Rizal Chapters 1-13 PDF

Chapter#1 : Introduction to the course republic act no.1425 Republic Act No.1425 -​ Also known as the rizal law -​ The goal of this law is to put the ideas and principles of rizal. Senator Claro M. Recto -​ President of the 1934 constitutional convention and the father of the 1935 p...

Chapter#1 : Introduction to the course republic act no.1425 Republic Act No.1425 -​ Also known as the rizal law -​ The goal of this law is to put the ideas and principles of rizal. Senator Claro M. Recto -​ President of the 1934 constitutional convention and the father of the 1935 philippines constitution. -​ Authored “Senate bill no.438” Which proposed making the NOLI ME TANGERE & EL FILIBUSTERISMO in colleges / universities. Jose P. Laurel -​ A former house speaker chairman of committee on education. -​ Sponsored the bill April 17, 1956 -​ Provide solid support to recto. The Rizal Bill Controversy: 1.​ The catholic church opposition: -​ Arguing negative image of the faith by rizal law. -​ Violates people’s freedom of conscience and attack the catholic faith. 2.​ Arguments against the bill -​ Rodrigo,Rosales,Cuenco they infringes upon freedom of speech and religion 3.​ Arguments for the bill -​ Filipino should understand their strength, weaknesses and sacrifice for self reliance and freedom. -​ Laurel and Recto defended the bill based on historical and legal grounds. -​ Recto emphasized that rizal’s criticisms aimend at social and religious practices. Supporters of the bills: -​ Congressman Emilio Cortez, Mariano Bengzon, Joaquin R. Roces. -​ Knight rizal, Veterans revolution, alleged rizal. Opposition to the bill: -​ Senator Ramon Durano, Marciano Lim, Jose Nuguid, Miguel Cuenco -​ Catholic groups Controversy and tension: 1.​ Physical Altercations -​ Heated debate “Ramon Durano and Emilio Cortes” first fight 2.​ Walk out -​ Mayor arsenio lacson, walk out of the mass protest priest pastoral Denouncing the rizal bill.  3.​ Rising Tension -​ Lasted For over 2 weeks without resolution. 4.​ Threats -​ Bishop Manuel Yap, Threatened to punish Pro-Rizal bill. Recto’s Opposition: -​ The idea of using expurgated versions of the novels -​ Arguing that it would erase rizal from the thoughts of filipinos. -​ “May 09, 1956, Senator Laurel proposed an amendment to the bill” -​ Which met the catholic church’s reservation. -​ Aims to include courses on the life and works of rizal. -​ FREEDOM AND NATIONALISM. Section 1 -​ The board of national education that courses on rizal life college and universities. Section 2 -​ Original and unexpurgated editions Noli me tangere, El filibusterismo and biography. Section 3 -​ Translate Jose Rizal’s Work into English. Section 4 -​ Section 927 prohibits the discussion of religious Section 5 -​ National Treasury allocation of a sum of 3,000pesos to fullfil the act. Section 6 -​ This act shall Take affet upon its approval. The bill requiring printing and distribution 3 days Before the final approval: -​ Final votes 23 -​ President ramon magsaysay “June 12, 1956, Republic act no.1425”. Memorandum Order No.247, S. 1994: -​ Implementation of rizal course -​ “1425” Mandates all PH educational -​ Board of national education, responsible formulating and implementing these laws. Basic education (Elementary and high school) : -​ AP, EPP -​ High School, “noli me tangere & el filibusterismo”  -​ College, “Rizal life and works”. The Impact and relevance of rizal in the present time: -​ Father of philippine nationalism -​ Achieving freedom -​ Inspiration and values Chapter#2: Rizal in the context of 1900’s century philippines Political condition: -​ Invasion magellan expedition -​ Heirarchail, Centralized government -​ Rizal’s Family, Subjected heavy oppression -​ The fall of Gomburza Economic condition: -​ Transportation system -​ Banking system -​ The lottery -​ Spain monopoly, all transactions made between international boarders in ph. Influx of chinese presence: -​ Chinese people, “sangleys” -​ Trading reception, Wasn’t good -​ Chinese trading, became staple spanish era The rise of the inquilino: Friar Estates / Friar lands -​ The large haciendas, owned by religious orders. Inquilinos -​ Person who held a hereditary lease on agricultural land. Kasama/kasamas: -​ Aparcedores, spanish meaning sharecroppers. The inquilino system: -​ Opening of suez canal. The influence of religion:  -​ Syncretism, fusion of different belief. -​ Augustinian, Established nemours towns. -​ Franciscan, Provide education and health care to local population. -​ Jesuit, cultural standards in the philippines. -​ Dominican, ust involved in