Recreation and Leisure Final Exam Notes PDF

**[GREEN MEANS GUARANTEED ON EXAM]** **[IMPORTANT THINGS TO REVIEW:]** - **[TRAVEL SATISFACTION CYCLE]** - **[WHAT MAKES A FIELD A PROFESSION]** - **[ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY LEISURE SERVICES]** - **[THE APPROACHES TO RESEARCHING WOMEN AND LEISURE]** - **[TERMS FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION (C...

**[GREEN MEANS GUARANTEED ON EXAM]** **[IMPORTANT THINGS TO REVIEW:]** - **[TRAVEL SATISFACTION CYCLE]** - **[WHAT MAKES A FIELD A PROFESSION]** - **[ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY LEISURE SERVICES]** - **[THE APPROACHES TO RESEARCHING WOMEN AND LEISURE]** - **[TERMS FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION (CARRYING CAPACITY, CONFLICT, ETC)]** **[EXAM INCLUDES UNITS 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19]** **[EXAMPLE OF QUESTION STYLE AND LIKELY QUESTIONS: ]** 1. **Tourism can have positive and negative impacts on host cultures** a. True b. False 2. **The statement, \"Women are naturally better parents\", is an example of:** a. Androcentrism b. Hegemony c. Ideology d. A true statement **[MUST KNOW - GUARANTEED LONG ANSWER QUESTION ON EXAM:]** 3. **Introduction to Leisure, and Introduction to Leisure Services. Explain what the content of the two separate courses might be, using material presented in this semester. Explain whether you think this split should happen, and why.** **[UNIT 10: Working in Leisure Services]** **Introduction** - The recreation, park, & leisure service field is virtually limitless - Anything that an individual can spend money on in pursuit of leisure can be considered leisure services - There are some typical places where Leisure graduates find careers **Community Leisure Services** - Public- Governmental agencies - Non-profit agencies - Commercial agencies **Four systems of delivery for leisure services** 1. **Sponsoring sector** **(where does the funding come from?)** - Public- Elected or tax-supported - Governments at all levels, schools, institutions (correctional facilities, hospitals) - Non-profit- membership voluntary, privately (and maybe government) supported. - Human service agencies: Y's, Scouts/Guides, etc. - Private non-profit: Social clubs, Sports clubs - Commercial (for profit) - Business & commercial enterprises (this is huge) - Travel/tourism related 2. **Setting** - Natural Environment - Parks, Forests, Natural areas - Institutional - Hospitals, correctional, schools, Cegeps, Religious - Building centered - Y's, fitness or sports clubs, museums, recreation centres, arenas - General community - Community centres- ethnic, cultural, drop-in centres 3. **Population Segment** - Ages: Children, Youth, Young adults, Adults, Seniors, All ages, Couples, Families - Types: - Youth at risk - People with disabilities/ Special needs - Ethnic and cultural groups - Lower economic groups 4. **Service field** - Program fields - Fitness & wellness - Recreational sports - High-level professional or amateur sport - Arts & culture - Social recreation - Outdoor (nature oriented) & adventure recreation - Operational management fields - Risk management, safety & security - Public relations and marketing - Business and financial management - Facility design and operation **Emerging Job Sectors** - Community Recreation (arenas, recreational sports) - Outdoor/Adventure Recreation (parks, ecotourism, guides) - Entertainment, sport, fitness, management (training, yoga) - Non-Profit Administration (raising money, special events, YMCA) - Natural resource Management (ecotourism, National Parks) - Youth Recreation services (summer camps, sports, youth centers) - Tourism/Event management (special events planning, cruises, resorts) **Leisure as a Profession:** **4 Criteria that make a 'Field' a 'Profession'** - Social Mandate: Recognition by the public of importance - Need for specialized knowledge (training, certificate, degree) - Foundation of professional organizations, culture (CPA, ALA, etc) - Formal preparation to learn knowledge (Leisure/Rec in schools, universities, BA, MA, PHDs) **Leisure as Academic/Professional Choice** All indicators suggest that: - Leisure industry is a growing segment of economy - Specialized university education will be an important background for employment introduction into this field. **Leisure Service professionals** - Graduates of leisure will have broad understandings of: - Interpersonal relationships and dynamics - Interagency relationships and partnerships - Need for long and short-term planning - Significance of leisure and recreation in contemporary life - These areas of knowledge make graduates well-positioned to contribute in a large number of fields **[UNIT 11: Leisure Services]** **Leisure in the community** We will examine agencies that exist in our society/economy that serve to facilitate our leisure and recreation opportunities We have learned about: - Defining leisure - Individual leisure patterns and behaviors - Leisure through the life cycle **Community leisure service providers** These can be divided up into 3 parts: - Public (Governmental- tax supported) - Private (Nonprofit organizations/Voluntary agencies) - Commercial (Profit-seeking agencies) **The politics of leisure** How is Leisure Political? - Space is often scarce, and therefore, subject to political decision - National parks, Public golf courses, School gyms, etc. - Who decides who should use the space? - Regulations, Hours, Safety Rules Needed - Hunting/Fishing permits - Hours that bars, restaurants can be open - Taxation - Through taxation, the government supports some activities and prohibits others. ('Sin' taxes on alcohol and tobacco, Special taxes to raise money (3.5% hotel tax)) - Infrastructure - Roads, Sewers, Airports, Snow removal etc. - Which area gets repairs/service first? **Is leisure a right or a privilege?** - Privilege - distributed unequally because of money, time - reward for qualifying people - Right - distributed equally - everyone has the right to access leisure- 'the good life' Government tries to help leisure be a right, makes it accessible to more - Leisure can be a means to incorporate marginalized members of society into mainstream - Leisure can build community, erase or diminish differences **Public Sector** **Government leisure services** Purpose: - Provide leisure services for the community (programs) - Provide opportunity for leisure (parks, facilities, libraries) - Promote and encourage healthy leisure for all Target audience: General public **Levels of Government & Leisure Services** - Municipal: direct provider of recreation services - Provincial & Territorial: Promote health through recreation, provide access/facilities - Federal: To promote health and well being through recreation and sport Provides communal benefits such as Cultural, Environmental, and Economic Enhances quality of life **[UNIT 12: VOLUNTARY (NON-PROFIT) & SPECIAL INTEREST ORGANIZATIONS IN LEISURE SERVICES]** **VOLUNTARY (Non-Profit) AGENCIES IN THE LEISURE FIELD** 3. Characteristics: 1. Voluntary in Origin: Usually arise out of some need: 'we need for a place for young boys to go' leads to YMCA 2. Membership Voluntary: You are a citizen of your town, but you volunteer to join the 'Y' 3. Fundraising: Cookie sales, Door-to-Door, Centraide, Membership  Categories of Non-Profit Agencies - Social Welfare - Assistance for disadvantaged groups (WIAIH, Community centres, Youth drop-in centres) - Civic Improvement - Establishment/upkeep of parks, museums (neighborhood watch, park cleanup, Les amis de la montagne) - Pleasure of Recreation: - Agencies organized to provide recreational facilities/opportunities for members/families (municipal associations in ringuette, soccer, etc.) **[UNIT 13: Commercial Recreation]** **Commercial Sector** **Four ways to examine impact of commercial leisure services:** - **Economics** - **Expenditures** - **Participation** - **Employment** **Economics** Definition of Commercial Recreation 1\) Provision of Leisure Services 2\) Profit [motivation ] **Benefits go beyond spending** Circulation (Percolation) of \$\$ Some estimate that money will 'percolate' 7 times in the community. Each dollar spent will benefit 7 different people or agencies (store, salesperson, grocery store, bank...) in the community. **Employment** - Commercial recreation/tourism is primary employer in some areas - Morin Heights - Eastern Townships - Leisure represents a huge source of jobs - Creation of commercial recreation centers (Sometimes out of nothing): - Orlando - 1950s- Swampland - Today: \#1 Vacation Destination Worldwide - Las Vegas - 1940s- Desert only - Law changes create gambling and entertainment Mecca **Investment for Startup** High: Golf course, Ski resort Low: Teachable skill - Ad in the paper - These types of 'businesses' go in and out of existence every day. - Guitar player, to go into the guitar lesson 'business' - Still commercial leisure services, much smaller scale than building a golf course. **Intangible benefits of commercial leisure** - Crime prevention - Tax revenue - Job creation - Healthier citizens/community Impossible to measure, but truly beneficial **Characteristics of leisure businesses** - Many are seasonal - Only during sun or snow season - Most serve specialized clientele - Niche markets for snorkelers, surfers, saxophonists, spelunkers - Quality is critical - Lots of options in our leisure **Categories of Commercial Recreation** - Entertainment Services - Nature-Oriented Activities & Services - Retail Outlets & Manufacturing - Hospitality, Travel & Tourism **Entertainment Services** - Bowling alleys, Pro sports, Racetracks, Movie/play theatres, Special Events, Ticket Agencies, Gambling - Anything that people can spend money on, that will entertain them. **Nature-Oriented Activities & Services** - Use, understanding, appreciation