Rizal in Spain and the Rest of Europe PDF

Rizal in Spain and the rest of Europe  Facing the reality of living in Europe “I walked along those wide, clean streets, macademized as in Manila, crowded with people, attracting the attention of everyone; they called me Chinese, Japanese, American, etc., but no one Filipin...

Rizal in Spain and the rest of Europe  Facing the reality of living in Europe “I walked along those wide, clean streets, macademized as in Manila, crowded with people, attracting the attention of everyone; they called me Chinese, Japanese, American, etc., but no one Filipino! Unfortunate country- nobody knows a thing about you!” (Anderson, 2006:61)  Facing the reality of living in Europe Spanish ignorance of the Philippines Racial distinctions in the Philippines are unknown or irrelevant in Europe.  “Among our countrymen I am taken as studious and sufficiently able but, when I compare myself with many young men whom I have known in foreign lands I confess frankly that I find myself on a much lower level and I conclude that to reach their standards I would need many years of study, much luck and much more application; yet those young men were younger than I am” (Guerrero, 2001:105- 106).  Rizal’s Education in Spain Rizal received his doctorate in philosophy and letters by the summer of 1885 at the Central University of Madrid (Anderson, 2006:64). Miguel Morayta – Rizal’s history professor and Grandmaster of Spanish Masonry. Morayta attacked clerical obscurantism and championed academic freedom. He was excommunicated by the Bishop of Avila for heresy. In response, the students went on strike.  Rizal to Blumentritt, April 1887: “All of us have to make sacrifices for political purposes, even when we have no inclination to do so. This is understood by my friends, who publish our newspaper in Madrid; these friends are all youngsters, creoles, mestizos, and Malays, (but) we call ourselves simply Filipinos” (Anderson, 2006:63). Filipino Expats in Madrid Pedro Paterno – loves to throw parties Graciano Lopez Jaena – journalist -spend-thrift, careless of conventions, etc. Gregorio Sancianco – author of “Philippine Progress” (later) Marcelo del Pilar Jose Alejandrino on Lopez Jaena “..in order to make him write, most of the time they literally had to starve him out. He had the custom of going to a café upon waking up and to remain there as long as he had money to spend, or as long as somebody had money to spend for him. Jose Alejandrino on Lopez Jaena (cont’d) There they had to look for him and promise to pay his expenses provided he would write articles. Between cups and cups of drinks, they placed before him sheets of paper which he filled with surprising ease. In this manner were written many articles which contributed to stir up the spirit of our generation which carried out the revolution” (Alejandrino, 1949:39-40, cited by Schumacher, 1997:146) Dasalan at Tuksuhan ni Marcelo del Pilar Ang Aba Ginoong Barya Aba ginoong Barya nakapupuno ka nang alkansya ang Fraile’I sumasainyo bukod ka niyang pinagpala’t pina higit sa lahat, pinagpala naman ang kaban mong mapasok. Santa Barya Ina nang Deretsos, ipanalangin mo kaming huwag anitan ngayon at kami ipapatay. Siya naua… Ang Mga Utos ng Prayle (Ang Sampung Utos ng Prayle) Ang mga utos nang Prayle ay sampu: Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Prayle na lalo sa lahat. Ang ikalaua: Huwag kang magpapahamak o manumba ng ngalang deretsos. Ang ikatlo: Manalangin ka sa Prayle Linggo man at piyesta. Ang ikapat: Isanla mo ang katauhan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina, Ang ikalima: Huwag kang mamamatay kung wala pang salaping panlibing. Ang ikanim: Huwag kang makiapid sa kanyang asawa. Ang Mga Utos ng Prayle (Ang Sampung Utos ng Prayle) Ang ikapito: Huwag kang makinakaw. Anh ikaualo: Huwag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan. Ang ikasiyam: Huwag mong ipagkait ang iyong asawa. Ang ikapulo: Huwag mong itangi ang iyong ari. Itong sampong utos ng Prayle’y dalawa ang kinauuwian. Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Prayle lalo sa lahat. Ang ikalawa: Ihain mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo’t kayamanan. Siya nawa. Ang mga kabuhungang asal, ang pangala’y tontogales ay tatlo. Igalang mo …………… Katakutan mo………… Ang Prayle At pagmanuhan mo ….. Filipino Expats in Madrid Juan Luna had received the first gold medal (out of three that were given) in the 1884 Madrid Exposition for Spoliarium while Resurreccion Hidalgo received a silver medal (out of fifteen) for his Christian Virgins Exposed to the Mob. Rizal made a speech in their honor which caused apprehensions in the Philippines. Rizal’s Speech in Honor of Luna and Hidalgo (excerpts) …”The patriarchal era in the Philipines is waning. The deeds of her illustrious sons are no longer wasted away from home. The oriental chrysalis is leaving the cocoon…” Rizal’s Speech in Honor of Luna and