Political Parties PDF

# Political Parties ## Fastrack Revision - A political party is a group of people who aim to attain power in the government through elections. - It mobilises voters to support common sets of interests, concerns and goals. - A political party works with an objective to promote the collective good o...

# Political Parties ## Fastrack Revision - A political party is a group of people who aim to attain power in the government through elections. - It mobilises voters to support common sets of interests, concerns and goals. - A political party works with an objective to promote the collective good on the basis of some policies and programmes. - They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections. - A political party has the following three components: - The leaders - The active members - The Followers - Political parties perform various functions which are as follows: - In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by the political parties. - Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from amongst them. - Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. - Parties form and run governments. - Parties that could not get majority from the opposition. - They criticise the government for its failure or wrong policies. - Parties shape public opinion. - They raise and highlight issues and with the help of pressure groups launch movements for solving problems faced by the people. - Parties ensure people's access to government machinery and also to welfare schemes implemented by the government. - We need political parties because of the various functions performed by them. - Also, democracy cannot exist without political parties. - Broadly, political party system can be divided into the following three categories: - Single (one-party) System - Bi-party (Two-party) System - Multi-party System - One-party system has been popular in Communist countries and other authoritarian regimes le., China, North Korea and Cuba. - Two-party system prevails in Great Britain and the United States of America in which only two major dominant parties hold significant number of seats. - Multi-party system is the most common type of party system in which more than two parties have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in the coalition. - A political party can be national or regional. - National political parties are country-wide parties. - These parties have their units in various states. - These units follow the same policies, programmes and strategies that are decided at the national level. - A party that secures at least 6% votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha, is considered and recognised as a National Party. - There are seven recognised parties in India as of 2018. - These are as follows: - Indian National Congress (INC) - Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) - Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) - Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) - Communist Party of India (CPI) - Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) - All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) Party - Samajwadi Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front are some of the important state/regional parties. - On the other hand, the party which secures at least 6% votes in the State Legislative Assembly and wins at least two seats is recognised and considered as a State Party. - Most of the parties in India are classified by the Election Commission as 'State Partles'. - These parties are actively involved in state politics and are commonly referred to as 'Regional Parties'. - Political parties in our country are facing several challenges. - Important among these are as follows: - Lack of internal democracy within parties. - Dynastic succession. - Money and muscle power. - No meaningful choice for the voters. - Labour Party and Conservative Party of Britain are two parties which differ only on details of implementation rather than fundamental principles. - In order to face the challenges, political parties need to be reformed. The following measures were taken: - The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties, since many elected representatives were indulging in defection in order to become ministers or for cash rewards. - In order to reduce the influence of money power and muscle power (criminals), the Supreme Court of our country passed an order. Now, it is mandatory for every candidate to file an affidavit giving details of his/her property and of criminal cases pending against him/her. - The Election Commission passed an order for the political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns. - Beside these measures, many suggestions are made to reform political parties which are as follows: - A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, follow its own constitution and hold open elections to the highest posts. - It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets about one-third to women candidates. - There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money, petrol, paper, telephone, etc., to support their election expenses. ## Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is meant by 'Political Party'? - A group of politically sound people - A group of people come together to contest elections to hold power in the government. - A group of people who want to be in power. - A group of people who want to amend the Constitution. 2. Which is not the component of a political party? - The leaders - The followers - The active members - The ministers 3. The clearly visible institutions of a democracy are: - people - societies - political parties - pressure groups 4. Which is not a function of political party? - To contest election - Faith in violent methods - Political education to the people - Form public opinion 5. Without the political parties, the utility of the government will remain: - uncertain - powerful - peaceful - None of these 6. ________ is an organised group of person who come together to contest election and try to hold power in government. - Political party - Democracy - Parliament - None of these 7. Through which of these functions political parties exercise power? - Parties contest elections - They play a decisive role in making laws for a country - They form and run governments - All of the above 8. Who chooses the candidates for contesting elections in India? - Members and supporters of the party - Top party leadership - The existing