local governance, community development. Education system: -​ Philippine education, hand of the catholic church. -​ How to serve in church and sing sacred songs. -​ Virtues and letter. -​ Secondary school, elite class. The encomienda system: -​ Based on control over land -​ The system was introduced in 1568. The encomenderos: -​ Collected tribute or taxes from residents. Agricultural development: -​ Exports of sugarcane, sugar, hemp, abaka “Luzon, Visayas” -​ Improved rizal’s family economic standing. Social condition: TOP 1 PENINSULARES TOP 2 INSULARES TOP 3 MESTIZOS TOP 4 INDIOS Chapter#3 : Rizal’s life family and childhood Calamba and formation of his character and values: Parent, Teodora alonso, francisco mercado Uncle, Manuel, Gregorio, Jose alberto Eldest Brother, Paciano Rizal’s Birthplace: -​ Calamba laguna  -​ Rizal family lived was leased from dominican friars. -​ Family was forced to leave their house transfer to binondo in manila. The family in calamba: -​ Francisco mercado - sugar,rice and agricultural products. -​ Teodora alonso realonda - ham,pickles,candies and pork sausage. Rizal early childhood: -​ In 1872, fr. burgos was mutiny and executed. -​ Teodora named him after st. joseph. Playtime and love for nature: -​ Rizal favorite materials for crafting is “Clay and wax”. Imprisonment of his mother: -​ Dona teodora, unjustly arrested -​ Attempted to poison brother’s estranged wife. -​ She was forced to endure a grueling 50 kilometer walk from calamba to santa cruz. The execution of gomburza: -​ Fr. jose burgos, advocated for a policy of filipinization. -​ Fr. mariano gomez, fr. jacinto zamora. -​ Known as gomburza, cavite mutiny (Garrote) in bagumbayan in “ Feb 1872”. Chapter#4 : Rizal Education Early Schooling in Binan: -​ Growing up as a child, Jose benefited from the services of private tutors who provided him with lessons at home. (exp) -​ the first tutor did not last a year, as Rizal complained that he kept repeating himself. The next two tutors, Maestro Celestino and Maestro Lucas Padua. -​ In Binan, Jose lived in the home of an aunt, Tomasa Mercado, a devout Tagalog Bible reader who would often lay on the floor while reading. Rizal in Manila: Ateneo de manila -​ Dona Teodora was in prison at that time, due to a false accusation. She feared that if the boy learned more, "they would only cut off his head" referring to what happened to the three priests -​ Ateneo Municipal was a prominent public school during the young Rizal's time, offering both secondary and technical courses. -​ Ateneo Municipal was considered to be one of the best schools at that time in all of Asia. -​ the instructional method in Ateneo was more advanced compared to other schools. The classes were divided into 2 groups: ​ The Roman Empire (Internos) ​ The Carthaginian Empire. (Externos) In each empire, there were five dignitaries: ​ Emperor - Best Student ​ Tribune - Second Best ​ Decurion - Third Best ​ Centurion - Fourth Best ​ Standard-Bearer - Fifth Best Additional activities of rizal in ateneo: ​ The Academy of Spanish Literature ​ The Academy of Natural Science ​ The Marian Congregation Sodality of Our Lady ​ The Apostle of Friendship Rizal graduation in ateneo: -​ Rizal graduated at Ateneo in 1877, earning his Bachiller en Artes (Bachelor of Arts) diploma. -​ Age of 16 Rizal at UST: -​ Rizal enrolled in a first course philosophy and letters course at the university of santo tomas (UST).  -​ Rizal Second Course Medicine, reason he choose this course to heal his mother’s cataract. Difference between Ust and Ateneo: -​ In ust the laboratory, hindi pinapagamit sa mga students dahil sumusunod ang ust sa text book ang source of learning system -​ In ateneo, laboratory pwede gamitin ng students upang magkaroon ng technical skills at malawak ang pagtuturo kaysa sa ust. Rizal records in Ust: -​ Rizal’s Pre-Med and Medical Courses Below His Usual Standard. -​ In 1882, Rizal completed his medical course at the university. -​ Total Of 16 Subjects Chapter#5: Rizal life abroad Rizal able to improve his medicine practice and start publication meet foreign scholars. Location: -​ He went to barcelona, welcomed by filipino expatriates. -​ Moved to madrid to attend the universidad central de madrid. -​ Journey abroad travel europe, May 1882. -​ Arrival in london in june 1888. -​ Departure from europe in october 1891. -​ Last arrival hongkong in november 1891 to july 1892. -​ Coming back philippines to dapitan same year. Financial help: -​ His older brother Paciano -​ 356 Mexican pesos Allowance Rizal decision to return to the philippines: -​ To apply what he had learned abroad and help people with his medical expertise -​ Rizal took a boat ride via pasig river to reach calamba.  -​ His first operation is removing his mother’s cataracts. -​ Rizal was receiving threats because of his book noli me tangere. -​ The governor general assigned a young lieutenant jose taviel de andrade to rizal. Rizal leaves the philippines: -​ By his novel and state wary his intentions, become increasingly dangerous for rizal to remain in the country. -​ February 3. 1888, stayed only around 6 months. -​ The unjust treatment of filipinos in their own lands rizal’s experience. Chapter#6: Rizal second travel abroad last homecoming Escape hongkong: -​ Rizal left calamba he headed to hongkong, he stay for a week only. -​ The 1872 cavite mutiny, january 20 1872, around 200 filipinos in fort san felipe force to pay taxes (Polo y servicio). Effects of the 1872 cavite mutiny: -​ Spanish authorities, Those who surrendered were shot. -​ Spanish friars, take advantage to those who dared to challenge their influences. -​ In the people in the mutiny became part of the 1896 philippine revolution. Cultural detour to japan: -​ Rizal like the culture in japan taht’s why he ended up staying for more than a month. Arrival in san francisco: -​ He arrived april 28, 1888. -​ Rizal lodged with the family of charles beckett, who live in a lower middle class. Where rizal scholarly undertaking in london: -​ Rizal was able to befriend scholar reinhold rost upon a week of arriving in london. Visit to the paris exposition:  -​ 1889 the newly completed eiffel tower was build. Riza went to london: -​ Working on his success annotation, where he write la solidaridad and publishing el filibusterismo that was dedicated to 3 friars gomburza. Reunion in hongkong: -​ After printing of el fili, rizal moved to hongkong in november 1891. -​ Brother in law “ manuel hidalgo”. Back to the philippines: -​ Upon leaving hongkong on june 21 1892 -​ Rizal was in a trap of homecoming to the philippines -​ Rizal upon arresting he was escorted and detained to fort santiago. The short lived la liga filipina: -​ Was established between the arrival of rizal in the philippines and his arrest. -​ Andres Bonifacio (Founder of the katipunan) to work towards the unity of the philippines. Laliga filipino split into 2: -​ Cuerpo de compromisarios -​ The katipunan (kkk) Chapter#7 : Rizal in Dapitan Dapitan is a smalltown in mindanao, located at the tip of the zamboanga peninsula. Rizal carried with him a letter from: -​ Fr. pablo pastells Superior jesuits in the priest of dapitan: -​ Fr. Antonio Obach Life of an exile: -​ Rizal in dapitan was into imprison him as to keep him out of the way and prevent spreading subversive ideas. Josephine bracken: -​ A young irish women, rizal and bracken fell in love and they lived together in dapitan as husband and wife. Activities in dapitan: As a Physician -​ He built a clinic in dapitan and give free medical service. Rizal won lottery -​ Rizal bought land in talisay and variety crops. As a teacher -​ Firm believer that good education is crucial to one’s development -​ Self made school 16 boys. -​ Rizal taught languages english and spanish, mathematics, history and geography. -​ Also rizal teach sport in fencing, swimming and boxing. As a scientist and inventor -​ Rizal collects kinds of valuable specimens through his friend dr. adolph meyer. -​ Rizal was also an inventor, he made a wooden machines that could make 6000 bronk daily. Rizal as naturalist -​ He expanded his knowledge in the natural sciences -​ Winged lizard (draco rizali) -​ Frog (rhacophorus rizali) -​ Beetle (apogonia rizali) -​ philippine snail (oncomelania cuedrasi) As a communist leader  -​ Rizal became a community leader in dapitan. Rizal volunteers as a military doctor in cuba -​ February 1895, revolution had broken out in cuba against the spanish. -​ Rizal wrote an application the governor. -​ Rizal finally received his approval. But would never reach cuba. Chapter#8 : Trial and execution of rizal Rizal was set to go to Cuba as a volunteer of the Spanish medical corps service. However, while on board at the MV Isla de Panay to Barcelona, Rizal was placed under arrest and was to be brought back to Manila. Manifesto -​ He disowned being part of the revolution Despite being consulted regarding the planned revolution, he advised against it. He offered his services to stop the rebellion. He Condemns the “barbarous uprising ” He thought the uprising to be premature and that reforms must “ come from above, ” and not from the people. Preparing for the end -​ Rizal