Pharmacology SDL Review 9 PDF

Pharmacology SDL Review 9 Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs This review examines the important points covered in the lecture on Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs. Please revise your lecture notes before attempting this exercise. The aetiological classificati...

Pharmacology SDL Review 9 Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs This review examines the important points covered in the lecture on Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs. Please revise your lecture notes before attempting this exercise. The aetiological classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) divides DM into 4 types. They are: 1. ________________ 2. ________________ 3. ________________ 4. ________________ The aetiological classification of diabetes mellitus (DM) divides DM into 4 types. They are: 1. TIDM 2. T2DM 3. Gestational DM 4. Other specific types Chronic hyperglycemia in DM leads to all of the following, EXCEPT a. atherosclerosis. b. angiopathy. c. lactic acidosis. d. retinopathy. Chronic hyperglycemia in DM leads to all of the following, EXCEPT a. atherosclerosis. b. angiopathy. c. lactic acidosis.* d. retinopathy. All of the following are effects of sulfonylureas, EXCEPT a. increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin. b. normalising hepatic glucose production. c. stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver. d. stimulating beta cells to produce and secrete more insulin. All of the following are effects of sulfonylureas, EXCEPT a. increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin. b. normalising hepatic glucose production. c. stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver.* d. stimulating beta cells to produce and secrete more insulin. The most serious adverse effect of sulfonylurea overdosage is a. hypoglycemia. b. hypokalemia. c. cerebral oedema. d. weight loss. The most serious adverse effect of sulfonylurea overdosage is a. hypoglycemia.* b. hypokalemia. c. cerebral oedema. d. weight loss. Biguanides a. inhibit gluconeogenesis. b. stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin. c. prevent the reabsorption of glucose from the intestines. d. block glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules. Biguanides a. inhibit gluconeogenesis.* b. stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin. c. prevent the reabsorption of glucose from the intestines. d. block glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules. Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious complication of a. biguanides. b. sulfonylureas. c. GLP-1 agonists. d. SGLT2 inhitors. Lactic acidosis is a rare but serious complication of a. biguanides.* b. sulfonylureas. c. GLP-1 agonists. d. SGLT2 inhitors. Metformin is contraindicated in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT a. renal failure. b. hepatic dysfunction. c. heart failure. d. hypertension. Metformin is contraindicated in all of the following conditions, EXCEPT a. renal failure. b. hepatic dysfunction. c. heart failure. d. hypertension.* All of the following statements about alpha glucosidase inhibitors are true, EXCEPT a. they inhibit the intestinal enzymes that digest complex carbohydrates. b. a common adverse reaction is constipation. c. they delay the absorption of carbohydrates into the bloodstream. d. they do not affect the final amount of carbohydrates absorbed and total caloric intake remains unchanged. All of the following statements about alpha glucosidase inhibitors are true, EXCEPT a. they inhibit the intestinal enzymes that digest complex carbohydrates. b. a common adverse reaction is constipation.* c. they delay the absorption of carbohydrates into the bloodstream. d. they do not affect the final amount of carbohydrates absorbed and total caloric intake remains unchanged. Acarbose a. is 90% absorbed in the stomach. b. is metabolised and inactivated by enzymes in the liver, c. must be taken at the beginning of a meal to be effective. d. reduces pre-meal glucose levels. Acarbose a. is 90% absorbed in the stomach. b. is metabolised and inactivated by enzymes in the liver, c. must be taken at the beginning of a meal to be effective.* d. reduces pre-meal glucose levels. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) a. is an incretin hormone produced by the small intestines. b. increases glucagon release. c. enhances gastric emptying. d. decreases glucose-stimulated insulin release. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) a. is an incretin hormone produced by the small intestines.* b. increases glucagon release. c. enhances gastric emptying. d. decreases glucose-stimulated insulin release. All of the following statements about DPP4 inhibitors are true, EXCEPT a. they inhibit the enzymatic degradation of GLP-1. b. an example is sitagliptin. c. Steven-Johnson syndrome is the most common adverse effect. d. their effect is mainly on limiting the postprandial hyperglycemia, All of the following statements about DPP4 inhibitors are true, EXCEPT a. they inhibit the enzymatic degradation of GLP-1. b. an example is sitagliptin. c. Steven-Johnson syndrome is the most common adverse effect.* d. their effect is mainly on limiting the postprandial hyperglycemia, The most common adverse effect is hypoglycemia. Steven-Johnson syndrome is a rare but serious adverse reaction of some drugs. It starts with flu- like symptoms, followed by a painful rash that spreads and blisters. Then the top layer of affected skin dies, sheds and begins to heal after several days. It is a medical emergency that usually requires hospitalization. GLP-1 receptor agonists a. increase glucose-dependent glucagon secretion. b. decrease glucose-dependent insulin secretion. c. must be given as subcutaneous injections. d. increase appetite and food intake. e. examples include exenatide and liraglutide. GLP-1 receptor agonists a. increase glucose-dependent glucagon secretion. b. decrease glucose-dependent insulin secretion. c. must be given as subcutaneous injections.* d. increase appetite and food intake. e. examples include exenatide and liraglutide.* All of the following statements about SGLT2-Ihibitors are true, EXCEPT a. they can also be effective in cardiac failure. b. compared to sulfonylureas, they have less risk of hypoglycemia. c. UTI is a possible adverse effect. d. water retention and weight gain are major disadvantages. All of the following statements about SGLT2-Ihibitors are true, EXCEPT a. they can also be effective in cardiac failure. b. compared to sulfonylureas, they have less risk of hypoglycemia. c. UTI is a possible adverse effect. d. water retention and weight gain are major disadvantages.* The first-line oral hypoglycemic drug in T2DM is ____ unless contraindicated or not tolerated. a. alpha glucosidase inhibitor b. GLP-1 agonist c. metformin d. meglitinide The first-line oral hypoglycemic drug in T2DM is ____ unless contraindicated or not tolerated. a. alpha glucosidase inhibitor b. GLP-1 agonist c. metformin* d. meglitinide Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their group. Acarbose Sulfonylurea Exenatide DPP4 Inhibitor Glipizide Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Kanaglifozin Biguanide Sitagliptin SGLT2 Inhibitor Metformin GLP-1 agonist Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action. Sulfonylurea Reduces gluconeogenesis Decreases renal absorption of DPP4 Inhibitor glucose Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Decreases breakdown of incretins Stimulates pancreas to produce Biguanide insulin secretion SGLT2 Inhibitor Slows down intestinal absorption of glucose GLP-1 receptor agonist Enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis Match the following drugs with their associated features. Sulfonylurea UTI, fungal infections, polyuria DPP4 Inhibitor Diarrhea, flatulence Alpha glucosidase inhibitor Hypoglycemia, pancreatitis Biguanide Hypoglycemia, weight gain SGLT2 Inhibitor Expensive, given by s/c injection GLP-1 agonist Lactic acidosis