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What are the ions associated with | OH- is base, H+ is acid | | acids and bases in a reaction? | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | What does pH stand for? | Potential of Hydrogen | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+