Reproductive System PDF

— 1 ANAPHY (REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)—————————————————————————— SEX AND GENDER UTERUS AND CERVIX Sex - categories based on anatomy, chromosomes, Hollow, muscular muscular organ located in pelvic or hormones....

— 1 ANAPHY (REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)—————————————————————————— SEX AND GENDER UTERUS AND CERVIX Sex - categories based on anatomy, chromosomes, Hollow, muscular muscular organ located in pelvic or hormones. cavity, inferior to bladder ○ Biological male and biological female Side of implantation and development of an embryo Gender (gender identity) - indicates who a Three regions: fundus, body, and cervix person knows themselves to be. ○ Cervix is narrow and plug with mucus ○ May not match biological sex Gender expression - characteristics an individual displays to the world THE OVARIAN AND UTERINE CYCLES ○ Clothing, demeanor (REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES) Sexual orientation - describes whom an individual is sexually attracted to. Ovarian and uterine cycles coordinate reproductive functions in biological females ○ Events coordinated to increase chances of pregnancy ANATOMY OF BIOLOGICAL FEMALES (FEMALE Ovarian cycle produces oocytes EXTERNAL GENITALIA) Uterine cycle ensures uterus is prepared to support Vulva - collective term for biological female embryo/fetus if fertilization occurs external genitalia Timing of cycles ranges between 21-35 days ○ Mons pubis - fat pad that covers and ○ 28 days used as an average protects pubis symphysis ○ Labia majora - larger, hair-covered, more external folds of skin MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA ○ Labia minora - inner, hairless folds of skin Includes penis and scrotum ○ Clitoris - biological female equivalent of Penis serves as passageway for urine or semen to penis exit body Contains nerves for secual ○ Contains spongy/penile urethra sensation and orgasm. ○ Semen is a mixture of sperm and additional fluids for their support Scrotum houses the testes VAGINA Entrance and exit of the biological female PENIS reproductive tract Muscular canal Biological male homologue of the clitoris Walls contain rugae Erectile tissue - fills with blood during sexual ○ Allow expansion during intercourse and arousal childbirth Root - internal component Acidic pH helps protect against infection Shaft - rod-like column of penis ○ Acid produced by Lactobacillus sp. ○ Contains corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum Glans - expanded head at distal end ○ Covered by foreskin in uncircumcised OVARIES males Main reproductive organ Urethra - tubular organ that runs down entire Paired biological female gonads located in pelvic length of penis; transports urine and semen cavity Produce oocytes (eggs) Held in place by mesovarium, broad ligament, SCROTUM AND TESTES suspensory ligament, and ovarian ligament Covered by ovarian surface epithelium and tunica Scrotum houses the testes albuginea Homologue of female labia majora Superficial ovarian cortex contains ovarian follicles Sac-like pouch covered with skin Deeper ovarian medulla contains blood vessels, Allows testicular temperature to be lower than body lymph vessels, and nerves temperature ○ Optimizes sperm production Raphe = site of fusion of genital folds during embryonic development UTERINE TUBES Located next to ovaries but not directly connected to them. SPERMATIC CORD Passageway for oocyte to reach uterus Divided into infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus Structures that enter and exit testes travel through Fimbriae in infundibulum help create current to spermatic cord sweet eggs into uterine tubes ○ Testicular artery Cilia and smooth muscle contraction continue ○ Testicular veins movement through uterine tubes ○ Lymphatic vessels Fertilization usually occurs in ampulla ○ Nerves ○ Ductus deferens — 2 ANAPHY (REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)—————————————————————————— TESTES The biological male gonads that produce sperm and sex hormones Covered by: ○ Tunica vaginalis = serous membrane ○ Tunica albuginea = dense connective tissue that divides each testis into lobules Seminiferous tubules - site where sperm production occurs ○ Sperm move through rete testis after production by seminiferous tubules Sperm exit testes via efferent ductules and enter epididymis ○ Sperm fully mature in epididymis Mature sperm exit epididymis and travel through ductus deferens Ductus deferens enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canal ○ Crosses over superior portion of bladder and enters prostate gland ○ Connects with urethra within prostate gland GLANDS OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Majority of semen produced by accessory glands Seminal vesicles - located on posterior of bladder ○ Secrete 60% of semen volume ○ Secretion contains fructose for ATP production, which provides energy for swimming Prostate gland - located inferior to bladder ○ Secretes alkaline, milky fluid to coagulate sperm Bulbourethral glands - located at posterior of perineum ○ Lubricate urethra for passage of semen SPERM PRODUCTION Biological male reproductive system responsible for gamete and sex hormone production ○ Does not support embryonic development like biological female Sperm production is divided into two processes: ○ Spermatogenesis - formation of haploid cell ○ Spermiogenesis - formation of mature sperm cell Interstitial cells secrete androgens that promote both processes Nurse cells support process of sperm production SPERM Mature sperm - streamlined for speed and travel Head region - contains haploid nucleus ○ Acrosome - contains enzymes to breakdown membrane of egg Midpiece - contains mitochondria ○ Produce ATP that power flagellum Tail - flagellum used for motion