Panahon ng Himagsikan (Laban sa mga Kastila) 1896-1900 REVIEWER

**Panahon ng Himagsikan** **(Laban sa mga Kastila) 1896 - 1900** KALIGIRANG KASAYSAYAN - Hindi naipagkaloob sa mga Pilipino ang mga hinihinging pagbabago ng mga Propagandista. Naging bingi ang pamahalaan, nagpatuloy ang pang aapi at pagsasamantala, at nagging mahigpit pa sa mga Pilipino...

**Panahon ng Himagsikan** **(Laban sa mga Kastila) 1896 - 1900** KALIGIRANG KASAYSAYAN - Hindi naipagkaloob sa mga Pilipino ang mga hinihinging pagbabago ng mga Propagandista. Naging bingi ang pamahalaan, nagpatuloy ang pang aapi at pagsasamantala, at nagging mahigpit pa sa mga Pilipino ang pamahalaan at simbahan. Ang mga mabuting balakin sana ng Inang Espanya sa Pilipinas ay nasasalungat pa rin ng mga prayleng nangaghari dito. - Matapos madakip si Rizal noong Hulyo 6, 1892, inisip ng mga Pilipino na hindi na nila makakamit ang hinihinging pagbabago sa mapayapang paraan. - Para sa kanila, ang tangin paraan na lamang upang mabago ang pamumuhay ng mga Pilipino ay ang pagpapaalis ang mga Espanyol sa pamamagitan ng rebolusyon. KATIPUNAN Pagkatatag ng Katipunan - Noong Hulyo 7, 1892, itinatag nina Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa,Deodato Arellano sa isang bahay sa Azcarraga. Layunin ng Katipunan - Politika - Moral - Sibiko Tatlong Sanggunian ng KKK 1. Kataastaasang Sanggunian 2. Sangguniang Bayan 3. Sangguniang Balangay - Ang Trianggulong Sistema ay ginamit sa pagkuha ng mga kasaping katipunero. Ang dating miyembro ay maghahanap ng dalawang bagong myembro na hindi magkakilala.Sa maikling panahon, lumaki ang Samahan ng Katipunan. Mga kasapi ng Katipunan. 1. Katipun 2. Bayani 3. Kawal Katipun - Unang antas ng Katipunero - (Password): Anak ng Bayan - Nagsusuot ng itim na pandong sa mga pagpupulong na may nakasulat na titik Z,B,L. Nanganguhulugang ANAK NG BAYAN Kawal - Pangalawang antas ng Katipunero - (Password): Gomburza - Nagsusuot ng berdeng pamandong sa mga pagpupulong na may titik Z,B,L na nangangahulugang ng Bayan Bayani - Ikatlong antas ng Katipunero - (Password): Rizal - Nagsusuot ng pulang hood sa mga pagpupulong. - Binubuo ng mga pinuno ng Katipunan Pacto de Sangre - Ang ritwal na ginagawa sa mga taong nais maging kasapi ng Katipunan. - Ito ay ginagawa sa isang lihim na silid na kung tawagin ay Camara Negra (Dark Chamber) - Ito ay nagsisimula sa isang pagsubok at nagtatapos sa paglagda sa kasunduan gamit ang sariling nilang dugo. NILALAMAN NG PANITIKAN SA PANAHON NG TAHASANG PAGHIHIMAGSIK - Pawang pagtuligsaa sa pamahalaan at simbahan - Pagbibigay-payo sa mga Pilipino upang makaisa at maghanda nang matamo ang inaasam na Kalayaan. TALUKTOK NG TAHASANG PAGHIHIMAGSIK - Ang kinikilalang taluktok o pinakalider ng tahasang paghihimagsik ay sina: Andres Bonifacio Emilio Jacinto Apolinario Mabini. Andres Bonifacio y de Castro - Siya'y isang tunay na Pilipino na ipinanganak noong ika-30 ng Nobyembre 1863 sa isang bahay na pawid sa pook na nasa harap ng himpian ngayon ng pero-karil sa daang Azcarraga, Tundo, Maynila. - Ang kanyang ama'y nagngangalang Santiago Bonifacio na ang hanap buhay ay sastre at ang kanyang ina nama'y Catalina de Castro. Mga taas na taga Maynila. - Isang Pilipinong Makabayan at rebolusyonaryo. - Binansagan siyang "Ama ng Katipunan." Siya ang nagtatag at lumaon nagging Supremo ng kilusang Katipunan na naglayongmakamtan ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas mula sa Espanya at nagpasimula ng Himagsikang Pilipino. - Kinikilala rin siya ng ilang mga dalubhasa sa kasaysayan bilang unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas subalit hindi siya opisyal na kinikilala. - Hamak ang pinanggalingang kalagayan sa buhay, kaya't sinasabing ang kanyang mga natutunan ay pawang galling sa "paaralan ng karansan" - Umanib o lumahok sa kilusang itinatag ni Jose Rizal ang LA LIGA FILIPINA. - Lalong kilala sa pagiging dakilang mandirigma kaysa manunulat. Mga Akda ni Andres Bonifacio - Pag-ibig sa Tinabuang Lupa - Ang dapat mabatid ng mga Tagalog - Tapunan ng Lingap - Ang mga Cazadores - Katungkulang Gawain ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Decalogo) - Mi Abanico - Huling Paalam ni Dr. Jose Rizal (Salin ng Mi Ultimo ni Gat Andres Bonifacio) - Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas KARTILYA NI BONIFACIO 1. Ibigin mo ang Diyos nang buong puso. 2. Laging isaisip na nag tunay na pag ibigsa Diyos ay ang pag ibig sa bayan at kapwa tao. 3. Ikintal mo sa puso na ang tunay karangalan at kaligayahan ay natatamo sa iyong pagkamatay sapakikilaban sa ngalan ng iyong bayan 4. Ang lahat ng mabubuti mong hangarin ay makakamtan kung ikaw ay mahinahon, matiyaga, makatwiran at may pag asa sa iyong Gawain. 