Good Hope School S.3 Life & Society PDF

2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Good Hope School S.3 Life & Society Module 1.4 – Rights and Duties & Module 2.2 Governance of the HKSAR...

2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Good Hope School S.3 Life & Society Module 1.4 – Rights and Duties & Module 2.2 Governance of the HKSAR Learning Guide Class: Name: ( ) Enquiry Questions  What is the relationship between the Central Authorities of our country and Hong Kong government?  Who are Chinese citizens and Hong Kong residents?  What are the rights and duties as a Chinese citizen and Hong Kong resident?  What are the principles of the rule of law?  How important is the rule of law to individuals and the development of society?  Which international agreements are applicable to the HKSAR? What rights do they protect?  What are the characteristics of Hong Kong political structure?  What is our role in safeguarding national security, and why is it so important? Key Learning Points Knowledge  Relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR as prescribed by the Basic Law  Fundamental rights and obligations of citizens prescribed by the Constitution in its Chapter II  Fundamental rights and duties of Hong Kong residents prescribed by the Basic Law and the principles of the rule of law guaranteed by it  The international agreements applicable to the HKSAR as prescribed by the Basic Law; the rights and duties related to the rights of the child, and the elimination of prejudice and discrimination safeguarded by the relevant international agreements  Constitutional order of the HKSAR as established by the Constitution and the Basic Law, the characteristics of the political structure of the HKSAR, and the direction of development for the methods of selecting the Chief Executive and forming the legislature  Responsibility of the HKSAR to safeguard national security Skills and Values  Critical thinking, holistic thinking skills  Sense of national identity, Human rights and responsibilities, Law-abidingness, Respect for the rule of law, Respect for others, Equality, Justice, Freedom, Common good, Responsibility, Fairness Page | 1  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Warm-up exercise: Timeline of the establishment of the HKSAR Activity: Refer to the wall-chart resource on the theme of “Event Book on Hong Kong’s Return to China” (Chinese version only) https://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum- development/kla/pshe/basic-law-education/cble_wallcharts/index.html and complete the timeline below. Page | 2  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 1. The relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR From the previous activity, we know that Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region in China. Now, let’s look at the relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR. As prescribed in the Constitution of the PRC and the Basic Law of the HKSAR, the Central Authorities directly exercise overall jurisdiction over the HKSAR. Article 12 of the Basic Law: “The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be a local administrative region of the People’s Republic of China, which shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy and come directly under the Central People’s Government.” Article 12 of the Basic Law shows that HKSAR is a local administrative region with a special status which is under the direct administration of the Central Government. In other words, the relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR is one between the central and the local authorities. Article 2 of the Basic Law “The National People's Congress authorizes the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication, in accordance with the provisions of this Law.” Article 2 of the Basic Law shows that the National People's Congress (NPC) authorizes the HKSAR to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication. Activity: Summarize the relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR. The above two articles of the Basic Law imply that the high degree of autonomy the HKSAR enjoys originates from the delegation of power of the Central Authorities. In other words, the relationship between the Central Authorities and the HKSAR is one between authorizing and being authorized. Complete the chart below to illustrate the relationship: Central Authorities Decide to establish a special administrative region(Article Come directly under the Central People’s Government of the ) (CPG) of the People's Republic of China Authorise to exercise a high degree of autonomy(Article (Article of the ) of the ) HKSAR Source: Modern Citizenship and Social Development Theme1 Topic 1 Page | 3  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 2. ‘One Country, Two Systems’ According to the Constitution and the Basic Law, “One Country, Two Systems” is implemented in the HKSAR. ‘One Country’ always comes before ‘Two Systems’ in which One Country refers to Hong Kong being part of China and Two Systems refers to the socialist system practised in Mainland China and the capitalist system practised in the HKSAR. On the basis of “One Country”, the HKSAR exercises the principle of “Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong” and a high degree of autonomy, and enjoys executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. With a high degree of autonomy, Hong Kong affairs are managed by the Central Authorities and the HKSAR government together. The administrative affairs of the HKSAR are conducted by the HKSAR government while its foreign affairs are managed by the Central Authorities. Source: Modern Citizenship and Social Development Theme1 Topic 1 In the next sections, we will look at the manifestation of ‘One Country, Two Systems’ in two ways:  Rights and duties  Hong Kong’s political structure Page | 4  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 3. What is the relationship between rights and duties? Before we look at the rights we enjoy and the duties we need to fulfill, let’s look at the relationship between rights and duties. Read the source below and answer the questions that follow. Source: HKEP New Horizon Citizenship, Economics and Society Secondary 1 1. In the above context, what rights can the students enjoy? What duties do they need to fulfil in return? Context Rights Duties In the library On the Football field 2. What is the relationship between rights and duties as reflected in Q1? 3. What are the consequences of over-emphasizing any one of them? Over-emphasis on rights Over-emphasis on duties Conclusion from the activity: Page | 5  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 4. Who are Chinese citizens? Now that we know the importance of fulfilling our duties while enjoying our rights, we will look at the rights we enjoy and duties we need to fulfill based on our identities. To do that, we must first know more about our identities, namely Chinese citizens and Hong Kong residents. Citizens are closely related to their country. A citizen is an individual who is a member of a certain country and enjoys the legal status – the nationality. Citizens are protected by the country’s constitution and laws. They enjoy some rights and have certain obligations*. According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, all persons with the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People’s Republic of China. *We will now use ‘obligations’ to mean ‘duties’. ‘Obligations’ is used when the duties are linked to legal rules. Table of Contents of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China There are four chapters in the Constitution. Chapter II is