Sci 9 (2nd Qtr) Reviewer PDF

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ARTERIES - Moves blood away from the heart. - Nutrients and oxygen should be delivered Two ventricles are connected to a major to every cell. The process of transportation artery. is carried out by this system, transports VEINS - Moves blo...

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ARTERIES - Moves blood away from the heart. - Nutrients and oxygen should be delivered Two ventricles are connected to a major to every cell. The process of transportation artery. is carried out by this system, transports VEINS - Moves blood towards the heart. include nutrients, oxygen, and waste and Moves slower and smoothly because the heart removes carbon dioxide from the cells. does not push blood through the veins. Movement occurs through diffusion. CAPILLARIES - Arteries and veins are connected via the capillaries. THE HEART (main parts) - Atria: Upper chambers that receive blood. BODY CIRCULATION - Blood flows through - Ventricles: Lower chambers that pump out two types of paths. blood PULMONARY CIRCULATION - Valve: A one-way valve separates the - Transports oxygen depleted blood from atrium and the ventricle below it. Blood the heart to the lungs to oxygenate the can only flow in one direction. blood. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION OXYGENATED BLOOD (Oxygen-Rich) - Higher - Transports oxygenated blood from the concentration of oxygen heart to the organs and tissues and then DEOXYGENATED BLOOD (Oxygen-Poor) - back to the heart. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM COMPOSITIONS OF BLOOD - Transport of dissolved gasses, nutrients, ATHEROSCLEROSIS - Cholesterol build-up hormones, and metabolic waste/s. (plaque) inside the walls of the arteries. - Protection against toxins, pathogens, and blood injuries. STROKE - Blockage caused by the hardening - Stabilization of body temperature. in the arteries in the brain or the neck vessels - Regularization of pH through blood leading up to the brain. buffering systems and electrolyte compositions throughout the body. DISEASES OF THE HEART BLOOD PLASMA - pale yellowish liquid that CORONARY HEART DISEASE - inability of the makes up 55% of the blood volume. blood to reach the coronary arteries. CELLULAR COMPONENTS HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE - Red blood cells (RBC): Erythrocytes (Hypertension) - narrowing, clenching of the (erythro - red, cytes - cell). Transports arteries, increases the resistance of blood oxygen and carbon dioxide. flow. - White blood cells (WBC): Leukocytes (Leuko - white). Defense against diseases. RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE - Typically in - Platelets: fragments of cytoplasm; They children, beginning with an untreated are responsible for clotting the blood. bacterial infection caused by streptococcus pyogenes. BLOOD VESSELS - Blood is carried through a vast that resembles a series of pipelines. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD HEMOPHILIA - Blood does not clot properly, which leads to uncontrollable bleeding. ANEMIA - RBC count stays persistently low. - chills, fever, severe headache, muscular Can also be caused by the decrease in the pains, runny nose, & general number of hemoglobins. discomfort. LEUKEMIA - abnormal increase in WBC. PNEUMONIA - caused bacteria, viruses, fungi, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM or even protozoa. inflammation of the lungs' RESPIRATION - chemical process that air sacs which become filled with pus. involves exchange of gasses - fever, chest pain, etc. BREATHING - physical act of inhaling & exhaling TUBERCULOSIS - mycobacterium tuberculosis; can spread by respiratory UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT - brings air into droplets. Curable by several antibiotics your body - Severe coughing/sneezing, 1. NASAL CAVITY - holes in the nose; first discolored/bloody phlegm entries of inhaled air 2. PHARYNX - throat; common chamber RESPIRATORY DISORDERS for inhaled air & digested food - Esophagus “food pipe” ASTHMA - chronic allergy; breathing airways - Trachea “windpipe” are narrowed & swollen causing difficulty in - Epiglottis: flap that covers the trachea breathing 3. LARYNX - voice box; protects lower respiratory tract BRONCHITIS - inflammation/swelling of LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT - extracts airways (bronchial tubes) oxygen & transfers to blood 1. TRACHEA - transports air connecting EMPHYSEMA - long term; prolonged exposure from the larynx to respiratory chemicals 2. BRONCHUS/BRONCHI - 2 large pipes that transports air from trachea to CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY lungs DISEASE (COPD) - group of diseases, long 3. BRONCHIOLES - branches off the term obstruction of airflow bronchi, carries air to Alveolies - Alveolies: tiny air sacs LUNG CANCER - triggered by long term 4. LUNGS - main part of resp. System; exposure to carcinogens/tobacco smoke inhale & exhale of Carbon Dioxide - Coughing blood, short of breath, blood 5. DIAPHRAGM - muscle that helps in in mucus breathing. Contracts and rests INHERITANCE INFECTIOUS RESPIRATORY DISEASES GENETICS -branch of science concerning COMMON COLD - Contagious infection of the genes, genetic variation and heredity in upper respiratory tract by the rhinovirus. No organisms. The molecular unit of heredity. specific cure & must need rest and water GENE - Basic units of heredity passed from - Sneezing, runny nose (excessive nasal parent to child. secretions), nasal congestion, & mild INHERITANCE - The