AFP Organization Reviewer Final Exam

**THE AFP ORGANIZATION** INTRODUCTION: The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the legitimate expression of the people's will. It is mandated to serve and protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its national t...

**THE AFP ORGANIZATION** INTRODUCTION: The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the legitimate expression of the people's will. It is mandated to serve and protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its national territory from internal and external threats. The AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people, adheres to the principle of supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold and defend the Constitution. A. BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP: The AFP identifies itself with the Filipino people's historical struggles for freedom and justice and their vigilance against any attempt to violate the country's integrity and sovereignty. In retrospect, it recognizes the role of our forefathers as freedom fighters and honors them for their democratic and nationalistic aspirations. The AFP, as the embodiment of the cherished martial values and traditions of the Filipino people, traces its roots to certain historical events foremost of which is the Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521 where Lapu-Lapu, the acknowledged father of the AFP, first demonstrated our love for freedom; the Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744, the Muslim resistance and other similar uprisings against Spanish colonialism manifesting our fight against foreign domination; the founding of the Katipunan on 07 July 1892 by Andres Bonifacio, considered as the father of the Philippine Army, who proclaimed Filipinos solidarity; the Tejeros Convention on 22 March 1897 which proclaimed officially our desire for complete independence and thereafter gave birth to the Philippine Army. Subsequently, the Philippine Navy was created on 20 May 1898. On 12 June 1898, the Philippine Independence was declared at Kawit, Cavite, and for the first time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled by General Emilio Aguinaldo and our National Hymn was played. The Filipino-American hostilities between 1898 and 1899 further demonstrated the Filipino soldier's best in terms of honor, valor, loyalty, duty and solidarity despite the overwhelming superiority of the enemy forces. To hasten the Philippine campaign on peace and order, the Philippine Military Academy was organized on 25 October 1898. On 21 December 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted officially to create the AFP. The Defense of Bataan and Corregidor from the outbreak of World War II until 09 April and 06 May 1942 respectively against the Japanese invasion forces, the active Philippine guerilla movement and the successful Anti-Huk campaign also best amplified the Filipino soldiers and love of country. The Philippine Air Force was later established on 01 July 1947. Moreover, it is also noteworthy that the AFP had participated in international peace keeping efforts as its commitment to the United Nations such as the Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (PEFTOK) in the early 50's, the Philippine Air Force Contingent in Congo, Africa in the early 60's and the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG) in South Vietnam in the late 60's. After the EDSA event, the AFP has vigorously pursued a national reconciliation effort for peace and progress. B. MISSION OF THE AFP *"To protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory".* C. CHAIN OF COMMAND (Commander-In-Chief, DND & AFP) By virtue of the national Defense Act enacted officially on 21 December 1935, the Armed Forces of the Philippines was created. The President is the Commander-In-Chief of the AFP. He/ She exercises strategic direction over the personnel and the resources of the military establishments through the Secretary of the Department of National Defense, who also represents his/ her in the executive function and in the supervision of the Defense Program of the country. The Chief of Staff, AFP executes the command functions of the President in relation to strategy, tactics and operations. He is also the immediate adviser of the Secretary of National Defense Program as prescribed by the Secretary of National Defense. The Chief of Staff has command and control over all the elements of the AFP. D. ORGANIZATION AND CAPABILITIES OF THE AFP: The AFP is duly created by law as an integral part of the Executive Branch of the Government. It is well-organized and disciplined body composed of a citizen armed force necessary for the defense and security of the state. It is headed by the President as the Commander-In-Chief who exercises control, supervision and authority through a Chain of Command headed by the Chief of Staff. The organizational structure of the AFP provides for centralized direction and control of GHQ to ensure unity of efforts, and the operations of the Major Services and other separate units are decentralized to achieve maximum