5. Pangalagaang katulad ng iyong karangalan ang mga kautusan at mga hangarin ng KKK. 6. Katungkulan mong iligtas ang buhay na nasa panganib sa pagpupumilit na matupad ang isang marangal na hangain, kahit mapilitang ihandog mo ang sariling buhay at yaman. 7. Bayaang ang saring pag uugali at pangingilos sa pagtupad ng ating tungkulin ay maging uliran ng iba. 8. Bahagian mo ang iyong yaman ang bawat dukkha at taong kulang-palad sa loob ng iyong makakaya. 9. Ang pagsusumikap at pagpipilit na kumite ng ikabubuhay ay nagpapahayag ng tunay na pagmamahal sa sarili, sa asawa, anak, kapatid at kababayan. 10. May parusa sa bawatsalarin ang taksil, at gantimpala sa lahat ng mabubuting gawa. Manalig na ang puntahin ng KKK ay kaloob ng Maykapal samaktwid ang hangad ng bayan ay hangad din niya. Emilio Jacinto (1875-1899) - Tinaguriang "utak ng Katipunan" - Siya ay anak nila Mariano Jacinto at Josefa Dizon. - Namatay agad ang kanyang ama ilang sandal lamang matapos na siya ay isilang na nagtulak sa kanyang ina. - Na ipaampon si Emilio sa kanyang tiyuhin na si Don Jose Dizon upang magkaroon ng magandang buhay. - Si Emilio ay bihasa sa pagsasalita ng Tagalog at Kastila pero mas gusto niya ang Kastila. Siya ay nag aral sa Kolehiyo ng San Juan de Letran at nang maglaon ay lumipat sa Pamantasan ng Sto. Tomas para mag aral ng batas. - Sa edad 20 ay sumapi siya sa isang sikretong Samahan na ang pangalan ay Katipunan. - Nang namatay si Bonifacio, Ipinagpatuloy ni Jacinto ang paglaban sa mga kastila bagamat hindi sya sumali sa puwersa ni Aguinaldo. Namatay si Emilio Jacinto sa sakit na malaria nppong abril 16, 1899 sa Majayjay, Laguna sa edad na 23. - Nakilatis ni Bonifacio ang dunong at katapatan ni Jacinto, kaya hinirang niya itong Kalihim (secretary) At Fiscal (abogado, attorney) ng Katipunan. Akda ni Emilio Jacinto - Pahayaga (1875-1899) - Ang kasalanan ni cain (1875-1899) - Pahayag ni Agosto 1897 (1875-1899) - Sa may nasang makisanib sa katipunang ito (1875-1899) - Ang Liwanag at Dilim - Mga aral ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan Pio Valenzuela - Isang Pilipinong manggagamot at isang importanteng tao sa panahon ng Rebolusyon Pilipino laban sa mga kolonyalistabg Espanyol. - Siya ay mag aaral sa medisina ng University of Santo Tomas nang sumali siya sa bagong tatag na Katipunan - Si Valenzuela rin ang tumulong kay Emilio Jacinto sa pagtatag ng "Kalayaan" ang pahayagan ng Katipunan gamit ang mga ninakaw na makinilya mula sa Diario de Manila. - Nang maglaon, tinanggap ni Valenzuela ang amnestiya na inalok ng kolonyal na gobyerno ng Espanyol. Sumuko siya nooing Sept. 11896 at pagkatapos ay dineport siya sa espanya at nabilanggo sa Madrid. Nang maglaon, siya ay inilipat sa Malaga, Barcelona at pagkatapos ay sa isang outpost ng espanya sa Africa. Siya ay nakulong sa loob ng mga dalawang taon. Sa ilalim ng mga Amerikano, siya ay nabilanggo muli at inihayag bilang isang "Radical Propagandist" - Pagkatapos ng ilang taon, naglingkod siya bilang unang alcalde (sa panahon ng rehimeng Amerikano) ng munusipalidad ng Polo (Ngayon ay Valenzuela City) mula 1899 hanggang 1900 bago siya nagging gobernadora ng lalawigan ng Bulacan (1921-1925). Namatay siya noong Abril 6 1956 sa edad na 86. - Noong 1963, pinaltan ang pangalan ng bayan ng Polo at tinawag na Valenzuela bilang parangal kay Dr. Pio Valenzuela. Mga Pahayagan Noong Panahon ng Himagsikan 1. Kalayaan -- ang pamansag ng Katipunan. Itinatag ito noong 1896. Pinamatnugutan ito Pio Valenzuela. 2. Diario de Manila -- ang pantulong ng kalayaam. Natagpuan ng mga kastila ang limbagan nito kaya't may katibayan sila sa mga plano ng mga Katipunero. 3. El Heraldo de la Revolicion. Makalwa sanlinggom kung lumalabas abg pahayagang ito. Limbag ito sa unang republika ng Pilipinas noong 1898. itinaguyod nito ang kaisipang pampulitika. Nang lumaon, nagging Heraldo Filipino ang pangalan nito at kalaunan ay nagging Indice Official at Gaceta de Filipinas. Tumagal ang pahayagang ito mula ika 28 ng Disyembre, 1898 hanggang kalagitnaan ng 1899. Layon nitong pag-alabin ang damdaming Makabayan tulad din ng mga naunang pahayagan. 4. La Independencia -- Naging patnugot nito si Antonio Luna. Itinatag ito nonng ika-3 ng Setyembre 1898. 5. La Republika Filipina. Pinamatnugutan at itinatag ni Pedro Paterno noong 1898. 6. Ang Bayang Kahapis-hapis -- Lumabas noong ika-24 ng Agosto, 1899 7. Ang Kaibigan ng Bayan -- Lumabas noong 1898. 