Reviewer For Final Exam GE 8 PDF

REMINDERS FOR THE TEST Categorize ethical dilemmas into these branches. *Focus on understanding concepts, not just memorizing. *Identify the focus of normative ethics...

REMINDERS FOR THE TEST Categorize ethical dilemmas into these branches. *Focus on understanding concepts, not just memorizing. *Identify the focus of normative ethics (developing principles). *Think critically when analyzing statement- based questions. Golden Mean and Virtue Development *Golden Mean: Middle ground between excess *Practice identifying ethical principles in and deficiency. real-life scenarios to solidify your understanding. Examples: Courage lies between recklessness and cowardice. Generosity is balanced between stinginess and extravagance. Virtue Ethics *Recognize situations where balance is key to *Aristotle's Virtue Ethics focuses on developing virtuous actions. moral character and achieving eudaimonia *Apply the Golden Mean to practical scenarios, (happiness). like financial responsibility. *Golden Mean: Virtue is the balance between Moral Rationalism and Emotivism extremes, e.g., courage lies between recklessness and cowardice. *Moral Rationalism: Morality is knowable through reason alone. *Phronesis: Practical wisdom guiding virtuous actions. Example: Murder is wrong because it violates rational principles. *Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Courage, Temperance. *Emotivism: Moral judgments express emotions, not factual statements. *Criticism: Rules-based ethics often ignore character development. Example: Saying “Stealing is wrong” reflects disapproval, not truth. *Identify key characteristics of a virtuous person (e.g., balancing courage and caution). *Differentiate rationalist approaches (logic- driven) from emotivist views (emotion-driven). *Understand the role of habituation in moral development. *Identify the implications of emotivism on moral debates. Deontology vs. Teleology Aquinas and Natural Law *Deontology: Actions are judged based on adherence to rules or duties. *Natural Law: Moral principles derived from human nature and reason. Example: Telling the truth, even if it causes harm. *Five primary precepts: Preserve life, reproduce, educate, live in society, worship *Teleology (Consequentialism): Focuses on God. outcomes; actions are right if they produce good results. *Human beings have free will to choose between good and evil. Example: Lying is acceptable if it saves a life. *Eternal Law: God’s overarching law. *Differentiate deontological ethics (duty- focused) from teleological ethics (outcome- *Natural Law: Human participation in eternal focused). law through reason. Meta-Ethics, Normative Ethics, Applied Ethics *Synderesis: Innate knowledge of basic moral principles. *Meta-Ethics: Explores the nature of moral values, e.g., Are morals universal? *Understand how natural law connects moral actions to human purpose. *Normative Ethics: Establishes moral standards, e.g., Virtue ethics, deontology. *Distinguish eternal, natural, and human laws. * Applied Ethics: Examines specific moral issues, Kantian Ethics e.g., Business ethics, sexual ethics. *Immanuel Kant’s ethics focus on duty and moral principles. *Actions are morally right when performed out of duty, not personal inclination. *The Categorical Imperative is central: "Act only according to that maxim which you can will to become a universal law." Example: Helping someone because it is your moral duty, not because you like them or expect rewards. *Understand that Kant prioritizes duty over personal inclinations. *Be familiar with criticisms, e.g., difficulty in resolving duty conflicts. *Distinguish between maxims (personal principles) and sense of duty. Categorical vs. Hypothetical Imperative *Categorical Imperative: Commands applicable universally, e.g., "Do not lie." *Hypothetical Imperative: Conditional commands based on desires, e.g., "If you want to stay healthy, exercise regularly." Statement I: Categorical Imperative is about acting irrespective of consequences. Statement II: It demands actions without exceptions or qualifications. *Evaluate scenarios to identify categorical imperatives (e.g., acting morally because it is right). *Differentiate unconditional and conditional commands.