operational efficiency. As provided for in the National Defense Act, as amended, the Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of the Regular Force and Reserve Force components. The Regular Force is the permanent military organization which is maintained in time of peace and war. In time of peace, the authorized active commissioned officer and enlisted personnel strength of the Regular Force is determined every year by the Annual General and Special Appropriation Act. This strength however, does not only included those officers and EP who are permanently commissioned or serving under voluntary enlistment in the Regular Force, but also those reserve officers and enlisted reservists assigned for duty with the different services of the Regular Force. The Reserve Force is the military organization that will come up physical existence only upon mobilization as may be called upon by the Commander-In-Chief due to state of national emergency suchas war or widespread disorder. Units of the Reserve Force are "paper" organizations which come to being to augment the Regular Force confronting the threat to the Nation. The Reserve Force organization includes the commissioned Reserved Officers and all citizen who have completed the prescribed trainee instruction as provided by the National Defense Act and who are assigned as reservists to the organization of the Reserve Force. E. MAJOR SERVICE COMMANDS: For operational efficiency and effectiveness, the AFP is presently composed of three (3) Major Service Commands namely: - Philippine Army (PA) - conducts ground combat operations; - Philippine Air Force (PAF) - secures the Philippine air space; and - Philippine Navy (PN) - secures the Philippine territorial waters Each service command considers the other services as brothers-in-arms and members of one big family. All AFP services maintain harmonious and mutually supportive relationship with each other and in other government agencies. F. MAJOR SERVICES RESCOMs AND AFPRESCOM Prior to the enactment of the AFP Reservist Act (Republic Act Number 7077) on 27 June 1991, reserve force development was already an existing phenomenon in the AFP as far back as 1939 when the then General of the Army, Douglas McArthur was commissioned to the Commonwealth of the Philippines to organize its citizen army. The surfacing of a new organization that would coordinate and integrate the efforts of the pioneering citizen's army forces was met with resistance for decades. The AFP Reservist Act or RA Nr. 7077 provided for the reorganization of the AFP Reserve Force into four (4) major components, namely: the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Air Force Reserve, and the AFP-Wide technical and Affiliated Reserve Command within one year after its enactment. The urgency of this mandate pushed General Headquarters, AFP to activate the AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM) from the personnel and facilities of the defunct Metropolitan Citizen Military Training Command (MCMTC) on 01 April 1993. 1\. AFPRESCOM - organized as an AFP-wide support and separate unit on 01 April 1993 pursuant to General Order No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated 02 March 1993 and Republic Act No. 7077, otherwise known as the Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act. AFPRESCOM is mandated to provide direction for the development, administration, organization, training, maintenance and utilization of the Citizen Armed Forces as a base for the rapid expansion of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in times of emergency. In the performance of its functions, the Command is organized into two (2) major operational units, namely; the Affiliated Reserve Group (ARG) and the Technical Service Reserve Group (TSRG) which are tasked to train and develop affiliated reservists and technical service reservists, respectively. The training of these reservists is directly under the supervision and control of the Reservists Training Center (RTC). 2\. Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) - premised on a dedication to service, faced with the challenge of being in a constant state of readiness and responsiveness if it is to back up the regular army. Its enduring values of professionalism, integrity and responsibility to the nation through selfless service must be kept alive to meet the demands of the time. 3\. Naval Reserve Command (NAVRESCOM) - tasked to oversee and administer all naval reservists in our country, in order to provide the navy not only a base for expansion in the event of war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and calamity relief but also to assist in socio-economic development of the country. NAVRESCOM has managed to activate eight (8) Naval Reserve centers throughout the country namely; These Centers served as its operating units in far flung areas to ensure that its task of reaching those vast naval reserve manpower be carried with ease and achieve desired goals. 