Ethics Reviewer PDF

Reviewer for ETHICS Module 1: Morality: When we decide on what you are going to do, there are certain choices that we prefer to and in those choices, it may be bad or good result. Moral Vs. Ethics Morals: Moral refers to the individual’s internal beliefs and values that guide their behavior and...

Reviewer for ETHICS Module 1: Morality: When we decide on what you are going to do, there are certain choices that we prefer to and in those choices, it may be bad or good result. Moral Vs. Ethics Morals: Moral refers to the individual’s internal beliefs and values that guide their behavior and judgment of right and wrong. Ethics: On the other hand, ethics are broader and more systematic set of guidelines that govern the conduct and interactions of individuals within a specific group, profession, or society. To summarize, morals are more individual oriented, while the ethics are more behavior within a group Know the rules! Regulates- It regulates behavior. Guarantee- Guarantee our rights and freedom. Produce- Produce sense of justice. Essential- Essential for the economy. Moral Standards- We all have our own standards of what is right and wrong. Involves serious wrongs or significant benefits. It may cause harm to others or may be beneficial. Dilemma- Wherein you have to choose between to negatives and you need to choose lesser evil. Three level of Dilemma Personal Dilemma- Are those experienced and resolved on the personal level Organizational Dilemma- Ethical causes encountered and resolved by social organizations. Structural Dilemma- Cases involves network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms Sai Module 2: Culture- Culture means cumulative deposit of experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, religions, and roles. That is the totality of a person’s learned accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning. Social Conditioning Theory- Social conditioning is the process by which people of a certain society are trained to think, believe, feels, want, and react in a way that is approved by the society or the group within it. Agent: Parents, teachers, our peers, popular culture, mainstream media, novels and movies, and church, etc. Cultural relativism- refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right and wrong, strong or normal. Moral relativism- The idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles. Descriptive Moral Relativism- Also known as cultural relativism, says that moral Standards are culturally defined. Meta-ethical Moral relativism- states that there are no objective grounds for preferring the moral values of on culture over another. Normative Moral relativism- The idea that all societies should accept each other’s differing moral values, given that there are no universal moral principles. Module 3: Moral agent- Are those agents expected to meet the demands of morality. A moral agent is a person who has the ability to discern right from wrong and be held accountable for his/her own actions. Character- The English word for character is derived from the Greek charaktêr. Means assemblage of qualities that distinguish one individual from another. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral development- Kohlberg determined that the process of moral development was principally concerned with justice and that it continued throughout the individual's life, a notion that led to dialogue on the philosophical implications of such research Sai Level 1: Pre-conventional- It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children’s decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and consequences of breaking the rules. Stage 1: obedience and punishment- People at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment. Stage 2: Individualism and exchange- At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. Level 2: Conventional- During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society. Stage 3: Good interpersonal Relationships- This stage of the interpersonal relationship of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order- At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority. Level 3: Post-conventional-At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality. Stage 5: Social Contract and individual Rights- The idea of a social contract and individual rights cause people in the next stage to begin to account for the differing values, opinions, beliefs of other people. Stage 6: Universal principle- At this stage, people follow this internalized principle of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules. Module 4: Ethical Subjectivism- Holds that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions is dependent on the feelings, attitudes, or standards of a person or group of persons. Sai Emotivism- is not statement of fact but is mere expressions of the emotion of the speaker, especially since they are usually feelings-based Module 5: Reasons- The basis or motive for an actions, decisions, or convictions. Impartiality- It involves the idea that each individual’s interests and point of view are equally important. It is a principle of justice holding that decisions ought to be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons. 7 Steps Model for making Moral decision 1. Gather the fact- we answer the question ‘what do we need to know?’ rather than ‘what do we know?’ 2. Determine the Ethical issues- the moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of competing interests. 3. Identify The principles that have a bearing on the case- Biblical principles will be clearly weighted the most heavily. 4. List the alternatives- List one or more available possibilities 5. Compare alternatives with Principles- This step involves eliminating alternatives according to the moral principles that have a bearing on the case. 6. Assess the consequences- when two opposing alternatives are offered, the consequences of one are the mirror image of the other. 7. Make a decision- it answer the question ‘what would you decide? Which principles are the weightiest? Are there others that you would include?’ Will and Courage Will- Doesn't refer to any particular desire, but rather the capacity to act decisively on one’s desire Moral Courage- Means doing the right thing even at the risk of inconvenience and ridicule, punishment, loss of job or security or social status, etc. Developing Moral Courage 1. Develop and practice self-discipline 2. Do moral strength 3. Draw inspiration from people of great courage Sai 4. Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral courage and will 5. Avoid deeds that show lack of moral courage and will Sai