Science Grade 10 Quarter 2 PDF

10 Science Learner’s Material Unit 2 This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to...

10 Science Learner’s Material Unit 2 This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. Department of Education Republic of the Philippines i Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material First Edition 2015 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. DepEd is represented by the Filipinas Copyright Licensing Society (FILCOLS), Inc. in seeking permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. All means have been exhausted in seeking permission to use these materials. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Only institutions and companies which have entered an agreement with FILCOLS and only within the agreed framework may copy from this Learner’s Material. Those who have not entered in an agreement with FILCOLS must, if they wish to copy, contact the publishers and authors directly. Authors and publishers may email or contact FILCOLS at [email protected] or (02) 439-2204, respectively. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD Development Team of the Learner’s Material Authors: Herma D. Acosta, Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Aurelia S. Garcia, Arlen Gatpo, Judith F. Marcaida, Ma. Regaele A. Olarte, Marivic S. Rosales, Nilo G. Salazar Reviewers: Eligio C. Obille Jr., Marlene B. Ferido, Ma. Helen DH Catalan, Vic Marie Camacho, Lilia M. Rabago, Cerilina M. Maramag Illustrators: Joseph V. Bales, Ramon C. Gatpo, Regaele A. Olarte, Marivic S. Rosales, Ruel C. Quindoy, Antonio I. Basilla, Jose Leo Vic O. Albaño DepEd Specialists: Joseph R. Jacob, Maria Amparo R. Ventura Photo Credits: Herma D. Acosta, Dave G. Angeles, Liza A. Alvarez, Ruby D. Arre, Aurelia S. Garcia, Judith F. Marcaida, Regaele A. Olarte, Jane Chavarria, Nilo G. Salazar Layout Artists: Matthew Daniel V. Leysa and Mary Grace Ann G. Cadisal Printed in the Philippines by REX Book Store, Inc. Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS) Office Address: 5th Floor Mabini Building, DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City Philippines 1600 Telefax: (02) 634-1054, 634-1072 E-mail Address: [email protected] ii  TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit 2: Force, Motion, and Energy Overview Module 1: Electricity and Magnetism I. Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------83 II. Learning Competencies/Objectives---------------------------------------------------83 III. Pre-Assessment -------------------------------------------------------------------------84 IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities ----------------------------------87 Activity 1: For the Record -------------------------------------------------------87 Part A: Virtual Tour of a Radio Broadcasting Studio --------------88 Part B: My Own Home Recording Studio! For Life ----------------91 Activity 2: Test Mag….1, 2! (Testing for Evidence of Magnetism) -------93 Activity 3: Induced Magnetism ---------------------------------------------------95 Activity 4: Detecting and Creating Magnetism -------------------------------96 Part A: North meets south -----------------------------------------------97 Part B: By the touch of a Magnet ---------------------------------------97 Activity 5: Oh Magnets, Electromagnets ------------------------------------100 Part A: Watch their Domains! ------------------------------------------101 Part B: Within the Lines -------------------------------------------------103 Activity 6: Electric Field Simulation -------------------------------------------105 Activity 7: Magnetic Field Simulation -----------------------------------------107 Activity 8: Magnetic Field Around Current – Carrying Conductors -------------110 Part A: Magnetic Field around a Straight Conductor ------------111 Part B: Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor --------------112 Activity 9: Making your own Electric Motor ----------------------------------115 Activity 10: Let’s Jump In --------------------------------------------------------117 Activity 11: Principles of Electromagnetic Induction ----------------------121 Part A: Inducing voltage and current in a coil-------------------------------122 Part B: Amount of Induced voltage and current vs number of turns----123 Part C: Amount of Induced voltage and current vs. strength of magnetic field---------------------------123  Part D: Induced voltage and current vs rate of magnetic field change --124 Part E: Coil orientation and direction of magnetic field change --------124 V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback -----------------------------------------------------131 VI. Summative Assessment---------------------------------------------------------------134 Glossary of Terms------------------------------------------------------------------139 References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------141 Module 2: Electro Magnetic Spectrum I. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------142 II. Learning Competencies/Objectives ------------------------------------------------143 III. Pre-Assessment ------------------------------------------------------------------------144 IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities --------------------------------144 Activity 1: The Electromagnetic Wave Theory--------------------------------144 Activity 2: Now you go! Now you won’t ---------------------------------------149 Activity 3: Sound check ----------------------------------------------------------152 Activity 4: Then there was sound ----------------------------------------------153 Activity 5: It’s getting hotter -----------------------------------------------------157 Activity 6: Screen the UV out ---------------------------------------------------161 V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback -----------------------------------------------------163 VI. Summative Assessment -------------------------------------------------------------165 Glossary of Terms -----------------------------------------------------------------166 References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------167 Module 3: Light: Mirrors and Lenses I. Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------168 II. Learning Competencies/Objectives -----------------------------------------------169 III. Pre-assessment -----------------------------------------------------------------------169 IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities --------------------------------173 Activity 1: Mirror, mirror, on the wall ------------------------------------------173 Activity 2: Angle of Incidence vs. Angle of Reflection --------------------176 Activity 3: Mirror Left-Right Reversal-------------------------------------------177  Activity 4: Who wants to be a Millionaire?-----------------------------------178 Activity 5: Images Formed by Curved Mirrors -----------------------------182 Activity 6: Are you L-O-S-T after Reflection? -------------------------------187 Activity 7: YoU can be Magnified! ---------------------------------------------195 Activity 8: Are you L-O-S-T after Refraction? ------------------------------200 Activity 9: Making Improvised Optical Device ------------------------------209 Problem Solving Sheet ----------------------------------------------------------212 V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback-------------------------------------------------------213 VI. Summative Assessment -------------------------------------------------------------215 Glossary of Terms -----------------------------------------------------------------219 References and Links ------------------------------------------------------------220 Appendix A --------------------------------------------------------------------------222 UNIT 2 Force, Motion, and Energy (The electric and magnetic phenomena around us) 81  UNIT 2: FORCE, MOTION, AND ENERGY (The electric and magnetic phenomena around us) Overview The moving iron core within the Earth acts like a giant bar magnet. It produces a weak geomagnetic field that surrounds and partially protects us from solar radiations. In like manner, the moving charges within the Sun generate an eruption of radiations. This produces a solar magnetic field that spreads throughout the solar system and beyond. Moreover, a solar wind of charged particles constantly interacts with the Earth’s changing geomagnetic field. In Grade 8 Science, you learned some characteristics of heat, visible light, and electricity whereas in Grade 9 Science, you were introduced to the forms and sources of energy. You also learned how electrical energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed. Using the principles of forces, motion and energy, Unit 2 of Grade 10 Science which is intended for the second quarter, supports investigations on the electric, magnetic and electromagnetic phenomena all around us. Eventually, this unit will help you to understand the different electromagnetic waves commonly known as the EM spectrum with a final emphasis on the visible light. In Module 1, you will be reacquainted with basic magnetism and its relationship with electricity by exploring electric and magnetic fields surrounding devices made up of magnets and current-carrying conductors. Moreover, a detailed study of the characteristics of the EM spectrum in Module 2 will help you appreciate the relevant applications and effects of some of the EM waves to us and our environment. Lastly in Module 3, you will study the nature of light as it interacts with matter through reflection and refraction. There will be interesting activities on image formations using different mirrors and lenses. The chief goal of the activities in these modules is to acquaint you with the particular phenomenon in study, enable you to observe relationships between variables, help you to develop and communicate your tentative explanations of the phenomena or models, and lead you to further inquiry and deeper understanding. 