about citizens’ rights and obligations. Page | 6  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 5. Fundamental rights and obligations of citizens prescribed by the Constitution in its Chapter II a. Key focuses of the fundamental rights of Chinese citizens Rights are individual benefits and freedoms that people can enjoy under legal protection or social consensus. Chinese citizens enjoy the rights prescribed by the Constitution and the law. According to the Constitution, the basic rights of Chinese citizens mainly include the following: Civil and political rights  Enjoy the rights  Have the right to vote  Enjoy freedom of speech,  May criticize and make prescribed by the and stand for election the press, assembly, suggestions regarding any Constitution and the law association procession state organ or state  All citizens are equal and demonstration employee before the law Article 33 Article 34 Article 35 Article 41 Rights to personal and other related freedoms  Personal freedom shall  Freedom and  Personal dignity shall not  Homes area inviolable not be violated confidentiality of be violated  Prohibit unlawful search  Prohibit unlawful correspondence of  Prohibit to insult, libel and of or unlawful intrusion detention citizens shall be protected falsely accuse citizens into a citizen’s home  Prohibit unlawful body by law searches of citizens Article 37 Article 38 Article 39 Article 40 Cultural rights Labour rights  Have the right to receive  Enjoy the freedom to education engage in scientific research. Literary and  Have the right to work  Working people have the artistic creation, and right to rest other cultural pursuits Article 46 Article 47 Article 42 Article 43 Rights and interests of women Freedom of religious belief  Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life: political, economic, cultural, social and familial  Enjoy freedom of religious belief  Shall not coerce citizens to believe in or not to believe in any religion Article 48 Article 36 Page | 7  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) b. Key focuses of the obligations of Chinese citizens When exercising the basic rights and freedoms granted by the country, all citizens should also fulfil the obligations prescribed by the Constitution and the law and take responsibility for society and the country. The basic obligations of Chinese citizens mainly include the following: Civil and political  When exercising freedoms and rights, shall not undermine the interest of  Obey the Constitution and the law the state, society or collectives, or  Safeguard national unity and the infringe upon the lawful freedoms solidarity of all the country’s ethnic and rights of other citizens groups Article 33 Article 51 Article 52 National security  Safeguard the security, honor and  Abide by the Constitution and the law,  Defend the motherland and fight interests of the motherland keep state secrets, protect public against attacks  Must not behave in any way that property, observe discipline in the  Perform military service or join the endangers the motherland’s security workplace, observe public order, and citizen army according to the law honor or interests respect social morality Article 53 Article 54 Article 55 Public finance Labour  Pay taxes according to the law  Have the obligation to work Article 56 Article 42 Chinese citizens enjoy various rights, for instance, receive education. At the same time, they need to fulfill different obligations like paying taxes. Do Hong Kong residents also enjoy similar rights and fulfill similar obligations? Let’s look at the rights and duties of Hong Kong residents in the next part. Page | 8  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 6. Who are Hong Kong residents? According to Article 24 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong residents are divided into two types: permanent residents and non-permanent residents. The majority of Hong Kong permanent residents are Chinese citizens. Permanent residents of the HKSAR Non-permanent residents of the HKSAR √ are eligible to obtain a Hong Kong identity card √ are eligible to obtain a Hong Kong identity card √ enjoy the right of abode in Hong Kong X have no right of abode in Hong Kong √ enjoy exclusive rights such as applying for HKSAR passport and registering as a voter The permanent residents of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall be: 1. Chinese citizens born in Hong Kong before or after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) 2. Chinese citizens who have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for “a continuous period of not less than seven years” before or after the establishment of the HKSAR 3. Persons of Chinese nationality born outside Hong Kong of those residents listed in categories listed in categories (1) and (2) 4. Persons not of Chinese nationality who have entered Hong Kong with valid travel documents, (i) have ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than seven years and (ii) have taken Hong Kong as their place of permanent residence before or after the establishment of the HKSAR 5. Persons under 21 years of age born in Hong Kong of those residents listed in category (4) before or after the establishment of the HKSAR 6. Persons other than those residents listed in categories (1) to (5), before the establishment of the HKSAR, had the right of abode in Hong Kong only Page | 9  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 7. The fundamental rights and duties of Hong Kong residents prescribed by the Basic Law a. Fundamental rights to be enjoyed by Hong Kong residents The Basic Law protects the fundamental rights of Hong Kong residents. These rights enable residents to live peacefully and work hard for their future, so that society can develop stably. The basic rights of Hong Kong residents include: Civil and political rights  Participate in the management of state affairs (Only for Hong Kong  Be equal before the law residents who are Chinese citizens)  Have the right to vote and stand for election (Only for permanent residents) Article 21 Article 25 Article 26  Have the right to confidential legal advice, access to the  Have freedom of speech, of the press and of publication courts, choices of lawyers for timely protection of their lawful  Have freedom of association, of assembly, of procession rights and interests or for representation in the courts, and to  Have the right and freedom to form and join trade judicial remedies unions, and to strike  Have the right to institute legal proceedings in the courts against the acts of the executive authorities and their personnel Article 27 Article 35 Personal and other related freedoms  Personal freedom shall not be  Freedom and privacy of  Homes and other premises shall be communication shall be protected by violated inviolable law  Prohibit arbitrary or unlawful arrest,  Prohibit arbitrary or unlawful search detention or imprisonment of, or intrusion into, a resident’s  Prohibit arbitrary or unlawful search home or other premises of residents’ body, or deprivation or restriction of their freedom  Prohibit torture of residents or arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of the life of residents Article 28 Article 29 Article 30  Have freedom of movement within the HKSAR  Have freedom of emigration to other  Have freedom of choice of occupation  Anyone who is lawfully arrested shall countries and regions have the right to a fair trial by the  Have freedom to travel and to enter judicial organs without delay or leave the HKSAR  Be presumed innocent until convicted by the judicial organs Article 31 Article 33 Article 87 Page | 10  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Property