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INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGION & BELIEF SYSTEM Second Quarter — notes ni shin — HUMSS 11-A {reviewer} ISLAM Bedouin -originated from an Arabic word meaning - dessert wanderer/...

INTRODUCTION TO WORLD RELIGION & BELIEF SYSTEM Second Quarter — notes ni shin — HUMSS 11-A {reviewer} ISLAM Bedouin -originated from an Arabic word meaning - dessert wanderer/ancestors of the Muslims “submit”. In other words, Islam means to -the ten-living nomads or desert wanderers “surrender or submit oneself for obedience to God” or to “enter into a condition of peace Sunnah and security with God through allegiance and -well trodden path/ traditional law surrender to Him” (Armstrong 2000; Bowker 1997). Shayk - leader of the tribe who is a man of ability Ka'bah and judgment, the first among -contained about 360 images, most of which equals and who received authority from a represented celestial beings and consensus forces of nature Meccan/Makkan Abraham -The Meccan chapters are believed to have -was a prophet and messenger of God been revealed anytime before the migration of according to Islam, and an ancestor to the the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his Ishmaelite Arabs and Israelites. followers from Mecca to Medina (Hijra). -patriarch of the Muslim who had a covenant -The Medinan surahs are those revelations with God which occurred after the move. There are 86 makkan surahs. Ishmael -the eldest son of Abraham and believed to be -Meccan surahs are typically shorter than the ancestor of Muslim. Medinan surahs, with relatively short verses (āyāt), and mostly come near the end of the Muslim Qur'an. -is the Arabic word for a person who submits. A Muslim, therefore, is a “person who -The chapters are divided into "Meccan" and surrenders or submits himself to obey God” "Medinan" sections mostly due to stylistic and thematic factors. Surah Al-Fatihah -is the first chapter (sura) of the Quran. It Merchants/Traders consists of seven verses (ayat) which consist -people who buy and sell and provide goods to of a prayer for guidance and mercy. markets where various tribes could gather and barter foods -Al-Fatiha is recited in Muslim obligatory and voluntary prayers, known as salah. The primary literal meaning of the expression "Al-Fatiha" is "The Opener/The Key".  above the Hadith subsistence level -is the collected deeds and sayings of must pay zakat or Muhammad and his followers the poor tax to aid (“traditional reports or sayings”) that is the the unprivileged second source of shari’a law (Horrie and Muslim. Chippindale, 2003). Five Pillars of Islam -The basic obligations of Muslims -The Five Pillars give structure and unity to all believers of Islam. 1. THE CREED The basic creed of (SHAHADA) Islam that “there is no God but Allah; Muhammad is the 5. PILGRIMAGE TO All Muslims must messenger of Allah” MECCA (HAJJ) attempt to undertake is known as shahada. a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca of 2. OBLIGATORY Muslims must offer hajj “visitation of PRAYER (SALAT) prayers or salat five holy places” at least times each day once in their lifetime before sunrise, during the twelfth noon, Islamic mid-afternoon, month. immediately after sunset, and Comparative Analysis of Judaism, before midnight. Christianity and Islam 3. FASTING (SAWN) Fasting or sawn during the entire 30 Coming of Savior based on Judaism days of Ramadan, and Islam the ninth month of the -In Judaism, the messiah will be a future Islamic calendar Jewish king from the line of David and must be performed redeemer of the Jewish people and by all Muslims every humanity(Ginzburg, 2001, p. 18). In year. Christianity, Jesus is the Messiah, the Saviour and redeemer. In Islam, Jesus was a prophet and the Messiah of the Jewish people who will return in the end times. 4. POOR TAX (ZAKAt Muslims who live  Unity of different churches or a prophet. Ecumenism -is the concept and principle that Christians Judaism 3.Synagogue is their who belong to different Christian place of worship. denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their Muslim 4.They need to visit churches and promote Christian unity. holy places at least once in their lifetime Feast of Passover during the -commemorates the slavery of the Israelites twelfth Islamic month in Egypt and their ultimate exodus to freedom. This story of redemption from Christianity 5.They prepare for slavery is the “master-story” of the Jewish the first and second People – a story that has shaped Jewish coming of their consciousness and values savior. Hajj Judaism 6.They believe in - the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim Abraham as their must make at least once in their lifetime if Patriarch. they are able Muslim 7.They believe that they came from Synagogue