of natural resources as basis for existence - examples: marinas, campgrounds, ski resorts, zoos, ziplining **Retail outlets & manufacturing** - Products: Specialty (RVs, Sporting Goods, Camera/Video gear) - Services: Crossfit Boxes, Dance Studios, Fitness Clubs, Escape rooms - Shopping as leisure? **Hospitality & food services** - Devoted to lodging & feeding of travelers & tourists - Locals also utilize - Fast food restaurants set up near highways to capitalize on people passing through - Also frequently used by local residents - Examples: - Cruise Ships - Motels/Hotels - Resorts - Restaurants **Positive & negative aspects** Positive - Employment - Local economic stimulation - Money from outside - Property values - Recreation opportunities increase Negative - High failure rates or short life cycles - Crime increase (tourists easy targets) - Overuse to point of destruction - Local culture harmed (tourism) **[UNIT 14: Travel & Tourism]** **Travel:** "Fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness..." Mark Twain **Three elements used in determining whether one is a 'tourist'** - Distance Traveled - Some definitions say 100+ miles or kilometers, some definitions say a tourist has to cross a border - Motive - Why are you going? Business? Pleasure? - Duration of Trip - Some definitions say an overnight stay is required in order for a person to be considered a 'tourist Tourists v. Travelers - Some researchers discuss 'tourists v. travelers': - 'tourists' experience mass, prepackaged tourism destinations - 'travelers' get to know the culture and the people, prefer out-of-the-way places, learning about the 'real' destination **Travel Considerations or Factors** - Motivations to Travel - Political Stability - Governmental Relations - Seasonal Weather **Motivations to Travel** - Peace & quiet: relaxing outing and setting - Grand hotel: Looking for service, good food, entertainment - Aesthetic appreciation: Educational experience - Hot winter: Escaping winter, seeking sun - Inexpensive active: Low cost and active fun, meeting others, singles - Relatives & friends: Family-centered vacation, shared experiences [Seeking] and [escaping] motivations each play a role when deciding to travel. Travel/tourism literature calls it 'push/pull' factors **Political stability** - Plays a major factor in determining (mostly) where not to go on a vacation. - Perception about the potential danger in certain parts of the world - Danger may or may not be real **Governmental Relations** Canadian government issues travel reports with risk levels: 1\. Exercise normal security precautions 2\. Exercise high degree of caution 3\. Avoid non-essential travel 4\. Avoid all travel Could be related to governmental relations, but may be related to weather, disease outbreak, terrorism threat, etc. **Seasonal Weather** - Motivation behind many individuals' travel choices in the winter months - Hurricane or other inclement weather one season will affect destination's marketability as a tourist destination in subsequent seasons - Extreme weather (tsunami), countries discuss 2 devastations - Immediate, devastating effect - Long-term effect when tourists stay away (when needed the most) **Travel satisfaction cycle** (Clawson & Knetsch) Multiple levels to a leisure travel experience, and each one provides its own experience in relation to the trip itself. - Anticipation - Planning - Travel (Itself) - Participation - Travel Home - Recollection Each will be discussed in greater detail. **Anticipation** - Imagining the experience... - I've always wanted to visit... - I'd love to go back to... - Enthusiasm for the ideas - Saving or obtaining money - Getting out the maps, etc **Planning** - Decision is made where/when you are going - Gathering information about the chosen destination - Gathering your tickets, passports, visas, travel requirements, packing etc. - Like many other items, internet has completely changed this level of the cycle **Travel (Itself)** - What mode? Planes, Trains, Automobiles - Do you like the 'travel' part of traveling? Some love it, some hate it - Hassle-free? Or stuck in the airport, etc - Usually not the reason why you choose your destination - Lousy travel experience can set the tone for a lousy trip. - You wouldn't go to India just because you got to ride on a plane - Troubled plane ride might dampen your enthusiasm for the rest of the trip **Participation** - Provides the core of the experience - May be short in duration, in comparison to the rest of the phases (one year of planning for a one-week vacation) - Probably the most significant to your overall experience - Do you like to 'preplan', or just let events unfold? - Are you willing to immerse yourself in the culture, or would you rather just get a 'flavor' of the place you are visiting? (tourist v. traveler) - Did you budget enough time? Money? Too much? **Travel Home** - Gearing down - Getting