wrote letters to his loved ones in Fort Santiago, expressing his desire to see them before his death, despite the pain. He also wrote to his friend Blumentritt, stating that he would be shot tomorrow but would die with a clear conscience, stating that he was innocent of the crime of rebellion. The bitter end -​ On the execution day, Rizal, dressed in black with a white and waistcoat, arrived with Taviel de Andrade and Jesuits Jose Vilaclara and Estanislao March. He was left alone in the square, and the colonel declared that anyone who voted in favor of Rizal would be executed in the name of the King. Alberto B. Mendoza’s account of execution -​ A Jesuit priest and colonel approached Jose Rizal, who was shot by a firing squad. Rizal, in prayer, slowly moved his head and lips. The commanding officer signaled the squad to aim, and Rizal threw his derby hat forward, falling in the direction of the bay. His last words were "I forgive every man from the bottom of my heart." The burial of Jose Rizal -​ Doña Teodora, a mother of Jose Rizal, was on a mission to secure his son's body before his execution. She contacted various officials, but only Don Manuel Luengo, the mayor of Manila, heeded her pleas. On the day of the execution,  Rizal's coffin was not found in Lunata. She found a fresh grave in Paco, marked with a marble slab inscribed "R.P.J." Rizal's initials were deposited in an ivory urn and transported to his sister Narcisa's home. The urn was honored with flowe wreaths and transported to Luneta on December 30, 1912. Retraction -​ The individual declares their Catholic faith and wishes to live and die in it. They retract any actions that contradict their character as a son of the Catholic Church, confess to its teachings, and abominate Masonry as an enemy and society prohibited by the Church. -​ Manila, December 29, 1896 “JOSE RIZAL”. Chapter#9 ANNOTATION OF ANTONIO DE MORGA’S The work of an honest observer and versatile bureaucrat -​ Sucesos, provides an inside look into the workings of administrations in the Philippine islands, named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Back in Europe: Rizal’ s Morga -​ Rizal, while in Europe, shifted his focus from writing the sequel to an anthropological project, acknowledging the need for a written record of his country's history and even enlisting the help of a Belgian. Antonio De Morga's "Sucesos de las islas Filipinas" -​ explores Spanish colonial rule, from Magellan's expeditions to governor-generals' administrations, narrating wars, intrigues, and evangelization -​ while the final chapter focuses on the natives, culture, customs, and economics of the Philippines. Rizal aimed to correct historical misconceptions and counter Spanish -​ racial prejudices by educating Filipinos about their past and addressing the misconception of Filipinos as inferior races, as outlined in Blumentritt's view. Chapter#10 Noli Me Tangere In 1884 -​ Jose Rizal proposed writing a book about life in the Philippines with his comrades, but it failed due to lack of participation. -​ He decided to write alone and worked on Noli Me Tangere, moving between Madrid, Paris, and Wilhelmsfeld.  -​ After financial difficulties, Maximo Viola offered to fund the printing, and the book was published in 1887. José Rizal's novel Noli Me Tangere -​ was influenced by Eugène Sue's The Wandering Jew and Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. -​ Filipino novels La Loba Negra and Ninay share similarities with Noli Me Tangere. The title "Noli Me Tangere" is derived from a passage in St. John's Gospel, although Rizal initially believed it was from St. Luke. Summary -​ Crisostomo Ibarra returns to the Philippines after studying abroad, facing the complexities of his homeland, including his father's death and the influence of friars. Key characters like Padre Damaso, Maria Clara, and Kapitan Tiago are introduced, establishing the social and political landscape. Ibarra's attempts to establish a school face resistance and intrigue, with the conflict between Ibarra and Padre Damaso intensifying. The relationship between Ibarra and Maria Clara is also explored, highlighting societal constraints. Crispin, Basilio, and their mother are also introduced. -​ The narrative delves into the social injustices in Filipino society, highlighting the Church's hypocrisy and colonial authority's abuse of power. The character of Eliasis, representing the oppressed, builds suspense and foreshadows the rebellion. Tensions escalate, leading to confrontations and conflicts, and Ibarra's attempts to navigate the complex social and