82  Unit 2 MODULE 1 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM I. Introduction In this module, you will map two invisible force fields - the electric and the magnetic fields. Within each field, forces may be exerted on matter causing it to interact with another matter because of electricity and magnetism working as two aspects of a single electromagnetic force. You will further explore, demonstrate and explain the idea that a changing electric field produces magnetism, and a changing magnetic field produces electric current in the light of technological applications that are helpful to man. At the end of this module, you are expected to answer the following key questions below and use the learning competencies as study guide: How is electricity related to magnetism? How does electricity produce magnetism? How does magnetism produce electricity? How does an electric motor work? How does an electric generator work? What is electromagnetic induction? II. Learning Competencies/Objectives 1. Make a simple device that shows how a magnetic field exerts a force on a wire. 2. Demonstrate the generation of electricity by movement of a magnet through a coil. 3. Explain the operation of a simple electric motor and generator. 83 III. Pre-Assessment Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. In which case or cases is electric field present? I. A spark jumping between two nearby rods. II. A charge that is momentarily at rest. III. A rotating bar magnet. a. I only b. I and II only c. II and III only d. I, II and III 2. In which case can a magnetic field be produced? a. A charged comb. b. A falling glass rod. c. A welder’s arc flash. d. A rolling plastic cylinder. 3. Which device can be used to determine the polarity of an unmarked magnet? a. a charged glass stirring rod b. a gold-leaf electroscope c. a sprinkle of iron filings d. an improvised compass 4. How will you describe the magnetic field around a straight current-carrying wire? a. The magnetic field is strongest near and around the wire. b. The magnetic field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire. c. The magnetic field does not vary with the distance from the wire. d. The magnetic field gets stronger with increasing distance from the wire. 5. Which statement about an electromagnet is TRUE? a. The electric field surrounding a battery-powered electromagnet alternates constantly. b. The current in the electromagnet coil temporarily magnetizes the iron core. c. The electric field strength is inversely proportional to the current. d. The magnetic field lines produced are all straight. 84 6. What can be inferred from the alignment of compass needles in the set-up below? a. A permanent magnet is nearby. b. The power switch was turned off for long. c. The current-carrying coil becomes magnetic. d. There is a constant and uniform magnetic field around the coil. 7. As part of a traffic light system, large loops of wire are buried beneath road intersections. Which of the statements is NOT TRUE about the operation of this traffic light system? a. Vehicles driven over the buried coils activate a traffic light sensor. b. The conducting loops activate a color–dependent field. c. The alternating current sent through the buried coils produce an electromagnetic field in each coil. d. A minimum number of vehicles over the coils can trigger the traffic light to change green. 8. Complete the following statement: Moving a metallic detector past a 5 peso coin creates a secondary magnetic field that is most similar to that of __. a. a horse shoe magnet b. a flat refrigerator magnet c. a current-carrying, circular loop d. a V-shaped straight wire that carries a current 9. During the Student Technologists and Entrepreneurs of the Philippines (STEP) Competition in Landscaping, a water pond transformer changes 216 V across the primary to 12 V across the secondary. If the secondary coil has 10 turns, how many turns does the primary coil have? a. 10 turns b. 18 turns c. 180 turns d. 228 turns 85 10. What basic principle enables ALL electric motors to operate? a. Iron is the only element that is magnetic. b. Opposite electric charges attract and like charges repel. c. A moving conductor within a magnetic field will experience an electromotive force. d. A current-carrying conductor placed within a magnetic field will experience a magnetic force. 11. A magnet moves inside a coil. Consider the following factors: I. strength of the magnet II. number of turns in the coil III. speed at which the magnet moves Which can affect the electromotive force (emf) induced in the coil? a. I only b. II only c. III only d. All three factors 12. Which statement about transformers is FALSE? a. A step-down voltage transformer steps up the current. b. Transformers use mutual induction. c. Transformers are an application of Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws. d. A transformer can function with either an alternating current (AC) or a steady direct current (DC). 13. What is TRUE about the intercom system that is shown below? a. The part A of the intercom system serves as a microphone only, while part C serves as a loudspeaker only. b. Either parts A and C of the intercom when switched as such can be used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker. c. The microphone part only basically consists of wires, a cone diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil. d. The loudspeaker part only basically consists of wires, a cone diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil. 86 14. What transformation can take place in an improvised generator? a. mechanical energy into electrical energy b. electrical energy into mechanical energy c. alternating current into direct current d. direct current into alternating current 15. A loop of conductor lies flat on a horizontal table. A toy magnet is hanging still over it with the magnet’s north-seeking pole pointing down. What happens next? a. The magnet produces a clockwise current in the coil. b. The magnet does not produce any current in the coil. c. The magnet produces an upward electromagnetic current. d. The magnet produces a counterclockwise current in the coil. IV. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities GETTING HOOKED ON ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM APPLICATIONS AVPs: Veni, vidi, vici. (Audio-Visual Productions: I came, I saw, I conquered.) People readily adopt emerging technologies. The use of audiovisual (AV) works be it in film productions, in business displays, or perhaps in education innovations became a trend and it is here to stay. Examples abound like our growing love for the high quality audiovisual components we listen to and watch or the endeavor of school stakeholders to provide projection technology in every classroom. The rise of it all AV production, recording, and storing technology and industries were made possible because of the discovery of the link between electricity and magnetism. How does one begin to understand this partnership? For a start, consider doing the activity regarding audio recording devices. Activity 1 For the Record… (Adapted from the EMI Teaching Sequence by Jenaro Guisasola and Kristina Zuza) Objectives: Identify the basic recording equipment of a digital radio studio. Classify whether devices use electricity and/or magnetism when used in recording audio. Start a literature search on electromagnetic induction’s role in recording technology. 87 Materials: pictures of the radio studio control and audio room OR video clip on a radio station tour, video player, screen, and accessories pen and activity sheet/science notebook Procedure: PART A. Virtual Tour of a Radio Broadcasting Studio 1. Read the scenario and study the video clip or pictures selected by your teacher, similar to what is shown in Figures 1 to 3. Activity Scenario: During non-class hours, you frequently meet your friends playing and making music together. One afternoon you decided to go to your local radio station to ask what equipment and software is needed to start recording at home. At the broadcast studio, with the radio technician out, the staff allowed you to take pictures inside the control room and live audio room, similar to what is shown in Figures 1 to 3. Figure 1. A control room of a local radio broadcast studio commonly known as the announcer’s booth. (Used with permission from the RPN-DXKO Radio and Television Broadcast Station in Cagayan de Oro City.) 2. On your science activity notebook, make a table, similar to Table 1. List all the equipment that you can identify in the photo shown in Figure 1. Indicate with a check mark whether the equipment/device needs electricity and/or magnetism to operate. 88  Table 1. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Control Room/Announcer’s Booth) Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism Guide Questions: Q1. How many of the devices you identified inside the control room need electricity to operate? Q2. How many of the devices you identified inside the control room need magnetism to operate? 3. On your science activity notebook, make another table similar to Table 2. List also all the equipment that you can identify in the pictures shown in Figures 2 and 3. Indicate with a check mark whether the equipment/device needs electricity and/or magnetism to operate. Figure 2. A live audio room, commonly known as the newsroom, which is usually separated from the control room via glass partitions. 89  Figure 3. Back portion of a local newsroom Table 2. Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment (Live Audio Room/Newsroom) Equipment/Device Needs Electricity Needs Magnetism Guide Questions: Q3. How many of the devices you identified inside the live audio room need electricity to operate? Q4. How many of the devices you identified inside the live audio room need magnetism to operate? Q5. What other devices not shown in the photo may be used inside the live audio room? KEY CONCEPTS A typical broadcast studio consists of an audio console, microphones, computers, studio monitors, and disc players. The audio console converts analog audio (voice via microphone) and phone calls to a digital output. It also allows for the mixing of all sound sources from CDs, computers, and other digital sources before being sent to the transmitter. A slider controls the volume of each sound source. The live audio and control rooms are connected by cables for the exchange of audio and digital data signal during recording, mixing, and even editing of all audio-video elements digitally stored on hard drives. More Reading Support on Recording Technology: What devices did recording technicians use in the past to record sound? 