back to the real world - physical sense - mental sense - Often starts anticipation phase for next trip **Recollection** - Looking at and posting pictures, travel blogs, telling stories, reliving the memories... "Remember when...?" - Often, trip takes on a new significance - Items in the news about your destination remind you of your trip - Laughing about bad experience **Travel satisfaction cycle** Can be generalized to 'recreation' satisfaction cycle- same steps for planning, participating, and recalling a recreation activity. **Impacts of tourism** What kind of impact does tourism have on the host culture? - More positive? - job creation - infrastructure improvement - economic development - More negative? - low-wage jobs only - social disruption - Negative reaction of locals to tourists - stress on local system and environment **Types of Tourism** - Heritage tourism - Sport tourism - Cultural tourism - Sustainable tourism - Many others in tourism literature... **Heritage tourism** - Visiting natural, cultural, historic places - Educational, nostalgic purposes - Museums, heritage sitesMcCord Museum, Upper Canada Village - Taking children to Ottawa or Quebec City **Sport tourism** - Motivated by sport to travel - Participation or spectatorship - Skiing, Formula One, Grey Cup, Olympics **Cultural tourism** - Participation in a novel cultural experience - Pursuit of the touristic experience as a means to explore the lifestyle and/or history of a given society or group of people - Visiting Canada to witness or experience fall colors, cabane a sucre, whale watching, lobster fishing **Sustainable Tourism** - Designed to expose the traveler to natural environments in ways that sustain those environments - Minimizes impacts on the site and on its natural attractions - Response to mass tourism that degrades or destroys natural environments through overcrowding - Both conservation and appreciation - Often, outdoor tourism is 'packaged' as Sustainable tourism **Media's role in tourism** - Media turn 'events' into tourist attractions - Travel to: - Location of famous or current events- real or fictional - Homes, birthplaces of celebrities - Movie, TV filming location **Ethics of ethnic tourism** - Is it Ethical? - Is this tourism good for the hosts? For the tourists? **Conclusion & summary of issues** - Though significant in terms of revenues and expenditures, the tourism industry is not without criticism - Tourism has the potential to exploit the very land, resources & peoples that make the destination an attractive one - Tourists should be (made) aware of their effects on the host cultures and ecosystems, making effort to keep tourism as sustainable as possible **[UNIT 17: Deviant Leisure]** **Leisure: Positive or Negative?** - We have talked about leisure in mostly positive terms - However, leisure has a negative side **Deviant Leisure** Some leisure Canadians take part in might: - Be morally marginal - Involve criminal behaviour - Be destructive For almost everyone: - Plenty of unstructured leisure - Plenty of risks associated with leisure Risk involved often increases the rewards/satisfaction in taking part. **Motivations** - Why do people do leisure? - What benefits are derived from our leisure? - Answers to these questions are the same for deviant leisure as they are for 'wholesome' leisure activities - Why do it? Because I like it! **Deviance** - Any behaviour different than what is socially accepted, or that violates a group's norms - Two breakdowns: - [Formal deviance] -- laws are broken (and persecuted) - [Informal deviance] -- behaviours and consequences are more casual (running at the pool, smoking in a non-smoking area, downloading media) **History** Idleness or play have been considered wrong for some societies, immoral for others, and always not as important as work. Society has almost always sought to control pastimes like gambling or sex - How are these controlled here? - How are they controlled in other places **Differential Association** - Delinquent behaviour is learned through interaction with others in personal groups (Family, teammates, neighbourhood friends, classmates, etc.) - Leisure behaviour is learned - Values of learned behaviour reflect personal groups - Young people are particularly affected - Theory developed in studies of youth gangs **Other Marginal Behaviour Theories** - Sensation seeking - Needs for risk taking - Theory of differential reinforcement - Behaviours based on rewards and punishments - Social bond theory - Strength of bond towards conventional society determines whether people are deviant - Anomie - Established social norms stop working **Addiction** - Most begin as pleasurable activities - Voluntary acts lead to reflexive and automatic - Common addictions - Smoking (is this deviant leisure?) - Drugs/Alcohol - Gambling - Psychological 'addiction' often instead called 'compulsion' - When an individual is 'addicted' or 