8. Ang Kalayaan -- Tagapamalitang Tagalog at Capampangan, Tarlac, 1899. Mga Kababaihang Miyembro ng Katipunan - Gregoria de jesus - Josefa Rizal - Melchora Aquino - Marina Dizon - Angelica Lopez-Rizal - Trinidad Tecson Gregoria de Jesus - Asawa ni Andres Bonifacio - Lakambini ng Katipunan - Ina ng Himagsikan Trinidad Tecson - Mother of Biak-Na-Bato Melchora Aquino - Ina ng "Katipunan" - Dakilang babae ng rebolusyon - Kilala bilang Tandang Sora Pagkakatuklas ng Katipunan - Nabunyag ang lihim ng Katipunan ng ikinumpisal ito ng kapatid ni Teodora Patino kay Padre Mariano Gil noong august 19, 1896 - Sa ginawang paghahalughog sa palimbagab ng Diario de Manila Natuklasan ang mga patalim, resibo at dokumento ng Katipunan Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin - Pagkatapos mabunyag ang lihim ng Katipunan, tinipon ni Bonifacio ang mga Katipuinero sa Balintawak noong Agosto 23, 1896. - Dito napagkasunduan na simulant agad ang Rebolusyon - Bilang hudyat ng himagsikan. Pinunit nila ang kanilang mga cedula at sumigaw ng "Ligtas na tayo sa pagkaalipin - "Mabuhay ang Pilipinas! Mabuhay ang Katipunan Unang laban para sa kalayaan - Noong August 30, 1896, sinalakay ng mga katipunero ang polverin ng mga Kastila sa San Juan, Manila - Ipinag-utos ni Gob. Hen Jose Blanco nailagay sa ilalim ng batas military ang walong lalawigan sa Luzon -- Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueve Ecija at Tarlac - 1892 -- Naging malaking dagok sa mga kasapi ng kilusang propaganda ang pagkakarapon ni Dr. Jose Rizal sa Dapitan. - 7 July 1892 -- itinatag ang KKK, Isang lihim na Samahan na naglalayong pabagsakin ang pamahalaang Kastila. - 3 July 1892 -- itinatag ang La Liga Filipina - Agosto 29, 1896 -- Napagkaisahan nilang simulant ang himagsikan pagkaraan ng isang lingo upang bigyan na sapat na babala at panahong maghanda ang mga Katipuneros sa mga lalawigan - Agosto 25, 1896 -- Dumating ang isang pangkat ng hukbong Espanyol. Walang sandata maliban sa mga itak, napilitang umurong ang mga Katipuneros at hinabol sila ng mga sundalo hanggang abutan ng gabi sa Balara - Agosto 29, 1896 -- ihinayag ni Bonifacio ang himagsikan laban sa Espanya. - Agosto 30, 1896 -- Pinamunuan nilang dalawa ang 800Katipunerong sumalakay sa bandang 100 sundalo na masipag umurong at nagkulong sa El Deposito. - Agosto 23. 1896 -- pagkatapos nilang magsugo ng mga pasabi sa mga lalawigan, pinunit nila ang kanilang mga cedula. Pahiwatig na hindi sila pailalim sa esppanyol kalianman. Ipinahayag ni Bonifacio ang kanilang layunin sa pakikipaglaban sa Pugad-lawin. Pinunit nila ang kanilang mga sedula at isinigaw ang "Mabuhay anf Pilipinas!" - 19 Agosto 1896 -- Nabunyag kay Padre Mariano Gil sa pamamagitan ni Teodoro Patino ang tungkol sa Katipunan CONTEMPORARY History of Global Market Before the rise of modern economy, people only produced for their family. nowadays, economy demands the different sectors to work together in order to produce, distribute, and exchange products and services. **The Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution** **Agricultural Revolution** \*First big economic change was the agricultural revolution (Pomeranz, 2000) \*Farming helped societies build surpluses that led to major development like permanent settlements, trade networks and population growth. **Industrial Revolution** \*Second economic revolution is the Industrial Revolution of 1800s \*Rise of industry came new economic tools (steam engines), manufacturing and mass production Adapting to Diverse Learning Styles: Tailored Education for Every Individual **There are 2 competing economy** There are two (2) competing economic models that sprung up around the time of industrial Revolution, as economic capital became more and more important to the production of goods. These were **capitalism and socialism.** **CAPITALISM** CAPITALISM Capitalism is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are privately owned.It emphasizes profit maximization and competition as the main drivers of efficiency. This means that when one owns a business, he needs to outperform his competitors if he is going to succeed. He is Incentivized to be more efficient by improving the quality of one\'s product and reducing the prices.This Is what economist Adam Smith in the 1770s called the "invisible hand\" of the market. The idea is that if one leaves a capitalist economy alone **SOCIALIZING** Socialism\_ is a system in which the means of production are under collective ownership. It rejects capitalism\'s private property and hands-off approaches. Instead, property is owned by the government and allocated to all citizens. Socialism emphasizes collective goals, expecting everyone to work for the common good and placing a higher value on meeting everyone\'s basic needs than On individual profit. When Karl Marx first wrote socialism, he viewed it as a political and economic system which all members of a society are socially equal. In practice, this has not played out in the countries that have modeled their economies coin socialism, like