General Chemistry I Review PDF

REVIEWER IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY I PARAMAGNETIC o It refers to the magnetic state of an atom of Quantum Numbers an atom with one or more unpaired o There are four quantum numbers which ar...

REVIEWER IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY I PARAMAGNETIC o It refers to the magnetic state of an atom of Quantum Numbers an atom with one or more unpaired o There are four quantum numbers which are electrons. used to describe completely the movement o The unpaired electrons are attached by a and trajections of each electron within an magnetic field due to the electrons’ atom. magnetic dipole moments. o It is important because they can be used to o Hund’s Rule states that electrons must determine the electron configuration of an occupy every orbital singly before any orbital atom and the probable location of the atom’s is doubly occupied. This may leave the atom electron. with many unpaired electrons. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER DIAMAGNETIC Symbol: (n) o Diamagnetic substances are characterized by o Describes the energy of an electron and the paired electrons. most probable distance of an electron from o There is no magnetic moment. the nucleus. o The atom cannot be attracted into a o Size and energy of an orbit/shell magnetic field. o n= 1,2,3,4… o Greater value of n represents bigger orbital Lewis Structure with high energies. o A Lewis structure is a representation of o It describes the distance from the nucleus. covalent bonding in which shared electron pairs are shown either as lines or pairs of AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER dots between two atoms, and lone pairs are o Symbol: (l) shown as pairs of dots on individual atoms. o Describes the shape of the orbital o When drawing the Lewis structure of ions, o Also known as Orbital Angular Momentum the concept of valence electron shows how Quantum Number many electrons does the atom has in its outer shell. MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER o This can illustrate the number of electrons o Symbol: (𝑚𝑙 ) the ion can donate, or the number of o Describes the energy level in a subshell electrons the ion must gain to become o Explains the effect of an orbital in magnetic stable. field. o The stability of an atom follows the octet rule o Example: Orientation of an Orbital which was formulated by Gilbert Lewis, an o Orbital split up into degenerate orbitals American chemist. (having same energy and size) in a magnetic field. Octet Rule o Each degenerate orbital can hold up to 2 o It is the tendency of an atom to form bonds electrons. until it is surrounded by eight valence electrons. SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER o Symbol: (𝑚𝑠 ) ORGANIC COMPOUND o Refers to the spin on the electron which can o It is any member of a large class of gaseous, either be up or down. liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. o Carbon can form a single bond, double bond, or a triple bond. GENERAL CHEMISTRY I  o Carbon can also bond with other carbon KETONES atoms to form chains, branched chains, and o Involve a carbonyl in which the carbon atom ring of carbon atoms. makes single bonds with two R-groups. o The simplest ketone is acetone, in which the FUNCTIONAL GROUPS carbonyl carbon is bonded to two CH3 o It is a group of atoms that is responsible for groups. the chemical behavior of the molecule. o Different molecules containing the same CARBOXYLIC ACID kind of functional group undergo similar o Another carbonyl containing functional reactions. group, in which the carbon atom is bonded to an OH group on one side and either a ALKANES carbon or hydrogen atom on the other. o The simplest of all hydrocarbons. o For example, CH4 forms from one carbon ESTER and 4 hydrogen atoms which is called o Contains a carbonyl where the carbon is methane. bonded to one additional oxygen atom and o Methane is the simplest of all alkanes. one carbon or a hydrogen atom. However, the second oxygen atom is bonded to ALKENES AND ALKYNES another carbon instead to an acidic o Alkenes are hydrocarbons that can contain at hydrogen atom. least one carbon to carbon double bond. o Alkynes contain one or more triple bonds AMINE between neighboring carbons atoms. o It consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrocarbons. AROMATICS o Organic Compounds that contain nitrogen o A hydrocarbon that contains an aromatic ring atoms with lone pair. which is a six-carbon ring with alternative double bonds or a ring with a circle in the AMIDE middle representing the double bonds. o A carbonyl in which the carbon is attached to one nitrogen atom and one carbon or ALCOHOLS hydrocarbon atom. o It contains an oxygen atom that is bonded to one hydrogen atom and one carbon atom with the formula: R-OH o RR represents any organic chain. ETHERS o It consists of an oxygen atom that forms single bonds with two carbon atoms. o Formula: R-O-R ALDEHYDES o It has a carbonyl in which the carbdehydes on atom is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. o The other group attached to the carbonyl may be an R-group or a hydrogen atom. GENERAL CHEMISTRY I