rights Social rights  Protect the right of individuals and legal persons to the acquisition,  Protect the right of use, disposal and private ownership of inheritance of property  Have the lawful right to  Protect the right of property social welfare  Freedom of marriage and individuals and legal  Welfare benefits and the right to raise a family persons to compensation retirement security of the freely shall be protected for lawful deprivation of labour force shall be by law their property protected by law  Ownership of enterprises and the investments from outside the HKSAR shall be protected by law Article 6 Article 105 Article 36 Article 37 Cultural rights Freedom of religious belief  Have freedom to engage  Students enjoy freedom  Have freedom of conscience in academic research, of choice of educational  Have freedom of religious belief and freedom to preach and literary and artistic institutions and freedom to conduct and participate in religious activities in public creation, and other to pursue their education cultural activities outside HKSAR Article 34 Article 137 Article 32 b. Fundamental duties to be performed by Hong Kong residents Hong Kong residents enjoy their rights prescribed by the Basic Law and fulfill the corresponding legal duties. If we only focus on our rights and interests but ignore our duties, the rights of others and the responsibility to contribute to society, it may result in social disorder and a loss of protection for personal rights. Here are some examples of duties to be performed by Hong Kong residents: Civil and political  Article 42, the Basic Law: Hong Kong residents and other persons in Hong Kong shall have the obligation to abide by the laws in force in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.  Article 8, the Basic Law: The laws previously in force in Hong Kong, that is, the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law shall be maintained, except for any that contravene this Law, and subject to any amendment by the legislature of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.  Obey the laws in force in the HKSAR  National Laws listed in Annex III of the Basic Law Article 42 Page | 11  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Other duties of Hong Kong residents (as prescribed by other legal documents): Public finance National security  Salaries tax shall be charged for each year of assessment on  It is the common responsibility of all the people of China, every person for his/her income from Hong Kong from any including the people of Hong Kong, to safeguard the office or employment of profit and any pension sovereignty, unification and territorial integrity of the PRC. Section 8, Cap. 112 Inland Revenue Ordinance, Paragraph 1, Article 6, Laws of Hong Kong National Security Law Respect others’ rights Examples:  When people exercise their rights, they should respect others and should not harm others’ interests. Fulfill civic responsibilities Examples:  People should fulfill their civic responsibilities. Activity: What rights do Chinese citizens and Hong Kong residents both enjoy? What obligations/duties do Chinese citizens and Hong Kong residents both need to fulfill? Rights Obligations Page | 12  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 8. What are the principles of the rule of law? The rule of law is an important core value in Hong Kong. The major principles of the rule of law include equality before the law, everyone must abide by the law, power of the government is derived from the law and judicial independence. The Basic Law ensures the principles of the rule of law. This not only safeguards rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents, but also plays an important role in the stable development of society. Activity 1.1: Relationship between the principles of the Rule of Law and the Basic Law Some major principles of the rule of law are shown on the left column and relevant provisions of the Basic Law are on the right column. Try to match the principles with the corresponding provisions using straight lines. Principles of the Rule of Law Basic Law 1. Equality before the law Article 2 The National People’s Congress authorizes the Hong Kong Everyone is equally protected by the law Special Administrative Region to exercise a high degree of regardless of nationality, ancestry, race, autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and gender, language, religion, political or independent judicial power, including that of final ideological beliefs, cultural level, economic adjudication, in accordance with the provisions of this status or social conditions. Article 25 2. Everyone must abide by the law All Hong Kong residents shall be equal before the law. Everyone, including the general public and the government, should have law-abiding awareness and should abide by the law. Article 42 Otherwise, it will be difficult to maintain social order and protect lawful rights and Hong Kong residents and other persons in Hong Kong interests. The rule of law will no longer exist. shall have the obligation to abide by the laws in force in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 3. Power of the government is derived from the law Article 64 The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative The power of the government is derived Region must abide by the law and be accountable to the from the law. When making decisions or Legislative Council of the Region: it shall implement laws performing public duties, the government passed by the Council and already in force; … must act in accordance with the law and exercise the power derived from the law. Article 85 4. Judicial independence The courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative The courts conduct trials independently, free Region shall exercise judicial power independently, free from interference by the executive from any interference. Members of the judiciary shall be authorities, legislature or public opinion. The immune from legal action in the performance of their independence of the judiciary, coupled with judicial functions. the exercise of the power of final 9.adjudication by the Court of Final Appeal, can safeguard the rights and freedom of Page | 13  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) The importance of the rule of law to individuals and the development of society The rule of law can safeguard human rights. It ensures fairness and justice. It is very important to the development of Hong Kong society. In the table below, the features of the rule of law are underlined, while the importance of the rule of law is in bold. Impact Explanation All residents are equal before the law and the law applies to all Hong Kong Protection of residents and other people in Hong Kong. No one enjoys more rights than Individuals rights and the others. The rule of law protects individuals’ rights and freedoms. freedoms of However, if individuals’ rights are violated, they can seek legal action. residents With judicial independence, an independent court will make a fair judgement based on the law to protect ones’ rights and interests. Obeying the law is essential for striking a balance between individual rights and social interests. When residents abide by the law, the government governs based on the law, and society respects the authority of the law and follows court rulings, it helps maintain order and fosters a Creating a fair fair and harmonious society. and harmonious By upholding the rule of law, the government is restrained from abusing society its power, ensuring that no one is above the law. When the government Society operates within the boundaries of the law, it instills greater confidence