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Religious Studies In and through a bakas we Topic : 3 (Bakas) perceive a given reality that may Key Points be totally present but which we 1. Sacrament...

Religious Studies In and through a bakas we Topic : 3 (Bakas) perceive a given reality that may Key Points be totally present but which we 1. Sacrament only experience in a limited way. - “efficacious signs of grace, In the Catholic understanding of instituted by Christ and entrusted sacramentality, we sense the to the Church, by which divine life divinity in its entirety in a bakas is dispensed to us” but only experience this fullness - Seven Sacraments of the church partially because of God’s 2. Sacramentum ( sacrament) greatness and of our human - oath of a newly initiated Roman limitations. soldier to the emperor; Just as the Latin sacramentum, - a Christian commitment to Christ the Greek mysterion and the (Tertullian) Jewish shekinah were used in the 3. Mysterion (mystery past in order to articulate our - It implies making visible and experience of God in mutual palpable what is invisible and dialogue with our faith legacy unknown. A. JESUS CHRIST AS THE - illustrate the essence of PRIMORDIAL SACRAMENT OF GOD. sacrament in the church. - In Religious Studies-2, you have 4. Shekinah encountered Jesus Christ as - in Judaism is the divine God’s ultimate “pagpapadama ng manifestation to people in the kagandang-loob”, the fulfillment world. of God’s promise of a Savior. - it was derived from a root word in B. THE CHURCH AS FUNDAMENTAL Hebrew which implies “to dwell” SACRAMENT (BAKAS) OF CHRIST or in connection to God, - The Church that Jesus Common to these three established fulfills God’s eternal concepts: sacramentum, plan of forming a people who be mysterion, shekinah “bearers of the salvation intended the idea of a visible sign in order for all” to make present an invisible - The Church becomes the reality, a visible expression of the sacrament of the Risen Christ in invisible presence of God. the world today through many Bakas is a local concept which ways: by celebrating the seven may indicate a mark, a sign, a sacraments, by proclaiming the symbol, an imprint, a trace, or a Gospel, by calling people to stamp conversion and discipleship, and Ang bakas ay marka, tanda, by witnessing to Christ through palatandaan, bahid, at simbulo. acts of loving service C. MARY, MOTHER OF THE CHURCH that God is involved in the - At the beginning of the third rhythms of time and space. session of the Second Vatican ii.SANCTIFYING THE ORDINARY: Council, Pope Paul VI announced LITURGY OF THE HOURS that Mary would be honored - Another way to continually live a under the title “Mother of the sacramental life is to pray the Church.” Liturgy of the Hours. The Second - That is why we say “ad Jesum Vatican Council urged us all to per Mariam”, to Jesus through pray this prayer of the church. Mary. When we come to her we These prayers connect us to the see the image of Christ, an Mass and can help us to extend encounter of her immaculate love and respond to the graces is an encounter of the Son’s received there. divine love. iii.SANCTIFYING THE ORDINARY: D. THE SACRAMENTAL LIFE. THE SACRAMENTALS 1. Thinking Sacramentally - A further way of living this daily - So, what is the basic idea of sacramental life is using sacramentality? That the physical sacramentals. The devout use of world - matter and actions - are sacramentals is meant to be often vehicles of spiritual activity signs of our worship, to motivate in our world us in holiness and draw us closer - Canon of 73 written books of to God. They are often the means Sacred Scripture of an intimate connection - Sacred Apostolic Tradition of the between our faith, our worship Church Fathers (East and West) and our - Living Magisterium, the collective E.LITURGICAL SACRAMENTALS teaching of the bishops in communion with the Bishop of a. Holy Oils - The blessing of oils Rome. occurs on Holy Thursday by the As Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI noted in Diocesan Bishop. Oil of Chrism Verbum Domini: “To receive the Word (OC) is used in baptisms, means to let oneself be shaped by him, confirmation, and holy orders. It and thus to be confirmed by the power is also used in blessings and of the Holy Spirit to Christ, the ‘only Son consecrations. Oil of the from the Father’ Catechumens (OS) is used in 2.Living Sacramentally. baptism. Oil of the Sick (OI) is I. THE DIVINE LITURGY used in the sacraments of - The hallmark of the daily Catholic healing/ anointing. adult life should be a liturgical life; B. Bells - The use of bells has had a candles or votive candles represent the long history in marking a variety of prayer vigilance of expectant faith. ceremonies in the Church: they are