Cuba,N Korea, China and the USSR. Rather than freeing the workers\-- in Marxist terms, the proletariat \-\-- from inequality, the massive power of the government in these states gave enormous wealth power and privilege to political elites **The Information Revolution** - Ours is the time of the information revolution. Technology has reduced the role of human labor and shifted it from a manufactuiring-based economy to one that is based on service work and the production of ideas rather than goods. This has had a lot of residual effects on our economy. Agricultural jobs, which once were a massive part of the Philippine labor force, have fallen drastically over the century. - Manufacturing jobs, which were the lifeblood of United States economy for much of the 20th century, have decline in the last 30 years. The US economy began with their many workers serving in either the primary or secondary economic sectors. But today, much of their economy is centered on the tertiary sector or in the service industry - The service Industry includes every job such as administrative assistants, nurses, teachers and lawyers. - This is a big and diverse group because the tertiary sector, like all the economic sectors is defined mainly by what it produces rather than what kinds of jobs it Includes Sociologist have a way of distinguishing between types of jobs, which is base more on the social status and the compensation that come with them. **PRIMARY LABOR MARKET** It includes job that benefits to workers these are white-collar professions. **SECONDARY LABOR MARKET** provide fewer benefits and include lower-skilled jobs and lower-level service sector jobs **Global Corporation** - Multinational or transnational corporations(MNCs OR TNCs) - These are companies that extend beyond the borders - Also referred to of as global corporations - There seem to be a lot of negative effects of globalization from transnational corporations. Trade does promote the self- interested agendas of corporations and give them autonomy. The global corporation also influence politics and allow workers to be exploited **THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM** GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM It is the whole system of human interactions. The modern world system is structured politically as an interstate system -- a system of competing and allying state. Political scientists commonly call this the international system and this is the focal point of the field of international relations. **Three Zones in Division of Labor** 1. CORE -- US, Japan, Germany, and UK 2. SEMI-PERIPHERY -- South Korea, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, India, Nigeria, and South Africa 3. PERIPHERY -- Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America **5 TYPES OF ECONOMIC SECTOR** 1. PRIMARY SECTOR -- Involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources. 2. SECONDARY SECTOR -- Focuses on manufacturing and processing, where raw materials are turned into finished goods. 3. TERTIARY SECTOR -- also called "service called". Involves providing services to individuals or businesses. 4. QUATERNARY SECTOR -- It's a center around knowledge-based services and activities. 5. QUINARY SECTOR -- Consists of high-level decision-making and leadership roles in society or businesses. **THE STATE** The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest to scholars of global politics because it is viewed as \"the institution that creates warfare and sets economic policies for a country.\" The state is a political unit that has authority over its own affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by other countries. It is assumed that whoever is in charge of those borders has the right to determine exactly what is going to happen in their country. The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 established the notion of the nation-state and the idea of state sovereignty. Today, the globalization of politics created an atmosphere where the ideas of the nation-state, state sovereignty, government control, and state policies are challenged from all sides. **The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648** - The war was started on 1618. - It ended the Thirty Years\' War, a war of religion that devastated Germany and killed 30% of its population. - It fractured catholic dominance over Europe. - It forced states to form alliances for their own protection and engage in diplomacy. - It gave states sovereignty within their borders. - It developed Europe's ability to live with religious diversity. - It led to the sovereignty of states, which kept the peace by maintaining a balance of power - It recognized the full territorial