Ishmael. - a Jewish house of worship. Judaism 8.They prepare for -A synagogue, sometimes called a temple or a the Passover feast. shul, is for Jews what a church is for Christianity 9.They have efforts Christians, or a mosque for Muslims, or a towards the visible temple for Hindus. and organic unity of different churches. -The word comes from the Greek roots sun Christianity 10.They believe in "together" and agein "bring" — it's a the communion of building where worshipers are brought saints. togethe Judaism 11.Parents in Jesus Christ particular have the duty to let their -a religious leader revered in Christianity, one children of the world's major religions. know about the mysteries of human Allah life. -is the Arabic word for God, particularly the Judaism 12.Torah is their God of Abraham. sacred scripture. Muslim 1. Allah is their God. Judaism 13.Rabbi is the one who teaches the law. Judaism 2. Jesus Christ is only  -preserver and having four arms and with a Judaism 14.Human beings were created to obey dark complexion and serve Him. Ramayana -Sanskrit epic poem consisting 24,000 verses, seven books and 500 cantos Judaism 15They are still waiting for their messiah. Devas -Hindu scripture state that there are 300 million gods HINDUISM Bhagavad Gita Outcasts/Dalits -translated as the Lord’s Song -street cleaners, menial tasks Vedas Caste System -are the earliest known Sanskrit literature -major distinguishing feature of Indian from the Brahmanic period and oldest culture scriptures of Hinduism Rig Veda Shaivism - most important and oldest book -followers that value self-discipline and philosophy Smartism -devotees are left to choose their own deity in Festival of Lights one of six manifestations -Diwali (also spelled Divali), the festival of lights, is one of the major holidays of Varanasi/Benares Hinduism and is also celebrated in Jainism -a city on the Ganges river in northern India and Sikhism. that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu -The five-day festival marks the beginning of world. the Hindu New Year and occurs during the final three days of the “dark half” of the lunar -the holiest of the seven sacred cities in month Ashvina and the first two days of the Hinduism. Devout Hindus believe that if you “light half” of the month of Karttika in the die here, you will be forever liberated from the Vikrama calendar (one of the liturgical endless cycle of death and rebirth lunisolar calendars used in Hinduism) (reincarnation). - it occurs in late October or November of the Yoga Gregorian calendar. -derived from the root word yuj which translates as to yoke or to join. Brahma/Bhraman -priestly, academic class Saraswati -the goddess of science and wisdom Vishnu  Upanishads THERAVADA BUDDHISM -secret teachings transcend rituals to Eight-Fold Path elucidate the nature of the universe and human’s correctness Right View Understand the “FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS” True 1.The Hindu faith offers its followers many paths to Right Intention Free one’s self from salvation. ill-will, cruelty and untruthfulness False 2.There are over 500 million devas or Gods in Hinduism. Right Speech Abstain from untruthfulness, title False 3.The Ramayana bearing, harsh contains 2400 verses language, and vain in 6 books. talk True 4.Vishnu is the god Right Action Abstain from killing, of love, benevolence, stealing, and sexual and forgiveness. misconduct False 5.Bhrama is the Right Livelihood Earn a living in a way founder of not harmful to any Hinduism. living thing Flase 6.The “festival of Right Effort Avoid evil thoughts Lights” is held and overcome them, annually around arouse good August or thoughts and September. maintain them False 7.Quran is the holy Right Mindfulness Pay vigilant book of Hinduism. attention to every state of the body, True 8.Those who practice feeling, and mind Shaivism value self- discipline and Right Concentration Concentrate on a philosophy. single object so as to induce certain False 9.The Vedas were special states of passed down consciousness in through written text. deep meditation. True 10.Bhagavad Gita is also known as “the Lord Song”.  