4\. Air Force Reserve Command (AFRESCOM) - is actively involved in the administration and utilization of the air reservist responding and acting quickly to rescue calls whenever and wherever disaster occurs. **MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE** **Lesson Objectives:** **Upon completion of this lesson, the student will:** a. **Explain the importance of military courtesy and discipline in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.** b. **Define military courtesy and discipline.** c. **Enumerate the factors that create a climate of discipline.** d. **State when and how to salute, who are entitled to a salute, and when not to salute.** e. **Identify the different ranks and insignias used in the Armed Forces of the Philippines.** INTRODUCTION:k Many people think that discipline is nothing more than the enforcement of regulations and the corresponding punishment when one violates them. Others associate discipline with the state of subservience where subordinates blindly follow the orders of their superiors out of habit or fear. All of these are not true. As a matter of fact, discipline is that condition wherein men work and get well together for the accomplishment of a group mission. It is that climate of orderliness where individuals execute commands and follow regulations exactly as a result of intelligent and reasoned obedience. Just like in the civilian world, the observance of military courtesy serves to smoothen the personal relationship and among men in the profession of arms and strengthen the bond between them. They must be thoroughly familiar with the different forms of military courtesy and must be able to confidently practice them. A. Definition of Terms: 1\. Military Courtesy - It is the written, officially prescribed code of deportment (behavior) for members of the military establishments. In civilian life, courtesy is an expression of consideration for others. This implies the use of good manners and polished conduct in dealing with other people. 2\. Military Discipline - This term maybe defined as the willingness to accept with conviction and without reservation the necessity for a common law that rules and coordinates the effort of a group. Obvious, a rather severe but basic type of discipline is suggested by this definition. 3\. Morale - The term maybe defined as the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit. B. Necessity for Discipline: Military discipline is necessary to ensure orderly and effective group action, commonly known as teamwork. Teamwork is particularly important in military operations where its presence or lack of it may very well spell the difference between victory or defeat. With discipline, a soldier learns a sense of obligation to himself and to his comrades; to his commander and the entire organizations. He also realizes that he is a member of a team, organized, trained and equipped for the purpose of engaging and defeating the enemies of our country. The ultimate objective of military discipline therefore is unit efficiency in battle -- to ensure that a unit performs its role correctly; that it reaches its objectives, accomplishes its assigned mission and helps other units to accomplish their mission. C. Creating a Climate of Discipline: We find ready application of discipline in all aspects of military life. We often hear of "fire discipline", "water discipline", and "supply discipline". Favorable climate of discipline may be best created in unit by a leader thru the following: 1\. Training - a soldier learns to work with other soldiers; learn to unify their actions into a single effort in order to accomplish the group mission and also develops the habit of prompt obedience to all orders. 2\. Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward - the best kind of discipline is that which exacts obedience by appealing to reason and that which makes use of the so called "positive incentives" or reward. 3\. Instilling a Sense of Confidence and Responsibility - a confident and responsible soldier realizes that he has an obligation not only to himself but to the other soldier in the organization, and that violation of the rules of discipline will not only reflect on him as an individual but will also discredit, if not cause irreparable damage to his unit. D. Military Courtesy in the Service: Military Courtesy are acts of politeness, civility and respect that personnel in the military organization accord to one another. Just like in the civilian world, military courtesy serves to smooth the personal relationship among men in the profession of arms. The following are some of the significant forms of courtesy in the AFP: 1\. Salute -- is the most important and most common form of all military courtesies. Men of arms have used some form of military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times. In the Navy, saluting with the left hand is allowed when the right hand is occupied with something or not available for the execution of the same. 1.1 Who are entitled to the Salute: a\. Commissioned Officers (both male and female) of the AFP, the National Flag and National Anthem. b\. High ranking civilian officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered for them. c\. Officers of the