government - None of the above 9. The rise of political parties can be linked directly to the emergence of - direct democracy - dictatorship - monarchy - representative democracy 10. The political parties of a country have a fundamental political ______ in a society. - choice - division - support - power 11. Members of ruling party follows the directions of: - people - party leaders - pressure groups - None of these 12. In a democratic country, any group of citizens is free to form: - a political party - society - religion - All of these 13. Under which system, only one-party is allowed to function? - Single-party system - Bi-party system - Multi-party system - None of these 14. Which one of the following party systems is against the basic principle of democracy? - Multi-party system - Bi-party system - Single-party system - None of these 15. Which of the following countries have one-party system? - China - USA - UK - India 16. Which one of the following countries has two party system? - China - Russia - America - India 17. What is the name of the alliance that formed the government in 1998 in India? - National Democratic Alliance - United Progressive Alliance - National Progressive Alliance - United Democratic Alliance 18. Which of the following countries have bi-party system? - United Kingdom and Belgium - United States of America and Canada - United Kingdom and United States of America - All of the above 19. Which of the following political party was founded in 1988? - All India Trinamool Congress Party - Nationalist Congress Party - Aam Aadmi Party - Bharatiya Janata Party 20. In this party system, generally power changes between two main parties: - Bi-party system - Single-party system - Multi-party system - None of these 21. _________ alliance formed by the Congress party. - National Democratic Alliance (NDA) - All India Congress (AIC) - All India Congress Committee (AICC) - United Progressive Alliance (UPA) 22. What is the guiding philosophy of Bharatiya Janata Party? - Cultural nationalism - Religion above all - No discrimination on the basis of caste - Equal opportunity for all 23. The Bahujan Samaj Party stands for what cause? - Securing the interest of the oppressed people - Equal rights for women - No discrimination on the basis of religion - Economic emancipation of women 24. When and under whose leadership was Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) formed? - 1982. Mayawati - 1984, Kanshi Ram - 1985. Mulayam Singh Yadav - 1986. Bhajanlal 25. Uniform Civil Code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion is the agenda of: - Indian National Congress - Bharatiya Janata Party - Nationalist Party of India - Nationalist Congress Party 26. When was the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) formed? - 1956 - 1986 - 1946 - 1964 27. Which of these statements is incorrect about (CPI-M)? - Supports socialism, secularism and democracy - Opposes imperialism and communalism - Wants to secure socio-economic justice in India - None of the above 28. In which of these states does the (CPI-M) enjoy strong support? - Uttar Pradesh - Andhra Pradesh - West Bengal - Chhattisgarh 29. Arrange political parties according to their year of formation in increasing order: - (i) BSP - (ii) BJP - (iii) INC - (iv) CPI - (i). (iv). (iii), (ii) - (iii). (iv). (i), (ii) - (iv). (i), (ii), (iii) - (iii). (iv). (ii). (1) 30. Which of the following is a regional party? - Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) - Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) - Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) - Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M) 31. Which of the following statements are not associated with a regional political party in India? - It gets 6 per cent of the total votes in the Lok Sabha election - It gets 2 seats in the elections for State Legislatures - It gets 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State - All of the above 32. Which of the following institutions in India has passed an order for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving details of property and criminal cases? - Supreme Court of India - Election Commission of India - Constitution of India - All of the above 33. Which of these alliances were there in 2004 parliamentary elections in India? - National Democratic Alliance - The United Progressive Alliance - Left Front - All of the above 34. What is a signed document submitted to an officer regarding his/her personal information known as: - Affidavit - Declaration - Agreement - Appeal 35. Which of these statements is correct? - Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission - The Commission treats all the parties equally - It offers some special facilities to large and established parties - All of the above 36. Study the following picture and answer the question that follows: - Which of the following best signifies this cartoon? - People hate politics - People want to throw away the politicians in Niagara Falls - Political parties are one of the least trusted institutions all over the world - People of Canada think that the Liberals should be in power. 37. How many parties are registered with the Election Commission of India? - 250 - 300 - 500 - More than 750 38. Political parties can be reformed by: - reducing the role of muscle power - reducing the role of money - state funding of elections - All of the above 39. Match the following and choose the correct option: - Column I - Single-party system - Bi-party system - Multi-party system - Column II - India - China - UK - 2 3 1 - 3 2 1 - 1 2 3 - 2 1 3 40. Choose the correct pair from the following: - Column I - Bharatiya Janata Party - Bahujan Samaj Party - Indian National Congress - Communist Party of India - Column II - Uniform Civil Code - Supports new economic reforms with a human face - Believes in Marxism-Leninism - Seeks to represent and secure power for the Bahujan Samaj - A-1 - B-2 - C-3 - D-4 41. Read the information given below and choose the correct option: - It is one of the oldest parties of the world and was founded in 1885 and has experienced many splits. - It has played a dominant role in Indian politics at the national and state level for several decades after India's Independence. - Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the party sought to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. - Communist Party of India (CPI) - All India Trinamool Congress (AITC) - Indian National Congress (INC) - Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) 42. The emergence of ______ is directly connected to the rise of political parties. - Monitory democracies - Direct democracies - Representative democracies - Constitutional democracies 43. Which of the following statements will be considered by a political party while forming a government? - Statement (I): Representatives of different castes and tribes. - Statement (II): Representatives of all religions. - Statement (III): Representatives of the elite. - Statement (IV): Representatives of the Non-residents of India NRI. - Statement (I) and (II) are right. - Statement (I). (II) and (III) are right. - Statement (III) is right. - Only statement (IV) is right. 44. Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct option: - Statement (I): India has parliamentary system of government. - Statement (II): Indian Parliament is bicameral - Statement (III): Only those parties that are recognised as national parties can contest in elections for parliament. - Statement (1) and (II) are right. - Only statement (I) is right. - Statement (I). (II) and (III) are right. - Only statement (III) are right 45. Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct option: - Statement (I): Elections limit the power of a government. - Statement (II): In a democracy, all governments are elected for fixed periods in India. In India, this period is four year. - Statement (1) is correct and (II) is incorrect. - Statement (1) is incorrect and (II) is correct. - Both statements are Incorrect. - Both statements are correct. 46. Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct option: - Statement (I): There is disparity within groups in the society. - Statement (II): The government recognises this disparity. And makes special provisions for groups with in society that are unequal. - Statement (1) is correct and (II) is incorrect. - Statement (1) is incorrect and (II) is correct. - Both statements are Incorrect. - Both statements are correct. 47. Assertion (A): Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. - Reason (R): Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government. - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). - Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) Is false. - Assertion (A) is false. but Reason (R) is true. 48. Assertion (A): Generally, political parties do not conduct internal elections regularly. - Reason (R): Personal loyalty to leaders becomes more important than the principles of the party. 49. Assertion (A): India has multi-party system. - Reason (R): The multi-party system often appears very messy and leads to political instability. 50. Assertion (A): One-party political system is not considered a good democratic system. - Reason (R): One-party system has no democratic option. 51 Assertion (A): Political parties play the role of both party in power as well as opposition. - Reason (R): Concentration of power in one or few leaders leads to lack of internal democracy within political party. 52. Assertion (A): India has a multiparty system. - Reason (R): It is because of the social and geographical diversities in India. ## Answers 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. b 11. b 12. a 13. a 14. c 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. c 19. a 20. a 21. d 22. a 23. a 24. b 25. b 26. d 27. d 28. c 29. d 30. c 31. a 32. a 33. d 34. a 35. d 36. c 37. d 38. d 39. a 40. a 41. c 42. c 43. a 44. a 45. a 46. d 47. b 48. a 49. b 50. a 51. b 52. a ## Source Based Questions ### Source 1 1. Which method Is more popular in USA to choose a candidate for a political party? - Members and supporter of a party choose candidates. 2. In democracy how the policies can be formulated by the governments? - Party reduces a large number of opinions into some basic principles. 3. For making a law, members of the legislature go by the: - direction of the party leadership. 4. Opposition parties can play their role: - by voicing different views from the ruling party. - by criticising governments for its failures or wrong policies. - by mobilising opposition to the government. - All of the above 5. Who chooses the candidates for contesting elections in India? - Members and supporters of the party - Top party leadership - The existing government - None of the above. 6. Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option: - Assertion (A): Political parties play a major role in democracy. - Reason (R): Political parties are rightly called the government in disguise. - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). - Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). - Assertion (A) is true. but Reason (R) is false. - Assertion (A) is false. but Reason (R) is true. ## Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Why has India adopted a multi-party system? Explain. 2. What are the two ways for carrying out political reforms in a democratic country? ## Short Answer Type Questions 1. Why can't modern democracies exist without the political parties? Explain any three reasons. 2. "Nearly everyone of the state parties wants to get an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition." Support the statement with arguments. 3. How do money and muscle power play an important role in elections? Explain. ## Long Answer Type Questions 1. What is meant by national parties? State the criteria for recognising a party as National and State party. 2. Examine any two institutional amendments made by different institutions to reform political parties and their leaders. ## Answers ## Source 1 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. a ## Source 2 1. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focused on four problem areas in the working of political parties. 2. The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties. 3. All over the world there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. 4. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. 5. Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. 6. They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. 7. As a result the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party. 8. The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. 9. Since most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. 10. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members. 11. The third challenge is about the growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections. 12. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-­cuts to win elections. 