in the citizens. This helps enhance the level of governance and improve the livelihood of the citizens. The rule of law protects rights and ensures that judicial work is fair and just. It allows Hong Kong to maintain order and a fair business Promoting environment. Any commercial arguments would be fairly judged. This economic and strengthens the confidence of investor worldwide in the business social environment of Hong Kong. This is how Hong Kong can maintain its status development as an international financial centre and promote long-term economic and social development. Activity: How important is the rule of law to individuals and the development of society? Read the sources and answer the questions below. Source A The Basic Law guarantees that everyone I was wrongfully accused of shoplifting, can seek justice and defend their rights and since I didn't have money to hire a through the law. In order to ensure that lawyer, I turned to the Legal Aid Hong Kong citizens enjoy these rights, the Department for assistance. They assigned Legal Aid Department* provides legal a lawyer to support me, and with their support to citizens with good reasons to guidance, my rights were protected, and start a legal action but lack the financial a fair outcome was achieved! ability. *The Legal Aid Department aims to ensure that any person who has reasonable grounds for taking or defending a legal action is not deprived from doing so because of the lack of means. Page | 14  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Source B To reduce the risk of transmission and protect everyone during the COVID-19, the HKSAR government has set regulations that limit public gatherings to groups of no more than 4 people during certain periods. These measures aimed to protect public health but also resulted in limitations on certain rights of Hong Kong people. (a) According to Source A, identify and explain the principle of the rule of law reflected. Principle (Refer to P.3 of this Explanation worksheet) (b) With reference to the scenarios as shown in Sources A and B, explain the importance of the rule of law to individuals and Hong Kong society respectively. (Hint: Think about the impacts to individuals and society if the rule of law is not upheld in each scenario.) Source A Impacts Explanation Individuals Society Source B Impacts Explanation Individuals Society Page | 15  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 9. The Basic Law and international agreements The Basic Law prescribes how international agreements relating to rights and responsibilities apply to the HKSAR. In this part, you will learn the key focuses of rights and responsibilities covered in international agreements which are related to children’s rights and the elimination of prejudice and discrimination, as well as understand how international agreements apply to the HKSAR in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Law. The application of international agreements to Hong Kong under the Basic Law China takes an active role in global affairs and aims to make the world better. It signed international agreements and works with other countries to solve problems together. For the international agreements that our country enters into, the Basic Law prescribes that our country can consider the circumstances and needs of Hong Kong and decide whether these agreements should apply to the region, after seeking the views of the HKSAR Government. This enables Hong Kong to implement the agreements. Article 153 of Basic Law The application to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of international agreements to which the People's Republic of China is or becomes a party shall be decided by the Central People's Government, in accordance with the circumstances and needs of the Region, and after seeking the views of the government of the Region. In the next two parts, we will look at the examples of protecting children’s rights and eliminating prejudice and discrimination. International agreements related to children’s rights According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) of the United Nations, children are born to enjoy fundamental freedoms and all the inherent rights of human beings. The CRC was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) in 1989. This international agreement applied to Hong Kong as the United Kingdom signed the CRC in 1990 and ratified it in 1991. The People’s Republic of China signed the CRC in 1990 and ratified it in 1992. Therefore, according to Article 153(1) of the Basic Law, the People’s Republic of China informed the Secretary-General that the CRC will be applied to the HKSAR with effect from 1 July 1997. On the next page, you will learn more about this international agreement. Page | 16  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Activity: Video Watching and Matching The left column below shows the four categories of children’s rights on the website of the Hong Kong Committee for the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and the right column shows some examples of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC). Watch the video clip “What are child rights and why are they important?” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCYLdtug8sk) and fill in the four categories of children’s rights in the left column and connect them to their corresponding provision of the CRC using straight lines. Children’s rights Examples of relevant provisions of the CRC 1. Right to _____________  Article 31 States Parties recognize the right of the child to Every child has the right to rest and leisure, to engage in play and enjoy food, clean water,  recreational activities appropriate to the age of health services and a the child and to participate freely in cultural life standard of living, etc. and the arts. adequate for survival. 2. Right to _____________  Article 24 States Parties recognize the right of the child to Every child has the right the enjoyment of the highest attainable to education, leisure,  standard of health and to facilities for the participation in cultural treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. activities and States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child understanding their basic is deprived of his or her right of access to such rights, etc. health care services. 3. Right to ____________  Article 14 States Parties shall respect the right of the child Every child has the right to to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. special protection in situations of armed conflict  or conflict with the law, and should be protected from any forms of abuse, neglect or exploitation 4. Right to ____________  Article 38 States Parties undertake to respect and to Every child has the right to ensure respect for rules of international freedom of expression; humanitarian law applicable to them in armed social, economic, cultural  conflicts which are relevant to the child. and religion activities; association and peaceful assembly; information from diverse sources  Article 28 States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity... Source: Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF>Education Resources – Learn about Child Rights. Page | 17  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) International agreements related to the elimination of prejudice and discrimination In addition to children’s rights, the international community also works to get rid of discrimination and prejudice. The United Nation (UN) has agreed on the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Our country had also adopted these conventions and decided that they apply to the HKSAR. The following are the key points of the rights and obligations in the conventions: 1. Legal In Hong Kong, four anti-discrimination ordinances are currently effective, protection including: The Sex Discrimination Ordinance, The Disability Discrimination Ordinance, The Family Status Discrimination Ordinance and The Race Discrimination Ordinance. They are to ensure that all persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law against any discrimination. 