silenced after the Gloria of Holy Week to G.Holy Water - perhaps the most the Gloria of Paschal Sunday; the common sacramental is blessed water Angelus chime marking the hour of (holy water) used for baptizing and (in prayer, etc. The “Sanctus” bell is the Latin Rite) to recall our baptism. sounded during the Mass, to signal the Holy water fonts are often at the event of consecration and three times entrances and exits of churches. It is each at the elevation of the Host and the also found in Catholic homes in small chalice. fonts at the doorways of certain rooms. On some occasions, it is used during C. Palms/ Ashes - the palms of various rites, such as the Asperges (the Palm/Passion Sunday are often taken blessing with holy water during the home to family altars and brought back Mass), or blessing of candles, blessing to the local church to be burned for new palms for Palm/Passion Sunday, or consecrated ashes on Ash Wednesday. blessing attendants at Easter. D. Crucifixes - a visible reminder of the H. Salt - In 2 Kings 2:20-21, Elisha was Love of God and the sacrifice of the told to put salt into contaminated water. Sacred Heart of Jesus. Crucifixes are Adding salt to already brackish water to constant reminders of what love looks decontaminate it made the miracle all like: a denial/ sacrifice of the self on the more impressive. This first miracle of behalf of others. "In this is love, not that Elisha is the primary Scriptural basis for we loved God but that he loved the sacramental use of blessed salt (agape)us and sent his Son to be the today, as the Roman Ritual indicates. expiation for our sins" (1 John 4.10). Blessed salt by the priest may be used Equally, as the crucifix plain in exorcisms, baptism, or it may be mixed with water to make holy water F.Candles - the Baptismal candle is part (reminiscent of Elisha’s miracle). In of Christian initiation. The Christ/Easter whichever form, it is intended to be an symbol (the Paschal Candle) remains lit instrument of grace (from Christ) to from its enthronement during the Easter preserve one from Vigil, throughout the fifty days of Easter. After that time, it is used for its Non Liturgical Sacamentals: resurrection symbolism at baptisms and - Medals funerals. The often red "Sanctuary - Scapulars candle" signals the presence of the Blessed Sacrament. Unity candles are often used at Weddings and Vigil SYNTHESIS.  - A sacrament reminds us that God - Penance/ Reconciliation is close to us; God is with us. - Jesus forgave sinners Hence, sacramental attitude - the Christian community believes and discerns the wounded by our sins, by all-pervasive presence of the obtaining pardon for them by the divine in life and in the world; mercy of God. perceiving the ordinary as - Anointing of The Sick sacred; traces (mga bakas) of - Jesus healed the sick God’s love in the world. - The sick and the dying are Sacraments (7 Sacraments) commended to the glorified Lord Sacrament of Initiation through the prayers of the entire - Baptism Church and the priests - Marks us with an indelible - by associating themselves freely character that incorporates us to with the passion and death of Christ and into the Church Jesus Christ - Made us members of the Church Sacraments of - Qualifies us to receive all other Commitment ritual sacraments - Matrimony - Confirmation - marriage by performing His first - Becoming certified members of miracle at the Wedding in Cana the Church, having been - mystery of the unity and fruitful personally chosen to belong to it love between Christ and His - Gifts of the Holy Spirit Church - Jesus inaugurated and - Symbolizes God’s perfect proclaimed God’s Kingdom covenant love for His people and during His public ministry through Christ’s (the Bridegroom) love for parables and miracles. His Church (the Brid - Holy Eucharist - Holy Orders - Being nourished by no less than - Jesus called His apostles and the Body and Blood of Christ entrusted to them His Church - Brings about the unity of the - Provides the ministerial powers People of God for the Body of Christ. - Greatest form of worship we can - Ordained members of the Church offer to God, because here, (clergy) strive to grow in their Christ likeness of Christ for the sake of - Center of the process of the feeding His flock with the Word of Church’s growth God and the grace of the - Source and Summit of our Sacraments christian Life Sacraments of Healing  - the Rule seeks to foster a Lesson 8: fundamental reverence toward 1. Getting to Know the Prophet the creation that God has - What is a Prophet made. - Merriam-Webster: Foretells future - Intergenerational solidarity: The events, possesses spiritual and world is a shared gift for all moral insight, or acts as a generations (Laudato Si'). spokesperson for a cause - Avoid overconsumption and - The Catechism for Filipino respect the environment (St. Catholics (CFC 428) affirms that John Paul II, Centesimus Annus). oftentimes “we confuse prophets 4. MODERN ISSUES AFFECTING with fortune tellers or JUSTICE AND CARE FOR THE manghuhula who predicts what EARTH. (16) the future holds in store for us. - Old Testament: Called by God to 1. Climate Change: Global warming, speak His word, interpret the extreme weather, rising sea levels. present in God’s sight, and call 2. Biodiversity Loss: Habitat destruction, people back to the Covenant. species extinction. 