process of passing fever. genetic information from a parent to an offspring. INFLUENZA - several influenza viruses called myxovirus. GENOTYPE - Genetic makeup and a CODOMINANCE combination of two alleles (expressed in - When one allele is not dominant over the letters. i.e. BB, bb) other. The resulting heterozygous exhibit PHENOTYPE - Physical appearance of traits traits of both parents and alleles are HOMOZYGOUS - Two identical alleles of a expressed equally. particular gene. (i.e. BB, bb) HETEROZYGOUS - Two different alleles of a particular gene. (i.e. Bb, bB) PUNNETT SQUARE - A graphical representation of the genotypes of an offspring. * Rather than C being dominant over c, the result is a Bicolored animal because both colors are expressed equally. MULTIPLE ALLELES (For blood types I think) GREGOR MENDEL - Refers to three or more alleles for a trait. - Father of heredity. Discovered basic We consider both dominant and recessive principles of heredity through experiments alleles. in his garden. - O is a universal donor because O is a - Mendelian inheritance: two alleles are recessive allele. O is in all blood types. either dominant or recessive. - Alleles A and B are dominant while O is DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE ALLELES recessive. - D-alleles overrule recessive alleles. - RC-alleles are only expressed in the Genotypes Phenotypes abscence of D-alleles. (Blood) NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IA IA or IAi A - Alleles are neither dominant or recessive IA IB AB INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE IAI A - Intermediate inheritance in which one allele does not completely dominate the IB IB or IBi B other, resulting in a mix or a new IBI B phenotype. "Blending." ii O * Always refer to this chart. i refers to a recessive O. * In the given situation, the result we received is 4RW and 4 Pink Flowers. This is because no phenotype fully dominates the other, rather the red and white flowers mix, creating pink.  SEX LINKED INHERITANCE BALANCED ECOSYSTEM - Signifies a habitat which is sustainable SEX-LINKED GENES (able to meet the needs of the organisms). - Refers to characteristics that are Organisms need a balanced environment. influenced by genes on the sex POPULATION DENSITY chromosomes. Traits controlled by genes - Measurement of population per unit land on the sex chromosomes are sex-linked area. traits. Most traits are controlled by the X LIMITING FACTORS chromosome since the Y chromosome is - Anything that limits the size of a smaller in size. population. (i.e environmental conditions) - Genes located on the X-Chrm. are called - Availability of: food, water, living conditions X-linked genes, while those on the Y-Chrm. (light, temperature, soil nutrients) are Y-linked. CARRYING CAPACITY - Involves both male and females. - The maximum population size an Sex-linked traits are often associated with environment can support. recessive disorders or diseases. PHOTOSYNTHESIS SEX-LIMITED TRAITS - A process of food making done by - These are generally autosomal. They are plants/autotrophic organisms. Photo - not found in the sex genes (X , Y) and they light, Synthesis - production. behave exactly like any other autosomal - When the sun heats the water in the gene. leaves, this process begins. It takes place - Traits are limited to only one sex. in the chloroplasts, an organelle containing chlorophyll that absorbs light. SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS - Chloroplasts have two membranes (outer, - These are phenotypic and are expressed inner) surrounding the liquid in its interior differently in males and females, usually called the stroma. because their expression depends on - Involves carbon dioxide and water reacting testosterone & progesterone or androgens with light energy to produce sugar and and estrogens. Autosomal traits are oxygen. influenced by sex hormones. These are recessive. CHLOROPHYLL - Scattered in each cell, these pigments BIODIVERSITY LOSS - SPECIES EXTINCTION absorb energy in the form of sunlight. STOMATA BIODIVERSITY - Tiny openings on the leaves which take in - "Biological" + "Diversity," refers to the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. variety and variability of life on Earth. - Having a wide diversity of organisms XYLEM VESSELS increases the stability of an ecosystem - Part of the root system and its network of and the overall health of the biosphere. conducting cells which absorb water and SPECIES nutrients dissolved in the soil. - A group of organisms that have the same distinct characteristics and are able to * Photosynthesis takes place in little or no mate and produce fertile offspring. stems, depending on the presence of POPULATION chlorophyll/chloroplasts. - A group of living things within a certain area that are all of the same species. HETEROTROPHS - Requires external sources of energy AUTOTROPHS - Are able to make their own food EQUATION 2 STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION - Requires photon from light and takes place in the thylakoids (Plural: grana/granum) - Occurs in the presence of light. - Occurs in the thylakoid membrane. Light energy > chemical energy. - Oxygen is released as a waste product or byproduct - Uses light and water to produce oxygen, ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), and NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen) LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION - Takes place in the stroma. Uses carbon dioxide and NADPH to produce sugar or carbohydrates. Sugar is released as a product.