sovereignty of the member states of the empire. With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease in the power of the state and that other actors are actually becoming more powerful. These actors include multinational corporations and global civil society organizations, like the Red Cross, that cross national boundaries. , GENEVA, SWITZERLAND Multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations, such as the Amnesty International, are significant organizations that put into question the strength of national autonomy and global politics. The emergence of non-state organizations, like Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and terrorist organizations, which seek power try to depose a government and replace the system with their own ideological belief. "My country, right or wrong," is a thing that no patriot would think of saying except in a desperate case. It is like saying, "My mother, drunk or sober." -G.K. Chesterton **GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY** **GLOBAL GOVERNANCE** - It refers to the ways in which international affairs are managed across countries and regions through various forms of cooperation, agreements, and institutions. It encompasses a wide range of issues. - Then, there is mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into various nation-states. If states are unable to control this flow, then there is a need for some sort of global governance to help deal with the problem. The flow of criminal elements, as well as their products (drugs, laundered money, those bought and sold in sex trafficking, etc.), is a strong factor in the call for global governance (Levy and Sznaider, 2006). - Then, there are global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to tackle on their own. One is the global financial crises and panic that sweep the world periodically, which nations are often unable to deal with on their own **Effects of Globalization to Governments** **EFFECTS** - One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government. It is a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state. Each state has its own right to self-determination and that other country should not intervene in the affairs of that state unless there are extraordinary reasons to do so. Other countries must recognize sovereignty or the right to govern one\'s own territorial borders - Each state is autonomous unto itself and responsible within its own system of government to those who are governed. The decisions, the conflict, and the resolution of that conflict are done through the institutions of government established and codified in that particular state, whether or not through elections. **GLOBAL GOVERNANCE** - Elections, especially in democratic society, provide the leadership of the state. - In addition, the policy is developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a state by a specific government. A civil society within a state can also act as a counterweight or as a supplement to government. Civil society includes the private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal organizations, and other non-profit organizations. **There have been several challenges to the government and ultimately, to state autonomy. We can divide these challenges into four:** 1. **Traditional challenges, challenges from national** 2. **Identity movements** 3. **Global economics** 4. **Global social movements.** **Global Social Movements** Global social movements, such as the Al-Qaeda and ISIS, are another example of national or identity movements. In this case, they are structured around the fundamentalist version of Islam. "Islamic Groups terrorizing Christian Minority through Beheading, Rape, and Sexual Violence" **THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION** The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices and that is more or less separate from other communities. 4 Elements of a State 1. People- the permanent population 2. Territory- this permanent presence in one location is strengthened by the second elements of a state 3. Government- the government regulates relations among its own people and with other states 4. Sovereignty it is the supreme authority within a territory **NATION** refers to a people rather than any kind of formal territorial boundaries or institutions. It is a collective grounded on a notion of shared history and culture. A cultural concept. **STATE** we may refer to the Philippine government, territory, and its internal and external sovereignty. A political concept This bring us to the concept of the Nation-State are two different but interlinked concepts. Beland (2008) argued that \"the role of the state is enduring