Coast Guard and Geodetic Survey and the Public Service when they are serving with the AFP. 1.2 When to Salute: a\. Aboard ship. When boarding a navy ship where the National Flag is flying, all persons in the naval service step upon reaching the upper platform of the accommodation ladder or shipboard end of the prow, face the national flag , and salute. After this, salute the Officer of the Deck (OOD). When leaving the ship, salute first the OOD and then the national flag. All officers, captains of ships, and officers senior to themselves salutes each other on every occasion of meeting, passing near, or when being addressed. b\. In Boats. a\) Overtake and pass senior officer only upon his permission. When it become necessary to walk past a senior officer, pass his left side, salute when you are abreast and ask, "BY YOUR LEAVE SIR?" When the officer returns the salute you can continue pass him. b\) When in company with a senior, you always walk on his left or put him on your right. This also applies aboard any vehicle. 1.3 How to Salute: a\. When not walking render the salute in the position of a soldier at attention. When walking, continue and render the salute within a recognizable distance (5 paces). b\. Hand salute is rendered smartly and done in the following manner. The forearm should be inclined 45 degrees. The tip of the fore finger should be slightly touching above the eyebrow of the right eye, the thumb and fingers must be extended and joined. The upper arm is parallel to the deck with elbow forward. Hand and wrist in the straight line. The palm is slightly inward. d\. Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand salute when carrying a rifle. They are used when executing present arms, when you give rifle salute at order arms and rifle salute at shoulder arms. **1.4 When NOT to Salute** a\. When troops are at work. b\. Indoors, except when reporting to an officer d\. When serving as a military prisoner **AFP Officers Ranks and Insignia** Identification of ranks, Insignias in the AFP All officers in the AFP are commissioned into the service and are given ranks by the President of the Republic of the Philippines. They hold such rank for a certain time in grade until they are promoted to the next higher grade. Enlisted personnel (EP) are likewise given ranks by their respective services as well as rates and ratings depending on the level of their occupational field on a certain job classification. For the PN, an EP is given a promotional examination (PROMEX) before he/she can be promoted to the next higher grade. **PN Rank Classification** ** ** The ranks, rates and ratings of officers and enlisted personnel in the Philippine Navy differ in name from that of the other branches of service of the AFP including the Philippine Marines. They are almost a universal tradition for all navies of the world and the difference lies only on the various uniform insignias, badges, markings and devices. **Rating** - is the term used in the Navy to identify an occupational specialty that is based on the aptitude, training, experience, knowledge and skills of an individual. Examples of ratings are: Quartermaster (QM), Boatswainmate (BM), Electronic Technician (ET), Engineman (EN), Damage Controlman (DC), etc.   Rate - is the term used to identify the level of achievement and expertise within the individual\'s rating. Rate may also be called paygrade within a rating. a level of aptitude, training, experience, knowledge, skill and responsibility within the rating of occupation. **Rank** - is the combined rate and rating of the individual. Examples of enlisted ranks are: Radioman, Third Class (RM3), Electrician\'s Mate, First Class (EM1), Seaman First, Hospital Corpsman (S1HM), Gunner\'s Mate Chief (GMC), etc. Unrated or non-rated/ unclassified - a term used to identify an individual who has not yet been classified for a particular rating. His rank would carry an initial (UN). Examples are: ASN(UN), SN1(UN), PO3(UN), etc. Striker - a term that applies to an individual in the pay grade E-1 to E-3.  Petty Officer - a term that applies to an individual in the paygrade E-4 to E-7.   Naval Enlisted Job Classification (NEJC) -a system of classifying jobs of enlisted personnel that identifies and describes their special and technical knowledge and skills including the duties and responsibilities to be undertaken by each within the various ratings. It determines where an individual will work and what an individual will do.   Officers are graded according to rank, Enlisted Personnel according to pay grades, and are also spoken as having rates. Rating - a rating pertains to occupation in the navy which requires basically related aptitudes, training, experienced, knowledge and skills. Each rating has its own special symbol worn by all men properly qualified.  **TERRORISM AND COUNTER-TERRORISM** **Lesson Objectives:** **Upon completion of this topic the student will:** **a. Define terrorism and counter-terrorism.** **b. Enumerate the different goals of terrorism.** **c. Enumerate known terrorist activities.** **d. Distinguish broad and specific goals of terrorism.