Earth Science 2nd Quarter Review PDF

Review Class in Earth Science Disclaimer: This reviewer was created to assist you in your review, but it is still better if you study thoroughly from cover to cover since this reviewer does not cover all the lessons page by page.  LET’S TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!  The process of...

Review Class in Earth Science Disclaimer: This reviewer was created to assist you in your review, but it is still better if you study thoroughly from cover to cover since this reviewer does not cover all the lessons page by page.  LET’S TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE!  The process of hydration in chemical weathering occurs when… A. water reacts with minerals and breaks down B. water reacts with oxygen and creates minerals C. water absorbs into the crystal structure of minerals and expands D. water absorbs nutrients and dissolves Answer: C What is the process in which a plant grows into the base of a stone monument and creating a crack on it? A. Chemical weathering B. Freezing C. Mechanical weathering D. Thawing Answer: C  After a heavy rainfall, a group of students observes reddish-brown stains on some rocks near their school. What type of weathering process are they witnessing? A. Oxidation B. Dissolution C. Frost Wedging D. Thermal Expansion Answer: A Which environment is most likely to form loess deposits due to wind erosion? A. Mountain Stream B. Lake C. Beach D. Desert Answer: D Odd one out. A. Slide B. Thermal Expansion C. Fall D. Topple Answer: B  During hydration, what happens to the minerals in rocks? A. They react with oxygen and weaken B. They are dissolved by acids C. They swell and cause internal stress D. They crack from temperature changes Answer: C  After observing sediment settling at the bottom of a lake, Freddie realizes the particles have been transported by water and settled in a calm area. This process is called: A.Suspension B.Solution C. Deposition D.Saltation Answer: C  How does the process of radioactive decay contribute to the heat in the Earth's interior? A. By releasing energy that is absorbed by surrounding rocks B. By emitting heat directly into space C. By converting kinetic energy into thermal energy D. By reflecting solar energy back into the Earth's surface Answer: A  How does the cooling rate of magma influence the texture of the igneous rocks formed? A. Rapid cooling forms large crystals, while slow cooling forms small crystals B. Slow cooling forms large crystals, while rapid cooling forms small crystals C. Cooling rate has no effect on crystal size D. Rapid cooling forms sedimentary rocks, while slow cooling forms metamorphic rocks Answer: B What type of igneous rock forms when magma cools slowly below the Earth’s surface? A. Extrusive B. Aphanitic C. Intrusive D. Porphyritic Answer: C Bowen's Reaction Series is important for understanding: A. Mineral crystallization temperatures B. The density of volcanic gases C. Types of sedimentary layers D. Pressure variations in magma chambers Answer: A Once magma is formed, what is the primary factor that determines whether it will reach the Earth's surface? A. The color of the magma B. The pressure and density differences between the magma and surrounding rocks C. The presence of living organisms in the vicinity D. The time of day Answer: B  What is the primary driver of mineralogical changes in rocks undergoing metamorphism? A. The amount of sunlight the rock receives B. Temperature and pressure conditions C. The age of the rock D. The presence of fossilized remains Answer: B The term "phaneritic" refers to igneous rocks with which characteristic? A. Coarse-Grained Texture B. Glassy Texture C. Fine-Grained Texture D. Porous Texture Answer: A Scientists detect volcanic activity along a mid-ocean ridge. The type of melting occurring here is most likely: A. Flux Melting B. Transfer Melting C. Decompression Melting D. Contact Melting Answer: C  A student is asked to identify a fold type where layers bend upwards. Which structure should they consider? A. Syncline B. Anticline C. Monocline D. Fault Scarp Answer: B What is the irreversible stage of deformation? A. Elastic deformation B. Brittle deformation C. Ductile deformation D. Fracture Answer: C What type of metamorphism occurs due to high-pressure shock waves? A. Burial metamorphism B. Hydrothermal metamorphism C. Shock metamorphism D. Cataclastic metamorphism Answer: D Which factor does not significantly affect metamorphism? A. Temperature B. Pressure C. Fluid phase D. Wind erosion Answer: D What type of metamorphism experiences differential stress due to plate movement that lead to changes resulting in foliated metamorphic rocks? A. Burial metamorphism B. Regional metamorphism C. Shock metamorphism D. Cataclastic metamorphism Answer: B What is the starting point of an earthquake below the ground called? A.Epicenter B.Hypocenter C. Fault plane D.Seismic wave Answer: B Which seismic wave travels fastest? A.Secondary wave B.Rayleigh wave C. Primary wave D.Love wave Answer: C What instrument records the motion of the ground during an earthquake? A.Seismograph B.Richter scale C. Mercalli scale D.Epicenter map Answer: A What causes Rayleigh waves? A.Compression of ground particles B.Side-to-side horizontal motion C. Circular motion of rock particles D.Vertical shearing of surface layers Answer: C  