90 PART B. My Own Home Recording Studio! For Life… 1. You could be an aspiring singer, a music artist, a student who needs to record audio presentations or simply one planning to have a start-up home recording studio. Use Table 3 and extend your understanding of the recording industry by matching the devices in Column B and their respective functions in Column C with the items in Column A. Write the letter and number for coding your answer. Table 3. A Home Recording Studio Start-Up Equipment A B C Coded Device Picture Answer Function Name I. Used for playing some digital instruments, recording, 1. 1 ___ ___ A.headphone adding effects, and mixing different sources of sound signals II. Microphones and musical B. studio instruments are plugged into 2. 2 ___ ___ monitor this, which in turn is connected to the computer III. Processor should be C. audio reasonably fast enough to 3. 3 ___ ___ interface record, edit, mix, store, and master a copy of the record. D. digital 4 ___ ___ audio IV. Converts sound into 4. software electrical signal (DAW) V. Used for “referencing” or for E. computer 5. 5 ___ ___ unit checking what the mix would sound like on the equipment VI. Used for connecting 6 ___ ___ F. condenser audio interface, microphones, 6. or dynamic studio monitors, and different microphone instruments VII. Commonly known as speakers but these give a 7. G. cables 7 ___ ___ sound close enough to the real sound input 91 Extension Activity: Learn more about the basic audio-video recording devices and make a graphic organizer on your science notebook. What parts inside these devices use electricity and magnetism to function as such? Guide Question: Q6. Which devices on Table 3 are powered, entirely or partially, by electromagnetic induction (the phenomenon of a changing magnetic or electric field’s effect on electricity or magnetism)? More Reading Support on Recording Technology: In the development of the recording and data storage technology, what questions might engineers ask? Think of some questions by now about recording technology. Can handy mobile phones or digital cameras serve as audio-visual recorder and producer? How do these devices apply electromagnetic induction? KEY CONCEPTS Many of the recording technology are founded entirely or partially on the relationship between electricity and magnetism known as electromagnetic induction. Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs or vice versa are called transducers. Most transducers like microphones and speakers use the “generator effect” characterized by the production of forces due to a changing electric signal within a magnetic field or a changing field near a current-carrying conductor. To understand electromagnetic induction and its applications especially on electric motors and generators, the next set of activities will help you revisit concepts about magnets and forces associated with it, checking polarities, and analyzing magnetic fields. 92 SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETISM Activity 2 Test Mag...1, 2! Testing for Evidence of Magnetism Objectives: Identify the forces (attraction/repulsion) between: a. two magets, and b. a magnet and magnetic/nonmagnetic materials. Distinguish a magnet (permanent or temporary) from a non - magnetic object. Materials: pair of 3”- 6” bar magnets 6-10 objects made of different materials from inside the room science notebook and pen Safety Precautions: Handle magnets with care so as not to drop those. These might break, chip off, and weaken upon impact. Keep magnets away from computer units/screens, memory storage drives and disks, magnetic tapes, mechanical watches, and the like. Procedure: 1. Use a bar magnet and explore the possible effect/s it can have on the other magnet when made to interact. On your science notebook, make a table similar to Table 4 and record the observed force effect/s. Answer also the guide questions. Table 4. Interaction between two permanent bar magnets What I did to the pair of magnets to cause Observed effect/s interaction… (attracted or repeled) 2. This time, use only one bar magnet and explore its possible effect/s on six to ten different objects found inside the classroom. Record the observed effect/s on a table similar to Table 5. (Exclude record on objects with no observed interaction with the magnet.) 93  Table 5. Interaction of a bar magnet with other objects Observed effect/s Objects that interacted with the magnet… (attracted or repeled) Guide Questions: Q7. What conditions with observable effects make magnets interact with another magnet? Q8. In general, what conditions with observable effects make magnets interact with non-magnet materials? Q9. What type/s of force can a magnet exert on another magnet? Q10. What type/s of force can a magnet exert on non-magnet objects? Q11. How will you distinguish magnets from non-magnetized magnetic materials? KEY CONCEPTS Magnets exert either a force of repulsion or attraction. If a force of attraction only is possible between an object and a magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet contains a ferromagnetic substance and is considered naturally magnetic. If a force of repulsion is also possible between an object and a magnet, then the object interacting with the magnet may also be a permanent magnet or a temporarily magnetized ferromagnetic material. Extension Question: What are the magnetic materials found in the audio and video recording tapes? 94 Activity 3 Induced Magnetism Objectives: Induce magnetism in a magnetic material. Infer the polarity of the magnetized object. Materials: bar magnet four 1-inch iron nails, screws, or paper clips science notebook and pen Safety Precaution: Handle the magnet with care so as not to drop it. It could break, chip off and weaken upon impact. Procedure: 1. Use the bar magnet and nails to find answers to the questions below. Record your answers on your science notebook. Use diagrams to support your answers. Guide Questions: Q12. What happens if you bring two iron nails close to (or touching) each other? Q13. If you bring a bar magnet close to (or touching) the first iron nail, can the first iron nail attract and lift a second nail? A third one? Q14. What happens if vary/change the distance between the magnet and the nail/s? Q15. If the north pole of the bar magnet suspends the first nail by attraction, what is then the nails’s polarity of induced magnetism in the indicated regions? Why? Figure 4. Magnetic Induction on Hanging Screws 2. Choose the correct term from the enclosed choices that should go into the blank spaces on the “Sum it Up Challenge!” 95  Sum it Up Challenge! A quicker way to know the polarity of a permanent or induced magnet is by the use of a magnetic compass which you will be using in the next set of activities. Activity 4 Detecting and Creating Magnetism Objectives: Identify the polarities and strengths of a bar magnet and magnetized objects using a compass. Demonstrate magnetization by stroking. Materials: at least 2 small magnetic strong bar magnet compasses narrow test tube (5/8” wide) one 3-inch iron nail or clear straw (5/8” wide) masking tape or cork science notebook and pen stopper iron filings paper or any small scooping device cellular phone/any gadget with camera Figure 5. Materials for Detecting and Creating Magnetism 96 Safety Precautions: Use the magnet, compass, test tube, and the gadget with camera with care so as not to drop any of these. Make sure that iron filings remain sealed inside the test tube or the transparent straw (cool pearl taped on both ends). Avoid the iron filings from sticking directly to the magnet. Procedure: PART A. North meets south 1. Checking Polarity. Place one magnetic compass on a horizontal surface. Then, move a bar magnet around and above it exploring the strength and polarities of the magnet. If a cellular phone or any gadget with built in camera is available, take pictures of the magnetic compass needle orientations for different locations around the bar magnet. Draw the compass needle directions and write your observations regarding the magnetic field strength on your science notebook and answer the guide questions. Guide Questions: Q16. What happens when you randomly move the bar magnet roundabout and above the compass one foot or farther? Nearer than a foot? Q17. Compass needles are tiny magnets that are free to indicate the north and south poles of a magnet? What do you need to do to know the magnet’s polarities? Q18. What does the compass needles indicate about the iron nail shown below in Figure 6? Figure 6. Use of Compass Needles for Checking the Magnetism PART B. By the touch of a magnet 1. Magnetization by stroking. Pour iron filings on a sheet of paper and check whether the filings are still non-magnetized. If magnetized, stir or move the iron filings gently on the paper. 2. Fill carefully the narrow test tube up to a quarter with these iron filings. Cover with masking tape or cork. 97 3. Hold the closed test tube horizontally. Shake or roll gently with your fingers to level out the iron filings inside. Figure 7a. Leveling the Iron Filings inside the Test Tube 4. Then when levelled, touch with the north-pole end of the permanent magnet the test tube’s curved end. Move the magnet along the test tube from this end to the covered end. Lift the magnet off the test tube and repeat with ten or more strokes. On your science notebook, observe and record what happens inside the tube. 5. Gently lay the test tube on a table and bring compasses near both ends of the test tube as shown in Figure 7.b below. Observe and record what happens. Figure 7b. Testing Induced Magnetism on the Iron Filings 6. Carefully shake the test tube as shown in Figure 7.c, without moving the compasses. Test for the presence of magnetism again. Record your observations. Figure 7c. Shaking the Iron Filings inside the Test Tube Guide Questions: Q19. In step no. 4 are the iron filings in the test tube magnetized? If yes, which end is the north and which is the south? If no, what else can be done to magnetize it? Try and record your idea. Q20. What happened to the iron filings magnetism after several shakes? 