'compulsive' about an activity, does that mean its still leisure? **Cycle of Addiction****- Know this diagram** **Gambling** - More or less fully accepted in today's society. Previous objections were (usually) for religious, moral, age, or financial reasons. - Attraction of gambling - Thrill of uncertainty - Daring involved in taking chances - Challenge of testing one's skill - Leisure? Temporary 'high', easily broken **Substance use and abuse: Drugs and Alcohol** Ways they are both the same: - Both give 'high' - Both in social situations (sometimes) - No long-term damage if controlled, moderate - Dependency may result - Both are leisure pursuits Both warm up a social group, cheer on a sports team, provide escape from everyday life **Drinking and Leisure** - Research on alcoholics - Most of their 'leisure' involved drinking in some way, even prior to alcoholism - Spectatorship, social drinking, bowling, fishing, camping, other leisure activities where drinking is considered a common byproduct of that leisure activity **Drug Use** - Most discussions about drug use similar to alcohol use - Legality makes availability, purchase, and use different - Alcohol in every corner store, drugs less clear **Drugs/Drinking & Leisure** - What is the 'real' leisure benefit to drinking or drug use? - Momentary socialization/relaxation/euphoria/ - Substance abuse: normally begins as leisure, but leisure becomes secondary to the substance **Commercialized Sex/Sex Work** - Encourages people to view others primarily in objective, sexual terms - Silent acceptance: euphemisms such as call girls, escort services are used - Legality is an issue. In Montreal: - Not illegal to be a sex worker - Illegal to solicit one - Very common in big cities - Major tourist attraction in some places - Often linked with serious criminal activity (drug trafficking, kidnapping) **How is sex work leisure?** - Leisure? - Risky - Forbidden - Thrill element present - One person's leisure/pleasure is simultaneously another person's work **Sliding Scale** - Any deviant leisure item weighed by society as "acceptable" or not - Acceptability factor has always been on a sliding scale **Societal Sliding Scale** - Gambling: None accepted, then allowed at racetracks, then lotteries, then casinos, now sports betting is okay - Pornography: 18 year olds allowed, 17 year olds not allowed - Bedroom Behaviour: When does 'rough sex' turn into assault? Used to be more taboo than it is now - MMA becomes extremely popular after being illegal for a long time - Cannabis went from illegal to legal in one day - Where/how does society draw the line? Our limits of acceptability are constantly changing. **Other examples of Deviant leisure** - Vandalism - Arson - Carjacking - Hate crimes - Shoplifting - Gang involvement - Mugging - Cyber bullying/trolling Common element in all the above: acts occur during one's free/leisure time. **[UNIT 18: Gender and Leisure]** **Gender & Leisure: Why study?** 1. Needs of women are often not met in traditional literature, leisure or otherwise 2. Leisure definitions are primarily a male domain 3. Evidence suggests that women may experience leisure and leisure constraints differently than men (not necessarily more constraints, but a different experience of them) Mostly a discussion of Women & Leisure. **Terms** - Androcentrism - Ideology - Sex v. gender differences **Androcentrism** - Pattern of thought that sees male experience as central, and studies and evaluates women's experience by referring to those of men - Today's society is an androcentric world - Sebastian DeGrazia (leisure theorist): - 'Women can't have leisure, they have no work to be away from.' - Considered housework a leisure activity - Greeks: - True leisure can only be practiced by a privileged class (which included very few women) - Aristotle: 'Only slave for poor man is his wife' - Catharsis Theory of Play: - Studied sport (rugby), - For all of these examples, the knowledge was developed by men, for men, then 'assumed' that the knowledge would also work for women. That's androcentrism **Ideology** - Different sociological classes (Men/Women, Black/White, French/English) - People see differences as 'natural', or 'common sense', or not noticed - Parenting: Mother is the 'better' parent - Elected officials: Women can't be trusted with high elected office - Education: Women (not men) trusted with smallest children, gradually changing so men (not women) trusted with university education/administration - Business: Men (not women) entrusted as CEOs of major companies, Glass Ceiling - Toy aisles - TV/Media reinforce all of these: commercials, sports interview questions- 'give us a twirl' **Gender vs Sex** - Sex: Biological differences between men & women - Gender: Socially constructed differences between men & women - Biological differences exist - Gender differences, differences perceived & constructed by people, much more prevalent in