Likewise, one most The Four Noble Truths avoid self-indulgence and self- torture since The First Noble This both are pointless. Truth. identifies the origin This is the path of the problem- the toward moderation dukkha. Suffering or the ‘’Middle Way’’ can be experienced aimed at ending throughout the suffering. different stages of a person’s life- from birth, sickness, old MAHAYANA BUDDHISM age, to ultimate Perfection of Wisdom death. -Prajna Paramita: Perfection of Wisdom The Second Noble This explains the The original Six Perfections ended with Truth. cause of suffering or wisdom, which in Mahayana the samodaya- Buddhism is equated with the doctrine of in craving or desire sunyata, or emptiness. Very simply, (or tanha), in this is the teaching that all phenomena are perpetual thirst of without self-essence. humans to consume things, experiences, or ideas. People are Rituals and ceremonies never satisfied as -Mahayana Buddhists engage in a they always want tremendous range and variety of rituals and more or something ceremonies: complex meditation practices, else, want ritual devotion to Buddhas and something new, or bodhisattvas, visualizations, pilgrimage, and just want to discontinue mantra recitation. something. Lotus Sutra -Sutra- or the Saddharmapundarika-sutra The Third Noble This asserts that literally means “correct dharma Truth. there is a cessation or nirodha to white lotus sutra” or “Sutra of the Lotus of suffering the Wonderful Law” in Sanskrit. and bondage by eliminating craving Bodhisattva and desire. -is an "enlightenment being" who has bowed to bring all other beings to The Fourth Noble This directs an Truth. individual to the enlightenment. path or magga leading to the termination of craving and desire, and to eventful cessation of pain.  Tibetans and Buddhism -Tibetan Buddhism evolved as a form of - Development of Tibetan Buddhism: Over Mahāyāna Buddhism stemming from the centuries, Tibetan Buddhism developed its latest stages of Buddhism (which included unique characteristics, while remaining firmly many Vajrayāna elements). It thus preserves rooted in Mahayana principles. This included many Indian Buddhist tantric practices of the the emergence of distinct schools (lineages) post-Gupta early medieval period (500–1200 like the Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug. CE), along with numerous native Tibetan developments. - Vajrayana Influence: Tibetan Buddhism is particularly known for its emphasis on Tibetans and Mahayana Buddhism have a Vajrayana, a tantric form of Mahayana deeply intertwined history. Tibet is not only Buddhism. Vajrayana practices involve geographically located in the Himalayan advanced meditation techniques, region, historically central to the spread of visualizations, and rituals aimed at rapid Buddhism, but also became a major center for spiritual development. the preservation and development of Mahayana Buddhism, particularly its - Monasteries and Monastic Life: The Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle) tradition, which establishment of extensive monastic is considered a branch of Mahayana. institutions played a vital role in the preservation and transmission of Buddhist knowledge and practice. These monasteries became centers of learning, meditation, and Here's a summary of their connection: religious life. - Introduction of Buddhism: Buddhism - Dalai Lama and the Gelug School: The Dalai initially reached Tibet gradually, through Lama, the spiritual leader of Tibetan various routes and influences, starting around Buddhism, is the head of the Gelug school, the 7th century CE. The initial forms were one of the major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. likely varied, but the subsequent development The Gelug school, founded by Je Tsongkhapa, was heavily shaped by Mahayana traditions. emphasizes a systematic approach to Buddhist study and practice. - Royal Patronage: The rise of Buddhism in Tibet was significantly aided by royal - Modern Challenges: The 20th and 21st patronage, most notably under the reign of centuries have presented significant Songtsen Gampo (7th century). He is credited challenges, including the Chinese occupation with building some of the first Buddhist of Tibet, which has impacted the practice and temples in Tibet. preservation of Tibetan Buddhism. Despite these challenges, Tibetan Buddhism - Translation and Transmission: A crucial continues to thrive both within Tibet and in period involved the translation of Buddhist global communities. scriptures from Sanskrit and other languages into Tibetan. This involved scholars and translators working collaboratively, preserving and adapting Mahayana texts for a Tibetan audience. In short, Tibetan Buddhism is a unique and highly developed expression of Mahayana Buddhism, with its own distinct schools, practices, and rich cultural context. The relationship is not simply one of Tibet adopting Mahayana, but rather one of significant development and adaptation within a specific cultural and historical setting Perfection of Knowledge -The Perfection of Knowledge is the implementation of wisdom in the phenomenal world. We can think of this as something like the way a physician uses knowledge of medicine to heal people. This Perfection also ties together the previous nine so that they can be put to work to help others. Siddhartha Gautama -born in the fifth or six century C.E. in present day Nepal, is considered the historical Buddha in Mahayana Buddhism between the two others trikayas of Buddha.