98 Extension Activity: Can you magnetize also an iron nail by stroking? Do a quick activity to know the answer for yourself. KEY CONCEPTS Materials which are attracted by a magnet are known as magnetic materials. Iron, cobalt, nickel and many alloys of these metals like steel and alnico are magnetic. Magnetic materials can be used to make permanent or temporary magnets unlike the non-magnetic materials which cannot. Stroking is one way of magnetization. Extension Question: What will happen to a magnet if it is dropped too often? ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS A Look Back in History: In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted (ˈƏr-stəd), a professor in the University of Copenhagen, discovered during a class demonstration that a current carrying wire caused a nearby magnetized compass needle to deflect. This observation fired up tremendous research on electromagnetism. As a result, the effect on the motion of conductors placed within a magnetic field (such as in the operation of electric motors) was also experimented much and paved the way for practical electricity. Twelve years after this discovery, Michael Faraday (ˈFer-ə-dā) conducted his famous induction ring experiment showing that current can be produced by sources of changing magnetic fields. This is the key principle to practical generation of electricity. The next activities should help you demonstrate and explain the operation of electric motors and electric generators that basically work because of the existing relationship between magnetism and electricity. 99 Activity 5 Oh Magnets, Electromagnet… May the forces be in your field! Objectives: Explore the magnetic domains of a latch magnet. Observe and draw magnetic field patterns surrounding different magnets and magnet combinations. Observe and draw magnetic field patterns surrounding a simple electromagnet and a current carrying coil of wire. Materials: an improvised magnetic white bond paper board a pair of latch/refrigerator small magnetic compasses magnets a pair of bar magnets one 3-inch iron nail 1 neodymium magnet science notebook and pen 1 U-shaped magnet 2-m copper wire (AWG # 22) 1 disk magnet connectors with alligator clips 1 knife switch battery holders with 2 AA battery (Flat plastic bottle, water/Glycerin, iron filings/iron sand or Bargaja) Figure 8. Commercial latch magnets (commonly known as flexible sheet refrigerator magnets), and an improvised magnetic board which is made by filling completely a leak-free, flat container (preferably plastic) with water/mineral oil, and magnetic sand. Safety Precautions: Use the magnets, compasses, and magnetic boards with care so as not to drop any of these. The neodymium magnet is many times stronger than the ordinary disk magnet that can hold papers on refrigerator doors. Be careful not to get your fingers pinched between this kind of magnet and other magnetic material. 100  Open after use the switch for the current-carrying conductors, electromagnetic nail and the current-carrying coil. Procedure: PART A. Watch their domains! 1. Use an improvised magnetic board and a pair of latch or refrigerator magnets similar to those shown below to observe magnetic field lines. Figure 9. Sample latch magnets, commonly known as refrigerator magnets, and a magnetic board from the public science equipment package. Together, when used, will make the magnetic field surrounding the latch magnets visible. The iron filings suspended in the liquid inside the magnetic board align along the magnetic field lines. 2. Lay each latch magnet under the magnetic board. Tap gently the board until a clear pattern is formed by the iron filings. On your science notebook, draw the pattern made by the iron filings on a table, similar to Table 7. Note the orientations of the magnetic field pattern for each latch magnet. Label if needed. 3. Place one magnet on top of the other. Make sure that they are arranged perpendicularly with each other. Hold the magnet on top as shown in Table 6 below (first row). Slowly and gently pull the magnet (towards you) as shown. 4. Observe what happens. Record your observations on a table similar to Table 6. 101 Table 6 Interaction of a pair of latch magnets when dragged at different orientations START OF THE END OF THE TILTED OBSERVATIONS TILTED PULL PULL A. Lightly drag the top latch magnet perpendicularly For perpendicular across the other as shown below. Use the sides orientation: with no sticker. B. Lightly drag the top latch magnet, in parallel, over For parallel orientation: the other as shown. Use the sides with no sticker. C. Lightly drag the top latch magnet obliquely over For oblique orientation: the other, and at an angle to the horizontal. The ‘no sticker’ sides should face each other. 102 Guide Questions: Q21. What have you noticed when you pulled the magnet on top perpendicularly across the other? What does this tell you about the magnetic field around the latch magnet? Q22. How do you relate the flapping interactions of the latch magnets, at different orientations, to their magnetic domains? Ideas for Research: The hidden structure of a refrigerator magnet can serve as a model for how a scanning probe microscope (SPM) works. This tool has a super sharp tip that is only one atom thick, allowing nanoscientists to probe across a nanoscale surface. (A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.) What new recording materials did scientists probe, study, manipulate, and control using nanotechnology? PART B. Within the lines… 1. Place the different magnets and electromagnets under the improvised magnetic board one at a time. Each time, gently tap the magnetic board until a clear pattern is formed. On your science notebook, draw the pattern made by the iron filings on a table similar to Table 7. Table 7. Magnets and Current-carrying Conductors Latch Magnets U-shaped Magnet Between North – North Poles of Two Between South – South Poles of Bar Magnets Two Bar Magnets 103  Between North – South Poles of Single Bar Magnet Two Bar Magnets Disk Magnet and a Neodymium Iron nail wrapped with current- Magnet carrying wire - + Straight Current-carrying Wire Current-carrying Coil - + - + Guide Questions: Q23. Compare the magnetic field patterns drawn in Table 7. What similarities differences have you seen among them? Q24. What do the magnetic field patterns, shown on the magnetic board indicate about the strength of the magnets? Q25. What do the magnetic field patterns indicate about the forces of interaction between magnets? Q26. How will you use the button compasses to describe/determine the forces of interaction between magnetic poles? 104  In the previous activities, you have detected and describe the invisible magnetic field line patterns around different sources of magnetism using the magnetic board. Activity 6 Electric Field Simulation Electric Fields, Forces, and Forms (E-3Fs) Objectives: Predict the electric field directions and patterns in different locations surrounding charges and combinations of it. Relate electric field strength E to distance quantitatively and qualitatively Materials: Table 8 Electric Fields, Forces, and Forms (E-3Fs) Science notebook and pen PC unit and accessories installed with PhET Interactive Simulation (for an actual offline or online activity) Procedure: 1. Study the letter-coded images of charges and electric fields in Table 8. Each image will help you explore the PhET-generated electric field patterns, electric field directions, and electric field strengths. 2. Match these images to the numbered descriptions shown on the upper left of Table 8. Using the number and letter codes, write your answers on your science notebook. 105  Table 8. Electric Fields, Forces, and Forms (E-3Fs) Match the electric charges Electric Charges and Field Descriptions and field descriptions with the images shown below from the PhET simulations on Electric Charges and Fields. Write your answers using the number and letter codes on your science notebook. A B C D E F G H 106 Optional Activity: PhET-based interactive simulation on electric fields For online simulation, navigate http://phet.colorado.edu through a web browser. Offline versions can also be downloaded and installed. Once installed, simple click the PhET icon to open the installed program. Next click “play with Sims,” then “Physics,” then “Electricity, Magnets and Circuits.” Then choose the “Charges and Fields” simulation. Click “Run now” to start the simulation. Once the simulation opens, play with the controls of the simulation to navigate. The University of Colorado shares for public use an online and offline version of “The PhET Interactive Simulations Project” under the Creative Commons-Attribution 3.0 license and the Creative Commons GNU General Public License at http://phet.colorado.edu. Activity 7 Magnetic Field Simulation Magnetic Fields, Forces, and Forms (M-3Fs) Objectives: Predict the magnetic field directions and patterns in different locations around the earth, a bar magnet and combinations of magnets. Relate magnetic field strength to distance quantitatively and qualitatively. Materials: Table 9 Magnetic Fields, Forces and Forms (M-3Fs) Science notebook and pen PC unit and accessories installed with Physlet Physics and PhET Interactive Simulation (for an actual offline or online activity) Procedure: 1. Study the number-coded images of magnets, compasses and magnetic fields in Table 9. Each image will help you explore the *Physlet Physics and PhET-generated magnetic field patterns, magnetic field lines directions, and magnetic field strengths. 2. Match these images to the letter-coded descriptions shown on the upper left of Table 9. Using the number and letter codes, write your answers on your science notebook. 107  Table 9. Magnetic Fields, Forces, and Forms Match the magnets and Magnets and Magnetic Field Descriptions magnetic field descriptions with the images shown below from the PhET: Magnets and Compass, and the *Physlet Physics simulations. Write your answers using the number and letter codes on your science notebook. 