and even increasing\-\-- in advanced industrial societies\". A related point is that it would be a mistake simply \"to see globalization as a threat to, a constraint on, the nation-state; it can also be an opportunity for the nation-state\" Conley (2002) **INSTITUTION THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS** The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate. Today, it is made up of close to 200 countries from around the world, 193 to be exact. It functions four areas: Military issues, Economic issues, Environmental issues, and Human protection. - On Military Issue, the institution that play a big role in foreign conflicts is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is a defensive treaty or a military alliance between the US, Canada and twenty five (25) European countries. It is based on the idea of collectively security. - In terms of Economic issues, the main focus of the UN is the reduction of global inequality - On Environmental issues, such as pollutiin andinazardous wastes, are addressed through United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP). - Finally, the UN promotes and protects human rights through different organizations and mechanisms **NON-Governmental Organization (NGOS)** Red Cross (Red Cresent in Muslim Countries). It is considered as a non- governmental organizations NGOs are not tied to any country. They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and medical supplies for those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war. Red Cross remains neutral, governments are more likely to let them come into their countries to help. Its headquarter is at Geneva, Switzerland. Another emergency healthcare in disaster areas; Oxfam fights famine and disease; Amnesty International speaks out for human rights and political prisoners; and Save the Children helps kids health care and education. **GLOBAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION:** **The WTO and The NAFTA** WTO and NAFTA economic association WTO. It is made up of 162 countries around the world and was created with the goal of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from one another without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. Another famous economic organization is NAFTA. An economic treaty between the United States, Canada, and the Mexico in which the three countries trade freely without taxing each other. Globalization and globalism - Globalism refers to the network of connections that transcends distances of different countries in the world. In other words, the links among countries and people are better associated with globalism while the speed in which they become linked with one another is globalization - We can also differentiate globalism and globalization in terms of \"thickness \" (Nye, 2002). Globalism is thin. As it become thicker, globalization happens. This means that being able to connect countries in the world through a more dynamic and fast way is globalization **Informationalism** lies on the growth of information as binding force among people, things, and places around the globe. The technological paradigm, associated with computer science and modern telecommunication, that replaces Industrialism is called informationalism (Castells, 2004). These ara technology, the media and the internet: \"the three (3) of the most cutting edge aspects of the social world in general and globalization in particular \" (Ritzer, 2015, p. 134). **Global citizenship** Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations, for instance, the right to vote and the obligation to pay taxes. Both rights-and obligations link the individual to the state. It also has to do with our attitudes.We need to be willing to engage and spend time and effort to the community of which we feel part of. Community has traditionally been regarded as something very local. How, then,Caecilia Johanna van Peski (as cited Barbadian, 2012) defined global citizenship moral and ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals and groups of local contexts,and remind them of their relative-responsibilities within various communities.\" Global citizen are the glue which binds local intercommunication in an increasingly globalized world **DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY** **PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT** **Prenatal Stages Teratology and Hazards** Introduction Prenatal Development / Gestational Period \- Process of Growth and Development within the womb between conception and birth. The Significance of Learning Prenatal Development \- Basis for lifelong health for both mothers and babies Growth and Development -systematic process of change and stability "human life span" **3 Types of Changes** 1. 