political landscape become increasingly challenging. -​ The rebellion in Chapters 41-50 depicts the frustration of oppressed masses, with Ibarra's involvement reflecting his internal struggles. Elias plays a crucial role. The aftermath of the rebellion, including false implication and escape with Elias, reveals brutal consequences for those involved. The epilogue leaves readers with questions about the Philippines' future. Chapter#11 Sequence Noli & El filibusterismo Rizal’s three books offer us a panoramic view of the Philippines across different periods of its history -​ Itong tatlong book nato, it serve as mirrors na nag rereflect sa philippines past, present, and future. Allow me to give the highlights of each book. In Noli me tangere, it serves as a mirror of the present—under the shadow of Spanish colonialism. -​ Rizal provides a sharp critique tungkol sa pang aabuso at ang malawakang corruption under Spanish rule. So itong novel nato, it opened the eyes of many Filipinos sa tunay na kalagayan ng reyalidad. Edition of Dr. Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas -​ it serves as a mirror of the Philippines gorious past, in which dinedemonstrate niya na yung Philippines is hindi palaging bansa na controlled by foreign powers. El Filibusterismo is a mirror of the future -​ Dito sa kanyang second novel, pinapakita yung mga current problems hanggang sa pag envision sa kung anong pwedeng mangyari if walang changes na naganap. - Hindi natin mapag kakaila na yung Noli me tangere and El filibusterismo opened the eyes and consciousness ng mga ordinary Filipinos sa corruption and abuses ng mga Spanish friars and colonial government. these two novels it highlight yung mga flaws and divisions among Filipinos, such as their excessive devotion to the Spanish Church. -Through his writings, Rizal nurtured a deep sense of patriotism among Filipinos, reminding them of their heritage and the importance of standing up for justice. In summary, -​ this 3 books, we see how his vision of the Philippines unfolds across time. These books show us the scars of a painful present, the promise of a glorious past, and the hope for a future shaped by freedom and justice. It is our duty to uphold the ideals of liberty, equality, and justice that he so passionately advocated for. EL FILIBUSTERISMO - El flibusterismo, was published on 18 September 1891 sa Ghent, Belgium. - Nagsimulang magsulat si rizal ng El flibusterismo habang nag papractice siya ng medisina sa Calamba, Laguna noong October 1887. - During his stay in London, England in 1888, nagkaroon siya ng changes sa plot as well as revisions sa ibang chapters. He continued working on his manuscript while traveling in Paris, France, Madrid, Spain, and Brussels, Belgium. - Then, on 29 March 1891, Rizal finally completed El flibusterismo in Biarritz, France. Pagkatapos niyang macomplete yung novel, Rizal edited it, polishing its rough edges. He finished editing his second novel in May 1891. After that, nag travel siya from Brussels to Ghent para sa publication ng El flibusterismo, na mas maiksi kaysa sa Noli me tangere but has more suspenseful in plot. Rizal experienced monetary difficulties sa pag publish ng El filibusterismo. -​ He was not able to receive allowance from home dahil sa injustices na nararanasan ng Rizal family sa Calamba, Laguna. Fortunately, Valentin Ventura, a friend of Rizal, learned of Rizal’s financial condition. Riza's second novel was published with very little publicity that only his closest friends were given copies. However, copies of El filibusterismo were sent to Hong Kong and "from there was smuggled into the Philippines." In total, Rizal worked on El Filibusterismo from March to June 1891, revising it four times before sending it to the printers. His dedication to refining the manuscript shows how much effort and care he put into making El Filibusterismo a powerful and impactful novel. Chapter#12 Rizal’s Selected Essays and His Letter to the Young Women of Malolos Jose Rizal's essays defend Filipinos' human rights and expose injustices under Spanish rule. -​ He examines the long-term effects of Spanish colonization, focusing on societal issues and proposing solutions for the country's future. In "The Indolence of the Filipinos," he challenges the stereotype of Filipino indolence as a result of Spanish oppression. Rizal's "Letter to the Young Women of Malolos" praises the bravery of the women for advocating for education and breaking barriers for Filipino women. Awakening of National Consciousness of Filipinos  -​ The essay discusses the impact of colonial oppression