1* 2 3 4 5 6* 7* 8 108 Optional Activity: PhET-based interactive simulation on magnetic fields For online simulation, navigate http://phet.colorado.edu through a web browser. For offline version, click the PhET icon to open the installed program. Next click “play with Sims,” then “Physics,” then “Electricity, Magnets and Circuits.” Then choose the “Magnets and Compass” simulation. Click “Run now” to start the simulation. Once the simulation opens, play with the controls to get used to the simulation. You can move the compass and the bar magnet around on the playing field and then add the earth. How does the magnetic field lines change inside and outside of the magnet as you vary the magnet’s strength? You can also use the field meter to qualitatively and quantitatively compare magnetic field changes. Sum it Up Challenge! On your science notebook, make any graphic organizer that will compare and contrast the concepts you learned about: The electric field and magnetic field patterns (directions and strengths). The electric and magnetic forces acting within the electric and magnetic fields. The purpose of the next set of activities is to introduce current into a wire conductor and observe the response of the compass needle at some locations around the wire. 109 Activity 8 Magnetic Field Around Current-carrying Conductors (Adapted from the DepEd-NSTIC Activity on Magnetic Fields and Electric Currents) Objectives: Using a compass, explore the magnetic field around current-carrying conductors. Use the compass to determine the direction of the magnetic field relative to the direction of current through: a) a straight current-carrying conductor; and b) a current-carrying coil. Materials: 3 wooden blocks with holes 1 button magnetic compass 14 gauge insulated copper 3 or 4 connecting wires wire, 20-50 cm 4 AA dry cell holders (in 1 fuse holder with fuse series) science notebook and pen 1 knife switch 5 cm2 used rubber mat cutter 1.5 meter hook wire (#22, tape stranded) 3-cm or 4-cm diameter magnetic compass Safety Precautions: Open the switch after observation to conserve energy. Batteries and wires may become hot if current flows for very long. 110 Experiment Setup A: Procedure: PART A. Magnetic Field around a Straight Conductor 1. Construct the circuit in Setup A as shown above. Make sure the switch is open at the start. The wire should pass vertically at least 10 cm below the wooden block. 2. On the wooden block, position the magnetic compass right next to the vertical wire in four equidistant locations relative to the north-south alignment. For all four locations, rotate the compass until its north axis aligns with the compass needle pointer. The compass shown in the setup is a sample first location. 3. Close the switch long enough for making observations. 4. Observe and draw the deflection (direction and rotation) of the compass needle’s north-pole. 5. Open the switch when you are done with your observations. 6. Move the compass to the next locations to map the magnetic field. Do steps 2 to 5 for each of the remaining chosen locations. 7. Draw a short arrow to indicate the compass needle’s direction and rotation in each of the four locations. 8. Reverse the polarity of your power supply and do steps 2 to 7. 111 Guide Questions: Q27. From a top-view perspective, in what direction does the north pole of the compass needle point to when the compass was positioned around the vertical current-carrying straight conductor? Q28. From a top-view perspective and with the current’s polarity reversed, in what direction does the north pole of the compass needle point to when the compass was positioned around the vertical current carrying straight conductor? PART B. Magnetic Field around a Coil of Conductor 1. Prepare a compass holder for the larger magnetic compass using a squared rubber mat similar to what is shown in Figure 10. Trace the perimeter of a 3-4 cm wide magnetic compass on a used rubber mat. Safely cut a hole on the mat that is big enough for the compass to fit into. Insert the compass into the hole with the north-south alignment parallel to any side. Figure 10. Coil of wire around a compass fitted into a used rubber mat 2. Strip the ends of a 1.5 meter long magnetic hook wire (#22 gauge and stranded) and wind this around the compass on its holder. For easier observations, loop the wire parallel along the north-south axis although the loops can also be oriented perpendicularly. Slowly rotate the rubber mat until the needle points north. 3. Connect the looped wire around the compass to a 3-volt power supply that is in series to the open knife switch and the fuse as shown in Experiment Setup B below. 112 Experiment Setup B: 4. Close the switch long enough for making observations. 5. Relative to the geographic north-south alignment, observe and draw the deflection (direction and rotation) of the compass needle’s north-pole. 6. Open the switch when you are done with your observations. 7. Reverse the polarity of your power supply and do steps 4 to 6. 8. Reduce to half the number of loops around the compass and cut the excess making sure the loops are centered round the compass. Repeat step 3 to 6. Guide Questions: Q29. With conventional current flowing counterclockwise, from a top- view perspective, in what direction does the north pole of the compass needle, at the center of the current-carrying coil of wire, point? Q30. With conventional current flowing clockwise, from a top-view perspective, in what direction does the north pole of the compass needle, at the center of the current-carrying coil of wire, point when the current’s polarity was reversed? Q31. How will you compare the magnitude of the compass needle deflections for the different number of loops in the current-carrying coil? 113  Q32. If you will straighten the shortened coil of wire, how will you compare the magnitude of the compass needle deflection at the center of the previous current-carrying coil, to the compass needle deflection near the just straightened current-carrying conductor? Why? 9. Extending Inquiry – A solenoid (a coil of wire in which the length is greater than the width) was made using a 3-meter long magnetic wire wound clockwise from left to right around the iron rod. Current was then made to flow through it using a circuit similar to what is shown to Figure 11 a. Q33. What would be the direction of the magnetic field around the current-carrying solenoid when the switch is closed? Q34. Using arrows, draw the magnetic compass needle directions at the indicated locations in Figure 11b. Then indicate which ends of the solenoid acts similar to the north and south poles of a bar magnet. Figure 11. Checking the Magnetic Field around a Current-carrying Solenoid FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD A non-magnetic current-carrying wire within a strong magnetic field, like copper for instance, will experience a magnetic force as indicated by the wire’s movement relative to the magnetic field. This turning effect on a coil is used in ammeters and motors that use permanent magnets and electromagnets. Do the next activity and try to understand the interaction between the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field due to the current in the conductor. 114 Activity 9 Making Your Own Electric Motor Adapted from http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-a-Homopolar Objectives: Build a simple electric motor. Explain the operation of a simple electric motor. Materials: 1 AA battery 3 Neodymium magnets, 1/2” – 3/4” pliers or long nose AWG #14 – 18 solid and bare copper wire (~30 cm) science notebook and pen Figure 12. Materials for making an electric motor. Safety Precautions: The neodymium magnet is many times stronger than the ordinary disk magnet that can hold papers on refrigerator doors. Be careful not to get your fingers pinched between these magnets and other magnetic materials. Wires can get hot when connected to the battery for a long time. Open the circuit once you are done with your observations. Procedure: 1. Assembly of the Electric Motor Model – Cut the length of copper wire into three pieces. With the use of the pliers, shape the three wires into a spiral, square, heart or any figure to your liking similar to what is shown in Figure 13. 115  http://ideas-inspire.com/simple-electric-motor/ Figure 13. A sample electric motor model using neodymium magnets. 2. Make a sample pile of the three neodymium magnets, the battery and the shaped copper wire. Make adjustments to the length and width of the shaped wire. See to it that there is a bare connection between the wire ends and the neodymium magnet and also between the pivot part (balancing point) of the wire and the positive terminal of the battery. Scrape or sand off the material insulating the wire at these indicated points. Disassemble the set up when making the needed shape adjustments and sanding of the copper wire. 3. Testing of Model – Carefully pile with the three neodymium magnets and the battery on a level surface. Mount the shaped wire, with its pivot part as a rotating point, over the positive terminal of the battery. Check that the bottom ends of the wire curl loosely around the magnets forming a closed circuit. You now have a simple DC electric motor model that we will simply call a DC motor model. Give the current-carrying shaped wire a gentle spin. 4. Observe and record what happens to the shaped wire. Warning! Disconnect the DC motor model immediately after making observations. 5. If your DC motor does not work, stretch your tolerance, abilities, and knowledge. Have fun making your motor model demonstrate the effect of an electromagnetic force on a conductor that is within a magnetic field. Guide Questions: Q35. What happens to the shaped wire once positioned over the battery’s positive terminal and with both wire ends curled loosely touching the magnets? 6. Extending Inquiry of Model – Tinker with your electric motor model and try to look for other ways to demonstrate the same effect by an electromagnetic force. 116  Q36. What other observations have you made regarding your electric motor model? Q37. What will happen if the number of neodymium magnets used in the model is reduced? Increased? Q38. What are the basic parts/elements of a simple electric motor? Q39. Based on the activity, how will you explain the operation of a simple electric motor? ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Now the basic parts of a DC motor can also be assembled to operate as a DC generator. What would happen if instead of causing a current-carrying conductor to move within a magnetic field, the closed circuit conductor is mechanically moved within a magnetic field? The next activity will enable you to explore and appreciate the Earth’s magnetic field and its effect on a moving giant coil. Jump in for a simple yet electrifying experience! Activity 10 LET’S JUMP IN! (Adapted from cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/.../lessons/...electromagnetism/mag_electromag.pdf‎) Objectives: Observe the deflection of a galvanometer needle when an electrical cord crosses the Earth’s magnetic field. Measure and record the magnitude of the deflection of the galvanometer needle when the electrical cord is rotated: a) slowly; c) when aligned east to west; and b) quickly; d) when aligned north to south. Explain the operation of a simple electric generator. Materials: 10 to 20 meters flat wire (double wire, stranded) AWG #22 two lead wires with alligator clip on at least one end level field or ground (at least 6 meters x 6 meters) micro-ammeter or galvanometer pliers or long nose one compass science notebook and pen 117 Safety Precautions: A galvanometer is a very low resistance instrument used to measure very small currents in microamperes. It must be connected in series in a circuit. Use the galvanometer with care and without dropping it. Jump in safely and observe taking turns. Procedure: 1. Strip off at least 1” insulation on all ends of the 20 meter flat wire. Loop the stranded wires together for each end. Connect the ends of the jump wire to the terminals of the galvanometer using the connecting wires with alligator clips. Figure 14. Generation and detection of electricity using the Earth’s magnetic field and rotating loop of conductor connected in series to a galvanometer 2. Lay the loop of wire together with the galvanometer on the ground. This long loop of cord-galvanometer arrangement will serve as the closed circuit jump rope electric generator. The galvanometer will serve as detector of the electric current that may be generated due to the Earth’s magnetic field and other essential components for electricity. 3. As shown in Figure 14, have members of your group stand on the jump rope, one at the far end and two near the galvanometer to secure the connections and directional marks for the chosen rotation alignment. If possible secure the connections and alignment another way, so everyone gets to observe the galvanometer freely as the cord is rotated during the jumping activity. 4. Align the jump wire electric generator in any of the geographical directions: (a) east to west, (b) north to south, and (c) northeast-southwest directions using a compass as shown in Figures 15 and 16. 118 5. With half of the loop on the ground, have two group members on each end pick up the free length of cord and rotate it clockwise or counter clockwise (relative to the galvanometer end) like a jump rope as shown in Figure 14.Take turns rotating the cord and checking the galvanometer, even jumping in for fun during the activity. Figure 15. The galvanometer and jump wire electric generator set up along the East-West (left) and along the North-South (right) alignments. 6. Try also rotating both half-lengths of the loop together and observe also the galvanometer reading. Figure 16. The galvanometer and jump wire Figure 17. when both half-lengths of the electric generator set up along the Northeast- loop are rotated together Southwest alignment 7. This time try to generate, measure, and record the electric current readings. In doing so try to vary the following: A. Speed of rotation. B. Geographical alignment of rotation. C. Direction of single-length loop rotation. D. Length of rotated part. E. Single or double half-length rotations. 119 8. Design and write your own graphic organizer for your observations on your science notebook. Guide Questions: Q40. What effect does the rotating part of the loop have on the needle of the galvanometer? Q41. What effect does the speed of the rotating loop have on the generated electric current? Q42. Which condition or its combination would result to the greatest generated electric current? Smallest current? No current reading? Q43. Why does the geographical alignment of the rotating jump wire affect the galvanometer reading? Q44. What are the basic components of the jump wire electric generator? Q45. How will you explain the operation of a simple electric generator? 9. Extending Inquiry. Identify and describe the basic parts of the generator model shown in the figure below. Figure 18. DC Electric Generator Q46. Which part/device shown in the figure above? The activity on the jump wire generator operates using the principles of electromagnetic induction. In this activity, it is the conductor that moves within the Earth’s magnetic field. Will moving a source of magnetic field instead of the conductor lead to the same findings? 120 Activity 11 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION (Adapted from the DepEd-NSTIC Activity on Faraday’s Induction) Objectives: Observe the deflection of a galvanometer needle when a magnet moves inside a current-carrying coil. Identify and explain the factors that affect the induced current through a conductor. Materials: 3.6 meters hook/connecting wires (about 20 fine strands along the length of insulated magnet wire) tape measure size D dry cell sticky tape and pair of scissors galvanometer two wooden blocks two wires with alligator clips pair of bar magnets science notebook and pen Safety Precautions: A galvanometer is a very low resistance instrument used to measure very small currents in microamperes. It must be connected in series in a circuit with the pointer at the zero point mark. Use the galvanometer with care so as not to drop it. Procedure: 1. Using a size D dry cell as guide, wind a 5-turn, a 10-turn, and a 15-turn coil out of a 60-cm, 120-cm and a 180-cm connecting wire respectively. Use small pieces of tape to hold the coil together on two or three areas. Remove the insulation from each end of the coil and strand the fine wires together for easy connection. 2. Set up the galvanometer, wooden blocks and bar magnets as shown in Figure 19. 121 Figure 19. A simple electromagnetic induction activity set up with a galvanometer that has its zero point mark in the center of the scale. This type of galvanometer measures the presence of a very small current, its direction, and its relative magnitude. Part A. Inducing voltage and current in a coil 3. As shown in Figure 20, lay the 5-turn coil above the two wooden blocks and connect it ends to the galvanometer via wires with alligator clips. At this point, observe what happens to the galvanometer pointer. Figure 20. Move the north pole of a bar magnet into a 5-turn coil 4. Hold a bar magnet above the coil as shown in Figure 20. Move the north pole of the magnet into the coil. Observe the galvanometer pointer as you do this. On your science notebook, make a table similar to Table 10 and record your observations. 122  Table 10. Inducing current in a coil Magnet Coil Magnet is Magnet is at is Moving Condition Without a Moving into Rest Inside Out of the Magnet the Coil the Coil Coil Galvanometer pointer’s deflection or non- deflection Galvanometer pointer’s direction of deflection 5. Hold the magnet inside the coil without moving it for a few seconds. Observe what happens. 6. Pull the magnet out of the coil. Observe the galvanometer pointer as you do this. Q47. How will you explain the deflection or non-deflection of the galvanometer pointer as observed in the activity? Q48. How will you compare the directions of deflection? Why do you think this is so? Part B. Amount of induced voltage and current vs number of turns 7. Use the set up to explore the relative magnitudes of the galvanometer pointer’s deflection for the 5-turn, 10-turn and 15-turn coils. Record your observations on your science notebook. Q49. For approximately the same speed of moving the magnet into or out of each coil, what happens to the magnitude of the pointer’s deflection as the number of turns in the coil increase? Part C. Amount of induced voltage and current vs strength of magnetic field 8. Use the 15-turn coil and the set up to explore the relationship between the magnitude of the galvanometer pointer’s deflection and the magnetic field strength using (a) one bar magnet, and (b) two bar magnets with like poles held together in parallel. Record your observations on your science notebook. 123  Figure 21. Move the north poles of two parallel bar magnets into a 15-turn coil. Q50. For approximately the same speed of moving the magnet into or out of the 15-turn coil, what happens to the deflection of the galvanometer pointer as the number of bar magnets (strength of magnetic field) increase? Part D. Amount of induced current vs rate of magnetic field change 9. Use the 15-turn coil and a bar magnet to explore the relationship between the magnitude of the galvanometer pointer’s deflection and the speed of movement of the magnet into or out of the coil. Record your observations on your science notebook. Q51. What happens to the deflection of the galvanometer pointer as the bar magnet is moved into or out of the 15-turn coil at different speeds (rate of magnetic field change)? Part E. Coil orientation and direction of magnetic field change 10. As shown in Figure 22, move (a) a bar magnet along one of the coils (preferably the 15-turn) and observe the magnitude of the galvanometer pointer’s deflection. Compare this deflection to that when (b) the bar magnet moves across (into or out) the coil at approximately the same speed. Record your observations on your science notebook. Figure 22. The bar magnet is moved (a) along or parallel to the coil orientation, and (b) across or perpendicular to the coil orientation 124  Q52. How would you compare behavior of the the galvanometer pointer when the magnet moves along the coil and when the magnet moves across the coil? Q53. In your own words, what are the factors that affect the amount of current and hence voltage (EMF) induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field? Q54. An equation for the electromagnetic force (EMF) induced in a wire by a magnetic field is EMF = BLv, where B is magnetic field, L is the length of the wire in the magnetic field, and v is the velocity of the wire with respect to the field. How do the results in this activity support this equation. 