2. Promoting A diversified and inclusive society accepts the qualities of different people diversity and and ensures all people are treated fairly. Also, the government is building inclusiveness facilities that are accessible to people with disabilities, Additionally, different transportation options are providing assistive equipment to make the environment more accessible for people with disabilities. 3. Compliance Regularly submit reports to the UN and elaborate on the measures taken to with relevant fulfill their obligations and the progress made in eliminating prejudice and laws and discrimination. restrictions 4. Dedicated to We should accept and appreciate the uniqueness of others including their respecting and races, languages, religions and backgrounds. By doing so, we can reduce accepting prejudice and discrimination, and allow different groups of people to people integrate into the society actively. This will help reduce conflicts and bring positive benefits to social development. Page | 18  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 10. Political structure of the HKSAR In Part 1, we learnt that the Central Authorities authorise the HKSAR to exercise a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The following diagram shows the basic structure of the three branches of the HKSAR: HKSAR Executive branch Legislative branch Judicial branch Group Task Objective  To introduce the basic information about the three branches of the HKSAR  To explain the functions of the three branches of the HKSAR  To explain how the work of the three branches of the HKSAR is related to Hong Kong citizens Guidelines for the presentation As presenters  You will work as a group to research one of the branches of the Hong Kong, namely, the executive branch, legislative branch, or judicial branch.  You will have 4 minutes to present on the branch you are responsible for in order to enhance your classmates' understanding of the branch. Refer to the guiding questions and graphic organizer when preparing for your presentation. Cite relevant articles from the Basic Law related to the work of the branch.  Study the rubrics carefully to understand the requirement of the group presentation.  Please also prepare PowerPoint slides to go with your presentation. In the PowerPoint, add photos whenever appropriate and create a reference list (APA format) at the end. You can generate the citation on this website: https://www.mybib.com/#/projects/JLDVNW/citations  Submit your PowerPoint to Google Classroom TWO days before the presentation. As the audience  Listen to your classmates’ presentations carefully and complete the graphic organizers about the three branches of the Hong Kong. Page | 19  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Rubrics Exemplary (7-9) Competent (4-6) Needs improvement (1-3) Content The presentation has The presentation has The presentation needs a comprehensive and accurate moderate coverage of the clearer focus and a better coverage of the branch. branch with some structure. Content is relevant and well- discrepancies. Content needs to be structured and logicallyContent is relevant and organized coherently to arranged to explain the somewhat well-structured explain the structure, duties, structure, duties, functions of and logically arranged to functions of the branch. the branch. explain the structure, duties, Insufficient or irrelevant Relevant real-life examples functions of the branch. real-life examples are given are given to help illustrate. Some real-life examples are to help illustrate. given to help illustrate. Remarks: Refer to the guiding questions for more details. Exemplary (3) Competent (2) Needs improvement (1) Design Visual aids and PowerPoint Most visual aids and Visual aids and PowerPoint slides are clear, relevant and PowerPoint slides are clear slides should be designed well-designed. and/or relevant. and used more effectively. Exemplary (3) Competent (2) Needs improvement (1) Presentation The presenters are fluent and The presenters are average in The presenters should use skills articulate; the use and using their tones and pace tone or pace variation to variation of tone and pace is variations to facilitate the deliver the content more effective. The presenters delivery. The presenters effectively. The presenters maintain proper eye contact maintain eye contact with should maintain eye contact with audience; posture and audience some of the time; with the audience more gesture show a good level of posture and gesture show a with more effective body confidence and enthusiasm. moderate level of confidence language to show The presenters demonstrate and enthusiasm. The confidence and enthusiasm. exceptional presentation skills presenters show good The presenters require with engaging delivery. presentation skills with improvement in adequate engagement and presentation skills with mostly clear delivery. limited audience engagement and unclear delivery. Page | 20  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Guiding questions Executive branch 1. Major responsibilities: What are the major responsibilities of the executive branch? What are the relevant articles in the Basic Law? 2. Structure: Who is the head of the executive branch and who will assist the head of the executive branch? What are the main duties of the head of the executive branch? Who are the secretaries in the branch? How many bureaus are there under each secretaries? What are some examples of the bureaus? 3. Major facilities / buildings: What are the main facilities / buildings associated with the branch? 4. Real-Life Examples: What are some real-life examples of the work done by this branch? Provide two pieces of news showing the work of this branch. How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? Legislative branch 1. Major responsibilities: What are the major responsibilities of the legislative branch? How is the law- making process in Hong Kong like? What are the relevant articles in the Basic Law? 2. Composition: What are the three constituencies in the Legislative Council? What are some examples of these constituencies? 3. Major facilities / buildings: What are the main facilities / buildings associated with the branch? 4. Real-Life Examples: What are some recent bills or policies that the Legislative Council has debated or passed? How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? Judicial branch 1. Major responsibilities: What are the major responsibilities of the judicial branch? What are the relevant articles in the Basic Law? 2. Structure and features: What are the different levels of courts in Hong Kong? What are some features of the legal system in Hong Kong? 3. Major facilities/building: What are the main facilities/buildings associated with the branch? 