2. 3. **2 types of Process** 1. 2. PRENATAL STAGES; Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal **Germinal Stage** 10 - 14 days / 1st 2 weeks Reproduction to Progesterone Secretion "Shortest Stage of Fetal Development" zygote - mitosis - blastocyst - implantation Next... gastrulation - organ development / embryonic **Embryonic Stage** 2 - 8 weeks / first trimester major system and organs develope **Organogenesis**- rapid organ development \"critical stage of development\" **3 LAYERS OF EMBRYONIC** 1. **Endoderm / innermost germ layer** Endocrine, Digestion and Respiration 2. **Mesoderm / middle** Circulatory, Excretory, Inner Skin 3. **Ectoderm / upper** Nervous, Outer Skin, Nails, Teeth, Hair PRENATAL STAGES; Germinal, Embryonic, and Fetal Fetal Stage 8th week to birth / 2-9months Body system continues to grow and mature Fetus is active; movement and bodily processes Developmental principle Cephalocaudal -Top to Bottom Proximodistal -Inner to Outer **Teratology and Hazards** \- study of abnormal fetal development and the effects of teratogens. TERATOGENS \- SPECIFIC agents that cause birth defects **Medication** - Birth Defects and Abnormalities **Alcohol**- Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder **Infection**- Heart Defects and Hearing loss **Environmental Toxins** -Neurological Issues and Malformation **Maternal Health Factors-** Deficiencies and Fetal Complications **HAZARDS** \- ANY potential risks that can harm the mother and fetus including teratogens. ** Environmental exposures** ** Lifestyle Factors** ** Medical conditions** ** Nutritional deficiencies** ** Psychological stress** **TERATOLOGY AND HAZARDS** **Environmental Factors; Maternal and Paternal** **Maternal Factors** **Nutrition and Maternal Weight** Gain too little; growth retardation and risk of obesity. Gain too much; induced labor/ caesarean **Malnutrition / Calorie Deficit** Growth Restriction and Low birth weight Weak and soft bones Fetal Under nutrition; risk of schizophrenia and diabetes **Physical Activity and Work** Preterm and Low birth weight Fatigue and Health Complications to mothers **Drug Intake** 1. **MEDICAL DRUG;** Preterm, small babies,Neonate Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) 2. **ALCOHOL** ; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) 3. **NICOTINE**; Low Birth Weight, Miscarriage Growth Retardation, Sudden Infant Death Colic, Long-term health problems,Obesity and Cardiovascular diseases 4. **CAFFEINE**; Miscarriage, Still birth, LBW 5. **MARIJUANA**; Problem solving skills,Altered patterns of cerebral blood flow 6. **COCAINE**; Miscarriage,Preterm, Delayed growth, defects, impaired neurological development Methamphetamine; Brain Damage **Maternal Illness** 1. **AIDS**; transmission 2. **RUBELLA**(German Measles); deafness and heart defects 3. **TAXOPLASMOSIS**; brain damage , eyesight, seizure, and miscarriage 4. **Diabetes**; wide range of birth defect, heart and neural defects **Maternal Anxiety, Stress, and Depression** 1.Active and Irritable newborns, inattentiveness 2\. Negative Emotion and behavioral disorders in early childhood 3\. **Depression**; premature and development delay in toddler, violent and antisocial behaviors in adolescence **Maternal Age** -Miscarriage and Still birth increased with age **30-35;** more likely to suffer complications example; diabetes, highblood pressure, severe bleeding **Adolescent moms;** premature and underweight RH Factors Incompatibility When the Rh (Rhesus) factor of mother and fetus differ, the baby RBC may be destroyed and may lead to the lack of oxygen supply. :a type of protein outside RBC OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS 1. High levels of fine combustion-related particles \- Premature and undersized birth, chromosomal abnormalities 2. Concentrations of disinfection by-products \- Low birth weight and congenital abnormalities 3. Environmental toxins; Lead, mercury, dioxin, ethanol and secondhand smoke \- Asthma, allergies, and autoimmune disorders 4. Chemically contaminated groundwater and home pesticides \- Childhood cancers **Paternal Factors** \- Exposure to environmental toxins may result in abnormal or poor quality sperm example: Work hazards from nuclear plants and military vessels \- Smokers: risk of transmitting genetic abnormalities and heart defects **Paternal Age** **- Old fathers:** 1. Birth defects risk due to damaged or deteriorated sperm 2. Risk of rare conditions (dwarfism) 3. Risk of bipolar, autism and related disorders **- Young fathers:** 1. risk of schizophrenia for children **DO's and Don'ts** **DOS** - Vaccination against infectious