11. Extending Inquiry. The principle of electromagnetic induction in two nearby coils can be demonstrated by a transformer. A typical transformer has two coils of insulated wire wound around an iron core. This device changes the AC voltage of the primary coil by inducing an increased or decreased EMF in the secondary coil. In practical applications, why does this device operate only on alternating current and not on direct current? Additional Reading Speed Control Technology – To ensure road safety and minimize vehicular-related death, buses, and other public utility vehicles can be equipped with a speed control device that limits the maximum speed by using electro- magnetic brakes in combination with a motor once the limit is exceeded. Speed control motor packages include the motor, the driver (controller), and a potentiometer which allows the driver for easy speed control adjustment. When the speed of this motor is controlled, a tacho-generator connected to the motor detects the speed. It is a magnet connected directly to the motor shaft and stator coil. The stator coil detects the magnetic field and generates an alternating current (AC) voltage. 125  Figure 23. Motor speed control technology diagram Since this voltage and frequency increase with a rise of the rotational speed, the rotational speed of the motor is controlled based on this signal. Traffic Light – Vehicles waiting at intersections with coils buried underneath is within an electromagnetic field. Changes in the field activate the traffic light as programmed. Typical red-light traffic systems have two induction-loop triggers made of rectangular or concentric wire loops buried under the road close to the stop line. This wire is connected to an electrical power source and a meter. Figure 24. An induction-loop traffic system at a road intersection senses vehicles within its electromagnetic fields The current through the wire produces a magnetic field affecting objects around the loop and the loop itself. When there is another conductive material within the magnetic field, then a changing induced voltage is detected. This results to changing magnetic flux that triggers the traffic system according to its programmed mechanism. 126  Metal Detector – Metal detectors trigger the “Bleep! Bleep! Bleep!” sound when objects with parts that are magnetic in nature move past it. This signal a precious find, a hidden unwanted object or a need for further security check. Data acquisition and control system Pulse transmitter Receiver transmitter coil Receiver coil Transmitter Reradiated magnetic field magnetic field induced current on metal targer Figure 25. A basic pulse-electromagnetic induction metal detection technique The transmitter coil is given a pulsed current long enough for the transmitter’s magnetic field to reach the metal target. The transmitter’s loop current is then turned off. The changing or collapsing magnetic field induces an electromotive force that induce charges to flow in the metal target. This induced current creates a reradiated magnetic field that can be detected by a receiver coil located at the sensor. In some metal detectors, it is the device that is moved over the object. In other detectors, it is the object or the person that moves pass the machine. Whatever is the case, the current-carrying transmitting coil creates a changing magnetic field which in turn creates a changing electric field that creates the secondary magnetic field detected by the receiver coil. Induction Stove – Food cooks faster when heat is conducted directly and almost entirely at the base of the cooking pot. In induction stoves, current flowing through the copper coil wound underneath the cooking surface produces an electromagnetic field small enough to surround the base of the cooking pot. The magnetic field induces an electric current within the base of the metal pot. The metal in the cookware has electrical resistance that opposes the induced current and causes friction for the pot to heat up. 127  How Induction Cooking Works Water metal pot current-carrying electromagnetic copper coil field Figure 26. Induction stove working mechanism Heat transfer in an induction stove is more efficient than that via the gas stove because almost all of its heat is conducted directly to the base of the pot unlike in gas stoves where much heat escapes around the side and heats up the room and the rest of the cooking pot. Figure 27. In induction cooking, heat loss is lesser than in gas cooking Magnetic Recording – Computer working memories (RAM’s and ROM’s), mass storage memories (magnetic hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tape drives, and optical disk drives), and practically all write-able card storage devices (magnetic cards, smart cards, and flash memory cards) make use of the magneto-optical characteristic of the recording media to store information. Read/Write Head coil core Magnetized (aligned) media particles Random (non-aligned) Gap media particles Media coating Substrate Disk motion Head Drum Read/ write Head Supply Tape Take Up Video Tracks Figure 28. Read/Write Head of a Disk Player 128 Performance Task An Octo Challenge Audio-Visual Presentation (AVP) Using Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) An Enrichment Activity Objective: Plan, perform, and record a 5-minute audio alone or audio-visual presentation related to any Philippine National Celebration during October using devices that apply both electricity and magnetism. Materials: at least one musical instrument audio alone or audio-video recording technology of your choice support materials as needed by your team printed transcript of spoken parts of AVP Procedure: 1. Meet as a group and agree on the role of each member according to interests and skills in the making and recording of the AVP presentation. 2. Listed are eight October national celebrations observed by Filipinos: National Children’s Month Elderly Filipino Week Philippine Consumer Welfare Food Safety Awareness Month Week Moral Guidance Week for United Nations Celebratio Public Servants Indigenous People’s World Teacher’s Day Celebration Use only one event to highlight in your AVP tribute that will introduce briefly the audience to the making and recording of an audio-only or an audio- visual presentation using electromagnetic induction partially or entirely. 3. Your group has four weeks to plan, perform and record together the five- minute AVP tribute with the following guidelines: a) Gather information about your selected musical instrument and recording device. Learn how these use electricity and magnetism. Give a multimedia introduction on this for a minute or two. b) Dedicate the remaining three minutes in highlighting the chosen October event. Decide whether you will record an audio-only or an audio-visual 129  presentation taking into consideration the listening and processing efforts needed to fully appreciate the event or the reason behind it. Plan, perform and record an age-appropriate music-video tribute. c) Ensure that the AVP is an output of the whole circle of friends. At the end of the AVP include a brief roll of credits. d) The making and recording of the AVP should be done only during non- class hours inside the school premises only. e) You are liable for the proper and safe use of all audio-video production and recording devices whether these are personally owned or a school property. Ensure also minimal energy use. f) Agree on a checklist to help your group monitor your task progress. Prepare also a written transcript of your AVP’s recorded audio. g) Prepare a digital record of your AVP on a compact disc, ready for premiere viewing in the class at the end of this module period. Criteria for Success - The making and recording of the October-themed AVP will be rated based on the following criteria: 1. Knowledge and understanding of EMI. 2. Thinking and inquiry on the AVP plans and preparations. 3. Communication through language and style. 4. Communication through music and video presentation conventions. 5. Special Criterion on Technical Quality or Original Song Production. Ask your teacher for this task’s GRASPS guidelines to help your group in the successful completion of the performance task before the end of Module 1. Refer also to the corresponding performance task rubric for the Development of an Octo Challenge Audio-Visual Presentation as you assess your group’s progress. Your teacher will also use the same rubric in assessing your performance, content, and product-wise. 130 V. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback Many of the audio-video recording technology apply the relationship between electricity and magnetism known as electromagnetic induction. A typical recording studio consists of an audio-video console, microphones, computers, studio monitors or speakers, disc players and cables used for the exchange of audio and digital data signal during production, recording, mixing, and even editing of all audio-video elements digitally stored on disk drives. Devices that detect and convert audio inputs to electric outputs or vice versa are called transducers. Most transducers like microphones and speakers use the “generator effect” characterized by the production of electromotive forces due to either a changing electric signal within a magnetic field or a changing magnetic field near a current-carrying conductor. Magnetism is commonly attributed to ferromagnetism and electromagnetism depending on the material and moving charges. Every atom and all moving charges are in constant motion and therefore has a bit of magnetism due to magnetic spins and domains creating a net magnetic field. A magnet has two magnetic poles (north and south seeking poles). Stroking with a permanent magnet is one of the ways to induce or cause magnetism in an object that can be magnetized. The polarity of the induced magnetism in the object is opposite to the polarity of the nearer end of the permanent magnet. Attraction happens after magnetic induction occurs. A magnet attracts, but do not repel, unmagnetized ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt and some of its alloys like steel and alnico. Both forces of attraction and repulsion is possible between magnets and between a magnet and a temporarily magnetized object. A magnetic field surrounds a magnet. Within this region, the magnet affects another magnet and other objects that can be magnetized. The magnetic field is strongest at the poles where the magnetic lines of induction (flux) are closest. The magnetic field pattern can be shown using iron filings that align along magnetic lines of induction. The magnetic lines of induction leave the north-pole and enter the south-pole in close loops and can be indicated by the north pole of a compass. 