2. WEIGHING JUSTICE - Merriam-Webster: Conformity to 3. Deforestation: Reduced carbon sinks, truth, fact, or reason. ecosystem disruption. - Catechism: Justice is the will to give due respect to God and 4. Pollution: Air, water, and soil neighbor, promoting harmony and contamination harming health and equity. ecosystems. - Rooted in God’s character and means right relationships with 5. Plastic Pollution: Threatens marine God, others, and creation. life and ecosystems. - Scriptures emphasize impartiality 6. Ocean Acidification: Harms coral and fairness (e.g., Psalm 33:5, reefs and marine life. Deuteronomy 10:14). 3. UNDERSTANDING 7. Water Scarcity: Clean water access STEWARDSHIP threatened by overuse and pollution. - God entrusts creation to humanity to manage responsibly 8. Land Degradation: Erosion and and generously for His glory. desertification affecting food security. - Old Testament: Adam and Eve tending creation (Genesis 2:15). 9. Air Quality: Pollution causing health - New Testament: Feeding of the problems. 5,000 (Matthew 6:25-34). 10. Resource Depletion: Overuse of - Hence, it is important that natural resources. interreligious, interideological dialogue not be limited to official 11. Food Security: Sustainable representatives or even to the agricultural practices needed. experts in the various traditions, although they both have their 12. Energy Transition: Challenges in irreplaceable roles to play in the shifting to renewable energy. dialogue. 13. Environmental Justice: Addressing - Types of Dialogue: disparities in environmental impact. - Polemical: “Who is right?” - Cognitive: “Who are 14. Urbanization: Habitat destruction you?” and resource use challenges. - Peacemaking: “How can we live together 15. Global Health Crises: Ecosystem peacefully?” degradation and its impact on health. - Partnership: “What can we do to improve the 16. Technological Challenges: Balancing world?” benefits and harm to environment and society. A. What is Interreligious Dialogue? Lesson 9: Definition: A two-way A. WHAT IS INTERRELIGIOUS conversation between individuals DIALOGUE? with differing views to learn from - A two-way conversation between one another (Leonard Swidler). individuals with differing views to Purpose: Not debating or learn from one another (Leonard reinforcing identical views, but Swidler). mutual learning and growth. - Purpose: Not debating or Requirements for Dialogue: reinforcing identical views, but ○ Openness to learn. mutual learning and growth. ○ Knowledge of one’s own tradition. Requirements for Dialogue: ○ A similarly disposed partner with equal 1. Openness to learn. knowledge. 2. Knowledge of one’s own Who Participates? All levels of tradition. religious communities, not just 3. A similarly disposed partner experts or officials. with equal knowledge.  - Pope Francis believes that our capacity to work together for the Types of Dialogue: common good can come only ○ Polemical: “Who is right?” through compassion and mercy ○ Cognitive: “Who are and the ability to empathize with you?” one another, especially those ○ Peacemaking: “How can who are in need we live together peacefully?” ○ Partnership: “What can we do to improve the C. HOW TO ENGAGE IN world?” INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE? - Dialogue in the interreligious, interideological sense is a conversation on a common B. Why Interreligious Dialogue? subject between people with - Nostra Aetate, The Declaration on differing views undertaken so that the Relation of the Church to they can learn from one another Non-Christian Religions, St. Pope and grow. Paul VI (1965) - (originally called the "Dialogue 1. We all belong to one human family Decalogue"), formulated by - We must seek the common Professor Leonard Swidler, set ground of shared values forth some fundamental ground among diverse faiths to show rules for dialogue. that despite diversity we are 1st PRINCIPLE: Be Mindful of the one human family with the same fundamental Purpose aspirations for mutual - Learn and grow through mutual respect, for acceptance and change. for living in peace. - At the very least, to learn that 2. We are all gifted with a sense of one’s dialogue partner views the spirituality world differently is to effect a - Spirituality is the entry point of change in oneself. dialogue and through interreligious 2nd PRINCIPLE: Involve All dialogue, we could share stories on Traditions how our experiences of divine love, - Include inter- and intra-religious our spirituality, promotes attitudes dialogue. that move us to action towards the attainment of shared values such as - Dialogue must be a two-sided justice and lasting peace. project: both between religious/ideological groups, and 3. We have a shared responsibility within religious/ideological groups for the common good.  (inter- and intra-). to where the points of disagreement Intra-religious/ideological lie. - Dialogue is vital for moving one’s 7th PRINCIPLE: Treat your Partner community toward an as an Equal – Both Coming to Learn - Dialogue can take place only increasingly perceptive insight between equals, which means that into reality. partners learn from each other—par 3rd PRINCIPLE: Be Sincere and cum pari according to the Second Honest Vatican Council—and do not merely - It is imperative that each seek to teach one another. participant comes to the dialogue 8th PRINCIPLE: Build on with complete honesty and Commonalities Rather than sincerity. This means not only Differences describing the major and minor - take place on the basis of mutual thrusts, as well as potential future trust. Because it is persons, and not shifts of one’s tradition, but also entire communities, that enter into dialogue, it is essential for personal possible difficulties that s/he has trust to be established. To with it. encourage this, it is important that 4th PRINCIPLE: Compare Ideals to less controversial matters are Ideals, Practice to Practice discussed before dealing with more - One must compare only her/his controversial ones. ideals with their partner’s ideals 9th PRINCIPLE: Keep a Minimal and her/his practice with the Critical Attitude Toward Self and partner’s practice, not one's other Tradition ideals with one's partner’s - The primary purpose of dialogue is practice. to learn, which is impossible if one’s 5th PRINCIPLE: Allow your Partner tradition is seen as having all the to Self-Define answers. - Each participant needs to describe 10th PRINCIPLE: Pass-Over and her/himself. For example, only a Pass-It-Over (Use Creative Muslim can describe what it really Imagination) means to be an authentic member of - To understand another religion or the Muslim community. ideology one must try to experience - At the same time, when one partner it from within, which requires a in dialogue attempts to describe “passing over,” even if only back to what they have understood momentarily, into another’s religious of their partner’s self-description, or ideological experience. such a description must be recognizable to the described party. 6th PRINCIPLE: No Hard-and-Fast Assumptions - Participants must not come to the dialogue with any preconceptions as  Seeking God in All Things: D. WHICH BENEDICTINE VALUES - a holistic view that transcends NECESSARY TO INTERRELIGIOUS religious boundaries. It promotes DIALOGUE? a recognition of the divine in every individual, regardless of - Benedictine hallmarks, rooted in their faith tradition, fostering a the principles and values of the sense of unity and Benedictine tradition, can interconnectedness. significantly contribute to fostering interreligious dialogue Stability and Humility and understanding. - refers to commitment and Hospitality perseverance in community life and spiritual practices. - creating a welcoming - with humility, acknowledging the environment for all individuals, richness and depth of diverse irrespective of their religious religious traditions. beliefs. Peace and Reconciliation: Respect for Others: - to build bridges, resolve conflicts, - emphasizes acknowledging the and promote harmony among inherent dignity and worth of different faith communities. each person. individuals to value and honor the beliefs and Education and Learning perspectives of those from different religious traditions. - a platform for understanding diverse religious traditions. Listening and Discernment: - Encouraging dialogue, study, and learning about various faiths - Listening attentively to others' nurtures an environment beliefs and experiences fosters conducive to interfaith empathy, understanding, and understanding. mutual respect. Overall : By integrating these Community and Shared Living Benedictine hallmarks into the practice of interreligious dialogue, individuals - communal living and shared and communities can create a conducive values a sense of shared environment that values diversity, humanity among individuals from fosters respect, and cultivates diverse religious backgrounds meaningful engagement among people of different religious beliefs.