Hidalgo (excerpts) cont’d “If the mother teaches her child her language in order that she may understand his joys, his necessities, or his sorrows, Spain, as mother, teaches also her language to the Philippines in spite of the opposition of those myopic men and pigmies, who, desiring to insure the present, do not see the future, do not weigh the consequences - Rizal’s Speech in Honor of Luna and Hidalgo (excerpts) cont’d rachitic wet nurses, corrupt and corrupters, who tend to extinguish all legitimate feeling, who, perverting the hearts of the people, sow in them the germs of discord in order to reap the fruit, the aconite, the death of future generations” (Rizal, 1964:18,20) Teodora Alonso to J. Rizal December 11, 1884..You really do not know how sad it makes me feel whenever I hear about you from others in conversation; that is why I ask you again and again not to meddle in things that bring grief to my heart.. Teodora Alonso to J. Rizal December 11, 1884 “Now, what I truly want from you, my son, is first of all, not fail in your duties as a real Christian for this is sweeter to me than your acquiring great knowledge; sometimes knowledge is what leads us to ruin. Perhaps this will be my last letter to you, so remember it well for that is what I desire most. Your mother who wants to take you in her arms soon, and wants you to be a good Christian.” Rizal to Alonso (1885) “..With regard to what you tell me about my duties as a Christian, I can tell you gladly that I have not for one moment stopped believing in the fundamental principles of our religion; my childhood beliefs have yielded to the convictions of youth which in time will take root in me; essential (beliefs) which do not resist examination and time should pass into the memory and leave the heart; I should not try to live on illusions and lies…” Rizal to Alonso (1885) What I believe by reasoning, because my conscience can accept only what is compatible with reason. I can bow my head before a fact even though it be inexplicable to me, so long as it is a fact, but never before an absurdity or a mere probability” (Guerrero, 2001:117-118).  Paris to Berlin 1885-87 Rizal went to France to gain more knowledge in ophthalmology. He worked with the French ophthalmologist, Dr. Louis de Weckert as an assistant from November 1885 until February 1886. As he stayed in that country, he also visited his friends (Juan Luna, Felix Hidalgo, the Taveras).  Paris – Strasbourg – Heidelberg - Wilhelmsfeld When Rizal reached Heidelberg, he lived in a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg and worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker’s supervision. In Germany, he witnessed the harmonious relationship between the Catholics and the Protestants. While he took a vacation in the mountainous village called Wilhelmsfeld, he befriended a Protestant pastor named Dr. Karl Ullmer and his family.  Leipzig-Dresden-Berlin Rizal established contacts with several German-speaking scholars. His friendship with these scientists enabled him to become a member of the following organizations: Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin. He made a paper presentation (Tagalog Metrical Art/Tagalische Verkunst)  Leipzig-Dresden-Berlin in German language at the Ethnographic Society of Berlin in response to Dr. Rudolf Virchow’s invitation. Rizal found time to translate Schiller’s William Tell from German to Tagalog when he was in Leipzig.  Ferdinand Blumentritt Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) Dr. Adolf Meyer ( Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum in Dresden) Dr. W. Joest (geographer Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger (ophthalmologist) Dr. Feodor Jagor (Travels in the Philippines) Dr. Rudolf Virchow (anthropologist)  Rizal’s friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt, the Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria, began through the exchange of letters. Rizal was eager in acquainting with Blumentritt when he learned that the latter is interested in studying the Philippine languages. Rizal sent the book Aritmetica (authored by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez) to Blumentritt as a gift. Reference Anderson, Benedict (2006) Under Three Flags. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2001) The First Filipino. Manila: National Historical Institute Ocampo, Ambeth (2008) Rizal Without the Overcoat. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, Inc. Rizal, Jose (1964) Political and Historical Writings.Manila: National Heroes Commission  Reference Schumacher, John (1997) The Propaganda Movement. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press Zaide, Gregorio & S. Zaide (2014) Jose Rizal. Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing https://xiaochua.net/2012/12/07/xiaotime-7- december-2012-love-story-ng-mag-asawang- juan-luna-at-paz-pardo-de-tavera/03-pardo-de- tavera/