diseases - See a doctor as soon as you\'re suspect - Eat a well-balanced diet and take prescribed supplements - Read about prenatal development and ask doctor - Moderate exercise - Avoid emotional stress - Get plenty of rest - Enroll in a prenatal and childbirth class with companion **Donts** - Don\'t take drugs without doctor prescription - Don\'t smoke - Don\'t drink alcohol from the decision to get pregnant - Don\'t do activities that may expose one to teratogens - Don\'t choose pregnancy to go on a diet - Don\'t gain too much weight **EARLY CHILDHOOD 3-6 yrs**  **Memory** Episodic Memory - Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place. Generic Memory - Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior. Autobiographical Memory - Memory of specific events in one\'s life: Generally emerges between 3 and 4 years old. Memory Social Interaction Model - based on Vygotsky\'s sociocultural theory Proposes children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events. Language Fast Mapping - Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation. By age 6, a child typically has an expressive (speaking) vocabulary of 2,600 words and understands more than 20,000 Children typically begin to use plurals, possessives, and past tense and know the difference between I, you, and we. Between ages 4 and 5, sentences average four to five words and may be declarative interrogative (\"Why can\'t I go outside?\") or imperative (\"Catch the ball!\") By ages 5 to 7, children\'s speech has become quite adultlike. Pragmatics and Social Speech **Pragmatics** - The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes. **Social Speech** - Speech intended to be understood by a listener. knowing how to ask for things, how to tell a story or joke, how to begin and continue a conversation, and how to adjust comments to the listener\'s perspective **Private speech** - Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others. Self-Concept \* Single representation (age 4) - isolated and one-dimensional. \* Representational Mapping (5 to 6) - logical connections among parts of the self. Self-Esteem Self-esteem - The judgement a person makes about his or her self-worth. Young children wildly overestimate their abilities. One-dimensional: either all good or all bad. Children whose self-esteem is *contingent* on success tend to become demoralized when they fail. Children with *non-contingent* self-esteem, in contrast, tend to attribute failure or disappointment to factors outside themselves or to the need to try harder. Initiative vs. Guilt Erikson\'s third stage in Psychosocial Development Children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so. Parenting \* **Discipline** - Methods of molding children\'s character and of teaching them to exercise self-control and engage in acceptable behavior. **Corporal Punishment -** Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior. Risk of injury, poor relationship, increased aggression and antisocial behavior. Parenting **Inductive techniques** - designed to discourage undesirable behavior by appealing to a child\'s sense of reason and fairness. **Power Assertion** - designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control. **Withdrawal of Love** - involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child. Parenting Styles (Baumrind) \* **Authoritarian Parenting** - parenting style emphasizing control and obedience. \* **Permissive Parenting** - parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation. \* **Authoritative Parenting** - parenting style blending respect for a child\'s individuality with an effort to instill social values. \* **Uninvolved Parenting** - a style of parenting that is low in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication Social Emotions: Shame, Guilt and Pride How would a child feel after doing something he is not supposed to do: \* Age 4-5: \"worried\". \"scared\" \* Age 5-6: \"my parents would be ashamed\". \* Age 6-7: would feel ashamed if their parents are present. \* Age 7-8: would feel ashamed even if no one is looking. Aggression Instrumental Aggression - used as a means of achieving a goal. Overt (Direct) Aggression - openly directed at its target. Relational Aggression - aimed at damaging or interfering with another person\'s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being. Benefits of Play Play has physical, cognitive and psychosocial benefits. Cognitive Levels of Play Functional play (locomotor play) Involving repetitive large muscular movements Infancy Constructive play (object play) Use of objects to make something Dramatic play (pretend play) Involves imaginary objects, actions or roles. Formal games with rules