** **e. Identify the three (3) types of strategy to counter terrorism.** INTRODUCTION The key to defeating terrorists is awareness, education and intelligence in order to deny, deters, delay and detect terrorist acts. Rapid coordination between agencies, military units, local police and foreign agencies concerned are essential in denying terrorist, targets and refuge. A. Definitions Terrorism - is the unlawful use of force or violence against individuals or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies often to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives. Terrorist Incident - is a violent act dangerous to human life in violation of the criminal laws of the Philippines to coerce or intimidate government or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives. Terrorist - an individual who uses violence, terror and intimidation to achieve a result. B. Goals of Terrorism *1. Broad Goal* To project uncertainty and instability in economic, social and political arenas. *2. Specific Goals* a\. Short-term terrorist goals 1\) Gaining recognition 8) Reducing the government economy 3\) Obtaining funds and equipment 10) Demoralizing and discrediting the security force 4\) Disrupting communications 11) Intimidating a particular group 5\) Demonstrating power 12) Causing a government to overact 6\) Delaying political process 13) Elevate social anxiety 7\) Eliminating opposition leaders b\. Long-term goals 1\) Topple government 2\) Influence top-level decisions 3\) Gain legitimate recognition for their cause *3. Terrorist Activities* a\. Bombings/Explosive g. Hostage-taking b\. Arson h. Robbery and Extortion f\. Kidnapping *4. Types of Terrorism according to location of incident* Domestic Terrorism -- involves groups or individuals who are based and operate within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippine Island and are directed at elements of our government or population. International Terrorism -- involves groups or individuals who are foreign based or directed by countries or groups outside the Philippine territory or whose activities transcend national boundaries. *5. Terrorist's Targets* Non-combatant target 1\) Persons -- diplomat as symbol of government \- foreign/political leaders \- innocent civilian 2\) Facilities -- communication facilities/installation/power plants/lines The exact location and interrelationship of such permanent objects as roads, buildings, trees, forests, rivers, bridges, railroads. The description and position of movable and temporary objects as tables, chairs, dishes, vehicles, tools, etc. The positions of people or vehicles in movement which are part of the incident and subject to immediate and continuous change after the incident, including the paths followed in their movements. Complete descriptions of clues or leads left on the incident scene. Clues or leads may be removable or destructible items such as fingerprints, footprints, bloodstains, paper fragments, wearing apparel, cigar or cigarette butts, ashes, excrement, etc. 3\) Negative Facts. The absence of any conditions, materials, or objects which might reasonably be expected on the scene in view of the nature and circumstances of the incident is termed as negative fact. The absence of fingerprints, sabotage devices, tool marks, ejected shells, blood (blood stains), etc., from the incident scene where their presence would be appropriate is a negative fact of value in analysis and solution of the case. C. Strategy to Combat Terrorism 1\. Prediction goals, intentions and capabilities of the terrorists. b\. Active Intelligence program exploiting military, civilian and foreign information. c\. Inter-agencies\' coordination and corporation d\. EEI's regarding terrorists - Organizational structure, size, composition - Identify and locations of terrorists - Modus Operandi - International and national support sources and personalities - Motivations - Logistics - Training and Tactics - Intel capabilities - Probable targets 2\. Prevention a\. Physical Security -- preventing unauthorized access to equipment facilities, materials and documents in offices, quarters and installations. regular conduct of physical survey b\. Personnel Security -- measures taken to reduce the vulnerability of an individual for attack; 1\) Awareness and strict compliance of SOPs is going to high-risk places alone. 2\) Proper education and training to personnel regarding terrorist counteractions to encourage vigilance and enhance further studies for more effective counteractions. 3\) Total public cooperation -- immediate reporting of sighting of suspicious persons and activities. 3\. Deterrence a\. Strict and hard line policies/laws against terrorism b\. Sanctions to be imposed to states sponsoring terrorism c\. Quick and effective tracking worldwide of terrorists through good inter-agencies cooperation and coordination d\. Non-acceptance of terrorism as an act to achieve a certain goal e\. Media as a responsible tool to disseminate exact, complete and correct information to avoid panic to the public or else a very effective tool of terrorist to convey their cause.