What is the name of the supercontinent proposed by Alfred Wegener? A.Laurasia B.Gondwana C. Pangaea D.Eurasia Answer: C What does the term "Pangaea" mean? A.One Land B.All Earth C. Super Continent D.United Lands Answer: B Which cartographer first noticed the geometrical similarity between the coasts of South America and Africa? A.Alfred Wegener B.Abraham Ortelius C. Alexander du Toit D.Harry Hess Answer: B What type of evidence did Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift? A.Fossil distribution B.Ocean currents C. Tectonic plate measurements D.Satellite imaging Answer: A  A researcher studies fossils found on different continents that match across ocean basins. What theory does this support? A.Transform Boundaries B.Volcanic Island Arc Theory C. Seafloor Spreading D.Continental Drift Answer: D  A geologist finds glacial deposits in Africa. What could this indicate about the continent’s past location? A.It was always near the equator B.It has moved northward C. It was located closer to the poles D.It has remained Answer:in the C same place What kind of fossil is Glossopteris? A.A type of reptile B.A large mammal C. A plant D.A fish Answer: C Which fossil was a mammal-like reptile and as large as a modern wolf? A.Mesosaurus B.Cynognathus C. Glossopteris D.Lystrosaurus Answer: B What is the main cause of the breakup of Pangaea? A.Meteorite impact B.Earthquakes C. Plate tectonics D.Volcanic eruptions Answer: C Odd one out. A.Topographic B.Fossil correlation C. Epoch D.Paleoclimate Answer: C In a region where two plates are pulling apart, what geological structure might you expect to find? A.Mid-Ocean Ridge B.Volcanic Arc C. Folded Mountain Range D.Deep-Sea Trench Answer: A What evidence supports the theory of seafloor spreading? A. The symmetrical pattern of magnetic stripes on either side of mid-ocean ridges B. The uniform age of the oceanic crust C. The absence of volcanic activity along mid-ocean ridges D. The presence of ancient fossils at mid- ocean ridges Answer: A  How does the age of oceanic crust change as you move away from a mid- ocean ridge? A.It becomes younger B.It becomes older C. It remains the same age D.It shows no consistent pattern Answer: B What process occurs at divergent plate boundaries? A.Subduction B.Mountain formation C. Earthquake formation D.Seafloor spreading Answer: D Who proposed the idea of seafloor spreading? A.Alfred Wegener B.Harry Hess C. James Hutton D.Abraham Ortelius Answer: B Which type of plate boundary involves two plates sliding past one another? A.Convergent B.Transform C. Divergent D.Subduction zone Answer: B Guyots provide evidence for: A.Plate tectonics B.Magnetic reversals C. Subduction D.Seafloor spreading Answer: D  How do tectonic movements at convergent boundaries lead to the creation of earthquake-prone regions? A. By generating significant heat that melts the crust B. By creating large amounts of sedimentation C. By causing plates to remain completely stationary D. By building up stress as plates collide and release energy when they slip Answer: D What is the main purpose of relative dating? A. To determine the numerical age of rocks B. To arrange rocks in a sequence of events C. To measure radioactive decay D. To calculate the half-life of isotopes Answer: B The principle of superposition states that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest layer is: A. On top B. In the middle C. At the bottom D. None of the above Answer: C What is an unconformity in geology? A. A gap in the rock record due to erosion or non-deposition B. A layer of volcanic ash C. A type of fossil D. A radioactive isotope Answer: A Radiometric dating determines the age of rocks based on: A. Rock texture B. Fossil content C. Radioactive isotope decay D. Sedimentary layer sequence Answer: C Why is radiocarbon dating generally not used for dating stratified rocks that are millions of years old? A. Because carbon-14 has a short half-life of about 5,730 years B. Because carbon-14 is not found in sedimentary rocks C. Because radiocarbon dating is unreliable D. Because radiocarbon dating requires volcanic ash layers Answer: A If only 12.5% of Carbon-14 remains in a sample, how many half-lives have passed? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Answer: C What is the stable product of Uranium- 238 decay? A. Carbon-14 B. Lead-206 C. Argon D. Strontium Answer: B If a rock has undergone four half-lives of Uranium-238, its age is: A. 1 billion years B. 2 billion years C. 9 billion years D. 18 billion years Answer: D  Which geological era is characterized by the appearance of multicellular life and the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea? A. Paleozoic B. Cenozoic C. Mesozoic D. Precambrian Answer: A What is the largest division of geologic time? A. Era B. Epoch C. Eon D. Period Answer: C Which era is known as the "Age of Mammals"? A. Mesozoic B. Paleozoic C. Precambrian D. Cenozoic Answer: D What marks the beginning of the Cambrian Period? A. First appearance of humans B. Rapid diversification of marine life C. A large extinction event D. Formation of Pangaea Answer: B Why is the Precambrian eon subdivided differently from other eons in the geologic time scale? A. It lacks fossils for dating B. It is the longest eon in Earth's history C. It has less sedimentary rock D. It has fewer volcanic rocks Answer: B - MS. LOVE GOD BLESS!