13. The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. 14. In recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. ## Source 3 1. A political party needs to face and overcome the challenges in order to remain an indispensable instrument of democracy. 2. There is lack of internal democracy in political party due to: - concentration of power in one or few leaders. - not holding organisational meetings and Internal elections. - not keeping membership register. 3. Political parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters as there is a decline in the ideological differences among parties. ## Answers 1. The Election Commission of India issues symbols to the political parties. 2. The criteria laid down by the Election Commission to be recognised as a state party are: - It must secure at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state. - It should win at least two seats. 3. The parties which are given a unique symbol i.e.. only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol are called recognised political parties. ## Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. An important function of a political party in India is to contest elections. 2. The political parties criticise the government for its failures or wrong policies. 3. Political parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes. ## Answers 1. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. 2. The characteristics of a political party are: - Political parties contest elections and share power. - Political parties shape public opinion and act as the face of democracy and government. - If elected, they form and run the government and if unable to win a majority. they form an alliance with other parties to form a coalition government. - Political parties agree on some policies and programmes for the society to promote collective good. ## Answers 1. Political parties are the axis of the government. It is very difficult to imagine a democracy without the political parties due to the given reasons: - Without political parties, every candidate in the elections will become independent. So, no one will be able to make any promise to the people about any major policy changes and new policies. - As societies became large and complex, they also need some agency to gather different views on various issues and to present these to the government. This is fulfilled by the political parties. - The rise of political parties is directly Unked to the emergence of representative democracies. Large scale societies need a representative democracy. - The government may be formed, but its utility will remain uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituencies only. But no one will be responsible as to how the country will run - The role of an opposition party in a democracy necessitates the existence of political parties. 2. A country in which only two parties contest elections to come to power is called bi-party or two-party system. - Advantages of this system are as follows: - In this party system, the government is stable as it comes to power by majority. - In this system. opposition is strong and effective. - Disadvantages of this system are as follows: - Sometimes, it is considered as undemocratic as the ideological choice is limited between two parties. Also public opinion cannot be expressed properly. - It is difficult to remove the government and it can result in the dictatorship of the cabinet. i.e.. the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers can dictate the nation. 3. The main functions of a political party are as follows: - To Contest Elections: In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. In India. top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections. - Forming Policies and Programmes: Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. Each of them may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. - Making Laws: When parties come to power. they make laws for the country. Formally, laws are debated and subject to voting. - Parties Form and Run Governments: The party which attains majority forms the government and administers the country. - Role of Opposition: Parties that lose in the elections, play the role of opposition by criticising the government for its failures or wrong policies. - Shaping Public Opinion: Parties raise and highlight Issues. Parties have members and activists spread all over the country. Many of the pressure groups are the extension of political parties among different sections of society. Parties, sometimes also launch movements to shape public opinion. - Access to Government Machinery and Welfare Schemes: For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why parties ensure access to government machinery and welfare schemes. ## Answers 1. The conditions required to be a national political party are: - The party secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in general elections of Lok Sabha or Assembly elections in four states. - The party wins at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha. 2. When was the BJP formed? Mention its major Ideologies. - The BJP was founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh. - Its features and ideologies are as follows: - The party wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India's ancient culture and values. - Cultural nationalism or Hindutva is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. - The party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. - A common civil code for all the people living in the country irrespective of religion, and ban on religious conversions is also sought by the party. 3. The national political party which espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities is Indian National Congress (INC). The four features of this party are listed below: - It was founded in 1885. - It dominated Indian politics, both at the national and state levels for several decades after India's independence. - It became the ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989. its support declined. - It was a centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist in its ideological orientation. ## Answers 1. The parties which are actively involved in state politics are referred to as regional political parties. The conditions required to be recognised as a regional party are as follows: - It should secure at least 6 per cent votes in State Legislative Assembly. - It should win at least two seats in State Legislative Assembly. 