and Spanish cultural erosion on Filipino identity, highlighting the suppression of Filipino identity but also promoting awareness of shared heritage and unity among Filipinos. Looking at the Future of the Philippines -​ Rizal's essay explores the future of the Philippines, highlighting the systematic oppression and poverty faced by the native population by Spaniards, as well as the fall of the mask. Free Press and Delegates in the Cortes -​ Jose Rizal emphasizes the significance of free press and representation in the Cortes for Filipino progress and empowerment, advocating for these reforms to create a fairer society under Spanish rule. Independence -​ Jose Rizal predicts the Philippines' eventual independence from Spanish rule through peaceful reforms or violent revolution, and foresees potential U.S. involvement if Spain fails to address colonial issues, and suggests peaceful reforms or violent revolutions. The Indolence of Filipinos -​ In 1890, José Rizal published "The Indolence of the Filipino," a sociopolitical essay in La Solidaridad, Madrid, addressing the accusations of Indio or Malay laziness and acknowledging the existence of indolence among Filipinos. To The Young Women of Malolos -​ Jose Rizal's "To the Young Women of Malolos" is an inspirational letter written in Tagalog in 1889, inspired by a group of 20 Malolos women who petitioned Spanish authorities for a night school to study Spanish. Despite opposition, Rizal wrote the essay, expressing his views on education, women's rights, and empowerment. Chapter#13 Jose Rizal and Philippine nationalism Rizal Source of Nationalism -​ The 19th-century middle-class in the Philippines experienced economic prosperity due to international trade, allowing them to educate their children in Manila and Europe. Enlightenment and liberal ideas, including liberty and  religious freedom, influenced the Philippines, inspiring prominent Ilustrados like Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar. Gomburza's execution in 1872 -​ involving Filipino priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, sparked nationalism and resistance. Jose Rizal, inspired by their martyrdom, dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to their memory. Rizal recognized Gomburza as symbols of intellectual and moral courage in the fight for Philippine independence, highlighting injustices under Spanish rule and fostering national identity. Rizal experienced racial discrimination and poor education in the Philippines -​ where Spaniards forced Filipinos to learn in a language they didn't understand and taught prayers for hours. In college, professors often argued about their country and face, leading to tears and silence. Later, at university, Rizal learned about the world he lived in, where privileges and laws were based on merit rather than merit. The Propaganda Movement -​ led by Rizal, fostered the development of patriotic literature, capturing the imagination of Filipinos and fostering a sense of unity among the nation. This period marked a significant turning point in Philippine history. Rizal, an intellectual and moral leader, effectively addressed the plight of Filipinos under colonizers and advocated for reforms. -​ His writings inspired the revolutionary movement, with revolutionaries like Andres Bonifacio using them for independence. Rizal prioritized his country's welfare and happiness, advocating for peaceful reforms and fostering national consciousness among Filipinos. His writings served as a basis for fighting for independence. The concept of bayani -​ The term bayani in Philippine society has three applications: "Bayani" as a person "Kabayanihan" as a heroic act "Bayanihan" as a heroic group, community, or nation The core values of bayani lies in prioritizing the welfare of the community, nation, or humanity over personal interests. A bayani must display courage, determination, diligence, humility, enthusiasm, and the ability to inspire others. According to Dr. Esteban de Ocampo, a hero is someone who  demonstrates valor, fortitude, and exceptional service to humanity, often remembered and honored after death. The 19th Century saw economic prosperity for the middle class, thanks to international trade and access to elite education. -​ The Cavite Mutiny (1872) sparked Philippine nationalism. Rizal, a Filipino nationalist, recognized the need for societal reforms, particularly in education under Spanish rule. -​ He prioritized his country over personal happiness, advocating peaceful reforms. -​ A hero was someone with exceptional valor and service, honored after death.