4. Real-Life Examples: What are some recent legal cases adjudicated by the Hong Kong courts? How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? Page | 21 Major responsibilities (Article ___ of the Basic Law): 2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2)  ___________________________________________ Executive Branch – Major facilities/buildings:  ___________________________________________ The HKSAR Government ________________________________________  ___________________________________________ Major duties (Article ___ of the Basic Law): Head of the branch (title): _______________ ___________________________________________  ____________________________________ Current official: ____________________   ____________________________________ Assisted by  ____________________________________ ___________________________________________ Eligibility  ____________________________________ _____________________ ___________________________________________ (To be discussed) No. of members: _______ Secretary for Chief Secretary for _____________ Secretary _____________________ _____________________ Current official: Current official: _______________ Current official: _______________ _______________ Department of _______________ No. of Bureaus: _______ No. of Bureaus: _______ Examples: ___________________ Examples: ___________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Two real-life examples from various bureaus (or departments): Example/News: ___________________________________________________ Example/News: ___________________________________________________ - Responsible bureau / department: _________________________________ - Responsible bureau / department: _________________________________ - Which Secretary does the bureau / department report to? - Which Secretary does the bureau / department report to? _____________________________ _____________________________ - How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? - How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Page | 22  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Major responsibilities (Article ___ of the Basic Law): Legislative Branch – Major facilities/buildings:  ______________________________________________ The Legislative Council (LegCo)  ________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________ Constituency ______________________________________________  ______________________________________________ e.g. __________________________________  ______________________________________________ ______________________________________  ____________________ Constituency ______________________________________________ e.g. __________________________________ ______________________________________ Law-making process: 1. ________________________________ (Article ___ of the Basic Law) ____________________ Constituency 2. ________________________________ (Article ___ of the Basic Law) 3. ________________________________ (Article ___ of the Basic Law) e.g. __________________________________ 4. ________________________________ (Article ___ of the Basic Law) ______________________________________ 5. ________________________________ (Article ___ of the Basic Law) Eligibility (To be discussed) Two real-life examples of recent bills or policies that the Legislative Council has debated or passed: Example: ________________________________________________________ Example: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Page | 23  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Major responsibilities (Article ___ of the Basic Law):  ____________________________________ Judicial Branch – Major facilities/buildings:  ____________________________________ The courts of HKSAR at all levels ________________________________________  ____________________________________ ________________________________________  ____________________________________  ____________________________________ Structure (The four Levels of Courts):  ____________________________________  _____________________________________  _____________________________________  _____________________________________ Two real-life examples of significant legal cases that have been adjudicated by the  _____________________________________ Hong Kong courts: Example: ________________________________________________________ Features of our legal system: ________________________________________________________________  _____________________________________ How does it affect Hong Kong citizens?  _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________  _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________  _____________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Example: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ How does it affect Hong Kong citizens? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Page | 24  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 11. Page | 25  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 12. Characteristics of the political structure of the HKSAR The Basic Law endows Hong Kong with a holistic political system including the executive authorities, the legislature and the judiciary. Under this system, the executive authorities and legislature complement each other, with built-in checks and balances, while the judiciary exercises its power independently. Meanwhile, Hong Kong’s political system is executive-led. An executive-led political system - An executive-led system refers to a system where the executive authorities headed by the Chief Executive, plays a leading role in the operation of the government. - Dual head: The Chief Executive is the head of the HKSAR, representing the SAR; he or she is also the head of the Government of the HKSAR. - Dual responsibility: The Chief Executive shall be accountable to the _____________________, and shall report to the Central People’s Government on one hand, and he/she shall also be accountable to the _____________ on the other hand. Evidence of an executive-led system  According to the excerpt of Article 48 of the Basic Law, “The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions: to appoint or remove judges of the courts at all levels in accordance with legal procedures.”  According to the excerpt of Article 50 of the Basic Law, “If the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region refuses to sign a bill passed the second time by the Legislative Council, or the Legislative Council refuses to pass a budget or any other important bill introduced by the government, and if consensus still cannot be reached after consultations, the Chief Executive may dissolve the Legislative Council.”  While Hong Kong‘s political system consists of 3 separate branches, the Chief Executive, as the head of HKSAR and the executive branch, holds certain powers over the legislative and judicial branches. Therefore, the government of Hong Kong is an executive-led system. Watch the video《香港特區行政主導 以特首為核心 (1.9.2020) (1’36”- 6’02”) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJK-WDQVESw) and jot down below some more concrete examples that manifest the ‘executive-led’ feature of HKSAR’s political structure below. Page | 26 2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Page | 27  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 13. Direction of development for the methods of selecting the Chief Executive and forming the Legislature In the previous part, we learnt the political structure of the HKSAR. The Chief Executive leads the executive branch while the Legislative Council (LegCo) is the legislative branch. In this part, we will learn more about how the Chief Executive is selected and how the LegCo is formed. (a) Improving the electoral system of the HKSAR To ensure the steadfast and successful implementation of “One Country, Two Systems”, it is important to adhere to the principle of “patriots administering Hong Kong”. - This principle is fundamental to national sovereignty, security, development interests, as well as the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong. - The criteria for a patriot are to respect one’s own nation, sincerely support the resumption of