131  The loops of magnetic field lines between like poles bend away from each other showing a force of repulsion. The lines between unlike poles join with each other to form continuous lines showing a force of attraction. The earth acts like a giant bar magnet and has a magnetic field similar to it. A charge has an electric field around it where other charges will experience an electromagnetic force. Like charges repel while unlike charges attract. Moving charges or current in a wire produces a magnetic field. An electromagnet is a coil of wire that uses current to produce a strong magnetic field. The magnetic field patterns of a disk magnet, an electromagnetic nail, a current carrying straight conductor, and a current carrying coil are similar to that of the single bar magnet. The magnetic field pattern between the poles of a U-shaped magnet resembles the field pattern between unlike poles of two bar magnets. Compasses aligned along the magnetic field show that the lines point from the north to the south poles and back forming close loops. If the two bar magnets with two unlike poles which are close in between is brought together, the magnetic field pattern will resemble that of the single bar magnet. Lines from one pole enter the other pole. Most refrigerator magnets has a pattern of alternating bands of magnetic field. If the direction of the current is known, the direction of the magnetic field that is perpendicular to it and the magnetic force that is perpendicular to both current and magnetic field can be determined by applying the hand rules. Using the right hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field follows the direction of the right hand fingers when the right thumb points in the direction of the conventional current (from positive to negative). Using the left-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic field follows the direction of the left hand fingers when the left thumb points in the direction of the real flow of current (from negative to positive). The magnetic field is strongest at the center of a current-carrying coil. 132  The magnetic field increases in direct proportion to the number of turns in a coil with the compass needle, at the center of the coil of wire, deflecting about a wider angle than the compass needle along the straightened wire. The end of the current-carrying coil where the magnetic lines of induction come out acts as the north pole of the coil. A magnetic field exerts a force on a current-carrying conductor. Using the right-hand rule, the direction of this force is in the direction where the palm faces. The motor effect is shown when a current-carrying conductor within a magnetic field moves in the direction of the force. The force on a moving current- carrying conductor may be varied by changing the magnetic field. An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy. A simple DC motor can be assembled using a single coil that rotates in a magnetic field. The direct current in the coil is supplied via two brushes. The forces exerted on the current-carrying wire creates a rotation-causing force on the coil. An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A simple electric generator is made when a coil or any closed loop of conductor moves through or cuts across magnetic field lines. The coil will experience an induced voltage or an electromotive force that will cause a pulsating direct current (DC) to be generated. The pulsating direct current fluctuates in value but does not change direction. Electromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is generated in a conductor by a moving or changing magnetic field. A changing magnetic field occurs when there is relative motion between a source of a magnetic field and a conductor; it does not matter which moves. A changing magnetic field may also arise from a changing nearby current. The amount of voltage (EMF) induced when a conductor and a magnetic field are in relative motion depends on (a) the length L of the conductor or the number of turns in the coil, (b) the strength and orientation of the magnetic field B relative to the conductor, and (c) The relative velocity v of the changing magnetic field. 133  The equation for the induced voltage or electromagnetic force (EMF) in a wire by a changing magnetic field is EMF = BLv. By Ohm’s Law the amount of induced current is directly proportional to the induced voltage. A transformer uses electromagnetic induction in two nearby coils (the primary and secondary coils). Typically, the two coils of insulated wire are wound around an iron core. This device changes the AC voltage of the primary coil by inducing an increased or decreased EMF in the secondary coil. VI. Summative Assessment Directions. Choose the letter of the correct answer. 1. In which case or cases is an electric field present? I. A spark jumping between two nearby rods. II. A charge that is momentarily at rest. III.A dead power line. a. I only b. I and II only c. II and III only d. I, II and III 2. Which device can be used to determine the polarity of an unmarked magnet? a. a suspended magnetized needle b. an improvised magnetic board c. a second unmarked magnet d. a charged metal rod at rest 3. In which device is magnetic field present? a. A charged balloon. b. A cooling soldering iron. c. A very hot horse-shoe magnet. d. A microphone undergoing a sound check. 4. How will you describe the magnetic field around a current-carrying coil? a. The magnetic field is weakest near and around the coil. b. The magnetic field vary directly with the distance from the coil. c. The magnetic field is strongest inside the current-carrying coil. d. The magnetic field lines are closed loops along the loops in the coil. 134 5. Which statement about an electromagnetic nail is NOT TRUE? a. Steady magnetic lines of induction surround a battery-powered electromagnetic nail. b. The current in the electromagnetic nail demagnetizes the iron nail. c. The magnetic field lines produced resemble that of a bar magnet. d. The magnetic field strength is proportional to the nail’s current. 6. What can be inferred from the alignment of compass needles around the pick-up coil below? a. Current is drawn into the coil. b. A permanent magnet is nearby. c. The DC power switch was turned off for long. d. There is a uniform magnetic field around the coil. 7. What basic principle enables ALL electric generators to operate? a. Iron is the only element that is magnetic. b. Opposite electric charges attract and like charges repel. c. A closed-loop conductor within a changing magnetic field will have an induced electromotive force. d. A current-carrying conductor placed within a magnetic field will experience a magnetic force. 8. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the main photo above? (For easier inspection, a paper is inserted halfway between the open disk tray and a magnetic board) 135  a. The iron filings inside the magnetic board is unaffected. b. The CD-DVD disk tray uses a small permanent bar magnet. c. The optical system has an electric motor that drives the reader. d. The optical reader has a lens system that affected the iron filings. 9. Which arrangement of three bar magnets results to an attraction between the first and the second, and a repulsion between the second and the third magnet. a. b. c. d. 10. Complete the following statement: A metallic detector was used to check a bag for metallic objects. The transmitter coil a. A. draws a steady current to send a steady magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it. b. draws a pulsating current to send a steady magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it. c. draws a steady current to send a changing magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it. d. draws a pulsating current to send a changing magnetic field towards the target to induce current in it. 11. A coil moves away from a magnet. Consider the following factors: I. strength of the magnet II. number of turns in the coil III. speed at which the magnet moves Which can affect the electromotive force (EMF) induced in the coil? a. I only b. II only c. III only d. All three factors 136 12. Which set ups model the working principle of a transformer and an electric generator respectively? a. A and B b. B and D c. C and D d. D and A 13. Which statement is TRUE about the illustration below? a. In set up A, the magnet is at rest inside the moving coil. b. In set up B, the magnet is being pulled out of the moving coil with the same speed. c. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up A. d. There is relative motion between the magnet and coil in set up B. 14. What transformation can take place in a ceiling fan’s electric motor? a. electrical energy into mechanical energy b. mechanical energy into electrical energy c. alternating current into direct current d. direct current into alternating current 137 15. What is TRUE about the intercom system that is shown below? a. The part A of the intercom system serves as a microphone only, while part C serves as a loudspeaker only. b. Either parts A and C of the intercom when switched as such can be used as a microphone or as a loudspeaker. c. The microphone part only basically consists of wires, a cone diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil. d. The loudspeaker part only basically consists of wires, a cone diaphragm, a magnet, and a coil. Glossary of Terms Charged particles are sources of electric fields which result in an attraction or repulsion of other nearby charges Electric charge a fundamental electrical property that is either of positive or negative type to which the mutual attractions or repulsions between protons or electrons is attributed Electric field force field surrounding electric charges or group of charges where a force acts on charges within the field Electric generator device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy usually by rotating a coil within a magnetic field Electric motor device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy using the magnetic turning effect on a coil Electricity produced by vibrating or flowing charges 138 Electromagnet magnet whose magnetic prop