2. The political parties are recognised as regional and national parties in India by the Election Commission on the following bases: - National Party: It is a party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in Lok Sabha election or Assembly in four states and wins at least four seats in Lok Sabha. For example BJP, Indian National Congress etc. - Regional Party: It is a party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and win at least two seats. For example Trinamool Congress. Shiv Sena, DMK etc. 3. The rise of political parties are directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies In the following ways: - When societies develop and expand, they become more complex in terms of social. economic and political relations. So. they need representatives from parties to sustain governance. - Political parties tend to provide the base on which the representative government is built - They gather public views on various important issues. articulate them and present them to the government. - Existence of political parties in a representative democracy ensures that country runs as per its policies and Ideologies and has a responsible accountable government which is answerable to the people. 4. The conditions as laid down by the Election Commission to recognise a state party and national party are: - In a state party, the party members aim to highlight the regional interests. On the other hand. a national party gives due importance to national interests. - A state party can contest in elections only in a particular state, whereas a national party can contest in elections all across the country. - Example: BJP and Congress are national parties. whereas Akali Dal and Trinamool Congress are state level parties. 5. The given statement can be supported by the following arguments: - Over the last three decades, the number and strength of state parties has expanded. This has made the Parliament of India politically more diverse. - No single national party has been able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties. - Since 1996, nearly everyone of the state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country. - The state parties also want to be a part of the national level coalition because it helps to expand their base and ensure national level recognition for them. 6. Money and muscle power play an important role in elections in the following ways: - Due to focus on winning elections, parties tend to use shortcuts to win elections. - Parties tend to nominate the candidates who have or can raise lots of money. - Rich people and companies tend to have an influence on the policies and decisions of the party by providing funds to them. - Parties support criminals in many cases who can win the elections. 7. Defection in democracy means moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefits. It means changing party alleglance from the party in which a person got elected. The explanation are as follows: - Defection happens when a legislature after having been elected from a particular party leaves it and joins in other party. - According to the amended constitution. if any MP and MLA changes parties. he or she will lose seat in the legislature. The new law has brought defection down and has made dissent even more difficult 8. The merits of multi-party system are: - This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. - People can make a choice between several candidates. 9. The role of Regional Parties in Indian democracy are: - They provide better governance and a stable government at the regional level - They make politics more competitive and popular participation in the political process more extensive at the grass roots. - They widen the choice for voters in both the parliamentary and assembly elections. 10. The conditions as laid down by the Election Commission to recognise a state party and national party are: - In a state party, the party members aim to highlight the regional interests. On the other hand. a national party gives due importance to national interests. - A state party can contest in elections only in a particular state, whereas a national party can contest in elections all across the country. - Example: BJP and Congress are national parties. whereas Akali Dal and Trinamool Congress are state level parties. 11. "Nearly everyone of the state parties wants to get an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition." Support the statement with arguments. - Over the last three decades, the number and strength of state parties has expanded. This has made the Parliament of India politically more diverse. - No single national party has been able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties. - Since 1996, nearly everyone of the state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of federalism and democracy in our country. - The state parties also want to be a part of the national level coalition because it helps to expand their base and ensure national level recognition for them. 12. Money and muscle power play an important role in elections in the following ways: - Due to focus on winning elections, parties tend to use shortcuts to win elections. - Parties tend to nominate the candidates who have or can raise lots of money. - Rich people and companies tend to have an influence on the policies and decisions of the party by providing funds to them. - Parties support criminals in many cases who can win the elections. 13. Dynastic succession is the major challenge for the political parties in India due to the following reasons: - Since most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. - Those, who happen to be the leaders, are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members. - In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to other members of that party. - Dynastic succession does not allow the grass root level workers to reach the top. - If one looks at the database of all the MPs in the Parliament, one can find that less than 50% of the MPs come into politics from the grass root levels, while most of the women MPs entered the politics through family connections. - Dynastic succession is the major factor responsible for lack of internal democracy in a political party. Due to lack of internal democracy, some leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party. - Due to dynastic succession, many parties are unable to hold regular elections for the top leader.