the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong by the Motherland, and not to impair Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability. Following this key principle, the National People’s Congress (NPC) passed the Decision on Improving the Electoral System of the HKSAR in 2021. Now, let’s look at how the electoral system is improved and the importance of doing so. Legal Basis and Process of Improving Electoral System - On 11 March 2021, the ___ National People’s Congress (NPC) at its fourth session adopted Decision of the NPC on Improving the Electoral System of the HKSAR. - On 30 March 2021, the ___ NPC Standing Committee amended Annex I and Annex II to the Basic Law. - On 14 April 2021, HKSAR Government introduces the “Improving Electoral System (Consolidated Amendments) Bill 2021” into the Legislative Council (LegCo). Reconstitution of the Election Committee (EC) - The Election Committee is responsible for (i) Nominate and elect the _______________ (ii) Elect ___ LegCo members (iii) Nominate all LegCo election candidate - After the reconstitution, the number of members increases from _______ with ___ sectors to _______ with ___ sectors. Page | 28  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Chief Executive Election The Chief Executive shall be a Chinese citizen of not less than ____ years of age who is a _______________ _______________ of HKSAR with no __________________________ in any foreign country and has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than ____ years. (Article ____ of the Basic Law) - A candidate shall be nominated by not less than ______ members of the Election Committee, with at least ____ members from each of the ____ sectors. - The ________ members of the Election Committee shall elect the Chief Executive by ______________________________ on a one-person one-vote basis. The Chief Executive elected shall obtain over ____ votes in the poll, and be appointed by the ________________________________. Do you know the number of votes received by our current Chief Executive? Legislative Council Election Election Committee Functional Constituency (FC) Geographical Composition (EC) Constituency Constituency (GC) No. of seats 40 30 20 All registered electors Registered electors aged All registered electors aged _______________ _______________ who have aged _______________ (need not be EC ordinarily resided in Hong Kong who have ordinarily Members) who have for _______________ resided in Hong Kong for Eligibility to ordinarily resided in immediately preceding the _______________ run for the Hong Kong for nomination and immediately preceding election _______________ ___________________ of the the nomination immediately preceding relevant FC or has a the nomination __________________________ _ with that FC ________ EC members Eligible individual and corporate All registered voters Voters electors  _______________  ______________________  _______________ (each EC member _______________  Except the Labour FC shall must select ____ _______________ continue to return 3 candidates) _______________ members, all other (each constituency  The ____ candidates constituencies shall return returns ____ who obtain the one member each members, and each greatest number of Voting voter can vote for votes shall be method ____ candidate) returned in the election  The ____ candidates who obtain the greatest number of votes shall be returned in the election Page | 29  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) There are 10 geographical There are 28 functional constituencies in total, constituencies in total, e.g. e.g. ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Knowing more Check out these websites and the bulletin board outside 1/F office for more details about the elections method and the lists of functional and geographical constituencies: https://www.cmab.gov.hk/improvement/filemanager/content/pdf/en/resource- centre/Electoral-Leaflet.pdf https://www.cmab.gov.hk/improvement/filemanager/content/pdf/en/resource- centre/booklet.pdf You may win a prize by completing the learning task on the bulletin board! Establishment of the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee  To assess and validate the eligibility of candidates in the Chief Executive, Election Terms of Committee and LegCo elections, including the legal requirement and conditions of reference upholding the Basic Law and swearing allegiance to the HKSAR  Chairman and members of the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee shall be appointed by the ______________________________ Composition  Only Principal Officials stipulated in Article ________ of Basic Law are eligible to be appointed Do you know which geographical constituency you belong to? Who are the legislators serving in that geographical constituency after the 2021 Hong Kong Legislative Council election? The full list can be found here: https://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2021/eng/rs_gc.html Page | 30  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Importance of improving the electoral system With the improvements made in the electoral system, it is hoped that the principle of “patriots administering Hong Kong” can be upheld. Now, let’s look at why it is important for us to adhere to this principle and improve the electoral system as mentioned above. Exercise Read the source below and answer the questions. Source A: Adapted from Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau and The Chinese General Chamber of Commerce websites HKSAR is an inalienable part of the People’s Republic of China. It is a local administrative region which enjoys a high degree of autonomy and comes directly under the Central People’s Government. Only by keeping the authority to administer Hong Kong firmly in the hands of those who love the Country and love Hong Kong can the Central Authorities’ overall jurisdiction over the HKSAR be effectively implemented. “Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong” had its scope and criteria, and that is to say Hong Kong should be managed by Hong Kong people, with patriots forming the mainstay. Only through the implementation of “patriots administering Hong Kong” can the constitutional order of the HKSAR as set out in the Constitution and the Basic Law be complied with and the “One Country, Two Systems” be implemented steadfastly and faithfully. People placed in important positions are expected to meet an even higher standard of patriotism, including having a deep understanding of the essence of the principle of “One Country, Two Systems”, always being mindful of the fundamental interests of the Country and the overall interests of Hong Kong, as well as being conversant with the faithful application and capable of leveraging the strengths of “One Country, Two Systems”. Improving the electoral system has a significant bearing on Hong Kong, and it will favor the territory’s long- term peace and stability. Without a fundamentally stable society, Hong Kong would not be able to truly focus on its economy and the public's livelihood and to effectively resolve deep-rooted conflicts - in particular, the longstanding issues of housing and the disparity between the rich and the poor. A stable society is a prerequisite for Hong Kong to actively integrate into the wider country’s development, contributing to the construction of the Guangzhou-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, so as to promote economic diversification and upward mobility of the youth in Hong Kong. Undoubtedly, an improved electoral system will bring hope to Hong Kong. We must never ever sink into another political vortex and let time go into waste again. Source: https://www.cmab.gov.hk/improvement/filemanager/content/pdf/en/resource-centre/booklet.pdf ; https://cgcc.org.hk/en/temp18_detail.php?cid=2&sid=19&tid=0&tabid=0&id=196 (a) With reference to the source, elaborate on the principle of “patriots administering Hong Kong”. (b) With reference to P.26-28 of this handout, suggest and explain TWO improvements made to the electoral system to ensure that the principle of “patriots administering Hong Kong” is upheld. Page | 31  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) (c) With reference to the source, suggest and explain why the principle of “patriots administering Hong Kong” is important to Hong Kong’s development. (b) Future development of the electoral system of the HKSAR The Basic Law stated how the future development of the electoral system of the HKSAR is like. Let’s study the excerpts of the following two articles of the Basic Law to know more about it. Paragraph 2 of Article 45 of the Basic Law “The method for selecting the Chief Executive shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the selection of the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures.” Paragraph 2 of Article 68 of the Basic Law “The method for forming the Legislative Council shall be specified in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. The ultimate aim is the election of all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage.” In accordance with the Constitution, the Basic Law and the relevant decisions of the NPC and its Standing Committee, and after listening to the opinions of all sectors of Hong Kong society, the Central People’s Government will ultimately implement the ultimate aims of selecting the Chief Executive by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures and electing all the members of the Legislative Council by universal suffrage set out in the two articles of the Basic Law above. Page | 32  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) 14. Our role in safeguarding national security In the previous part, we learnt that by adhering to the principle of “patriots administering Hong Kong”, national security can be safeguarded. Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests is the constitutional duty of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and concerns every Hong Kong citizen. In this part, we will learn more about our role in safeguarding national security. What is national security?  “National security means the status in which the state’s political regime, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, the welfare of the people, sustainable economic and social development, and other major interests of the state are relatively free from danger and internal or external threats, and the capability to maintain a sustained status of security.” — Article 2 of the National Security Law of the People’s Republic of China The 20 major field of national security include: Knowing more If you want to know more about the 20 major fields of national security, you can visit this website. Page | 33  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) Chinese citizens’ role in safeguarding national security Read the source below and try to find out different obligations and duties of citizens of the People’s Republic of China regarding national security. Constitution Chapter II - Fundamental Rights and Obligations of Citizens Article 51 When exercising their freedoms and rights, citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall not undermine the interests of the state, society or collectives, or infringe upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens. Article 52 Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the obligation to safeguard national unity and the solidarity of all the country’s ethnic groups. Article 53 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep state secrets, protect public property, observe discipline in the workplace, observe public order, and respect social morality. Article 54 Citizens of the People’s Republic of China shall have the obligation to safeguard the security, honor and interests of the motherland; they must not behave in any way that endangers the motherland’s security, honor or interests. Article 55(1) It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People’s Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression. Constitution Obligations and duties of citizens to the state Article 51 shall not undermine the interests of the state when exercising freedoms and rights Article 52 safeguard national unity and solidarity of all the country’s ethnic groups Article 53 keep state secrets Article 54 safeguard the security, honour and interests of the motherland; must not behave in any way that endangers the motherland’s security, honour, or interests Article 55(1) defend the motherland and resist aggression Page | 34  2024-2025 S.3 Life & Society Learning Guide (Module 1.4 & 2.2) National Security Law for the HKSAR  The National Security Law is enacted for the ultimate security of all Chinese nationals including Hong Kong people.  National Security Law states four serious offences: (i) Secession (attempting to split the country) (ii) Subversion (undermining the sovereignty of the state) (iii) Terrorist activities (using violence to threaten public safety) (iv) Collusion with a foreign country or with external elements to endanger national security (working with external entities to harm national security) Functions of the National Security Law for the HKSAR  Facilitating the long-term development of Hong Kong With the enforcement of the National Security Law, the safety of the country and the HKSAR is protected and the systems under the ‘one country, two systems’ principle are improved.  Ensuring a balance between the rule of law and human rights With the enforcement of the National Security Law, the balance between the rule of law and human rights is maintained as the National Security Law respects and protects human rights, and upholds the principle of the rule of law. Knowing more If you want to know more about the holistic approach of national security, you can visit this website. Conclusion - As Hong Kong residents and nationals of the People's Republic of China, we are entitled to various fundamental ______________ and ______________, including political and civil rights, personal freedom, and access to social welfare. These rights are protected by both the ______________ of China and the ______________, which serve to uphold our freedoms and maintain the rule of law. - Alongside these rights, we also bear certain ______________ to society. It is our duty to uphold the ______________, understand the political structure of both Hong Kong and our country, and contribute to the stability and prosperity of our nation. Only by fulfilling our responsibilities while enjoying our rights can our society be in harmony. - Under the “One Country, Two Systems” framework, Hong Kong is authorized ______________ ________________________________________________________ powers by the Central Authorities. Although its political system comprises three separate branches, it remains an ______________ government. To safeguard the long-term prosperity of Hong Kong, it is essential to uphold the principle __________________________________________, ensuring that those in office are committed to upholding the principle of “One Country, Two Systems” and safeguarding national security. - Safeguarding ______________ ______________ is a crucial obligation for every citizen, as set forth in both the Constitution and the National Security Law. By fulfilling these duties, we help ensure the ______________ and ______________ of our country. Page | 35