society today - People's perceptions of the difference that matters the most - 'Constructed differences' **Today's Society** - Time available for leisure (especially leisure together) has declined with most families - Dual job family increasingly the norm - Drastic reduction of free time available per couple - 97% of working women report they do more housework than their spouses - Unequal distribution of domestic labor, childcare between men and women **Types of housework tend to differ between sexes** - Men tend to choose work that - has a beginning and ending - doesn't really matter if they don't finish - Lawn mowing v. cooking dinner - House trim painting v. doing laundry **Childcare responsibilities** - Nothing changes leisure as much as parenthood (as we learned in Unit 9) - Childcare is primarily a mother's responsibility (not that it should be, but the statistics report that it is (ideology, ethic of care)) **Do women experience leisure the same way as men?** - Men can more easily separate work, leisure & family lives thanwomen (Deem) - Certain activities (playing with children) are more likely to be seen as 'pure leisure' for men than women - Journey v. Quest - "Expanding Outdoor Opportunities for Women" - Women tend to view their outdoor leisure as more of a 'journey' - experience of doing it is more important than the end result - Men tend to see outdoor leisure as more of a 'quest' - End/success/completion is the ultimate goal Journey v. Quest example: - Hiking up a mountain - Women more likely to accept the need to turn around before summit is reached than men **Research on women's leisure** - Three different but compatible approaches to understanding leisure for women in current research 1. Constraints on women's leisure 2. Leisure as constraining 3. Leisure as empowering Are 2 and 3 contradictory? - Each is a valid way of interpreting the varying impacts of leisure on individuals and group **1. Constraints on Women's Leisure** - Structural Constraints - Time, money, opportunities, awareness - Interpersonal Constraints - Social disapproval of activities - Establishing leisure around family responsibilities and tasks - Intrapersonal Constraints - Lack of sense of entitlement - Self esteem **Constraint examples** - Ethic of Care (Carol Gilligan): - Perception by many women that needs of others come first - Belief that doing activities for self would be selfish (ideology) - Women more often tend to perceive themselves as roles first (wife, mother), individuals second - Combined role obligations - Perceived that the kinds of things parents do with their kids to be leisure for the parent - Women as family social organizers: holidays, vacations, family outings - Family leisure = women's leisure (?) **Structural constraints** - Examination of basic structural constraints, those that almost everyone has - Differences between how men and women tend to experience those constraints **Time as a basic constraint** - Women's lack of time more likely to be family commitments - Men's lack of time more likely to be work commitments - 83% of Canadian single parents women (945k to 192k) - Women tend to have fewer 'blocks' of free time - Women more likely to combine activities in time deepening (folding laundry/watching tv) **Money as a basic constraint** - 70% of PT jobs belong to women - (less/no job security, lower pay) - A woman is 18 times more likely to give up career to raise a family than her male partner **Repertoire size as a basic constraint** - Women's smaller than men, throughout lifetime - Women more likely than men to eliminate their own leisure activities after marriage **Companions for leisure as a basic constraint** - Divorce: - Often causes a taking of sides - Reducing the number of companions - If the companions are work-related for one of the partners, those friendships are less likely to continue - Kids: - When ready to be leisure companions of their parents, they leave home (empty nest) - Disproportionately affects mother **2. Leisure as Constraining** - Leisure itself can be a constraining forc - How can this be so? - Leisure opportunities are different depending on who one is, how old they are, how much money they have, etc., but also whether they are a man or woman, boy or girl - Opportunities for leisure often reflect gender roles - TV/Media reinforces this, programs/ads rarely depict women doing unexpected leisure pursuits or activities - Fear of danger/violence- affects women more profoundly than men - Fear of sexual violence can occur when alone with men - These might affect an individual's leisure choices, not wanting to get caught in certain situations **Fear of violence as a constraining force** Reactions to possibility of violence - *Fear* - Men more likely to be victims, women more fearful of possibility) - *Constrained behaviour* - Woman wants to walk in park, but is afraid of potential violence - Walks in park with pepper spray - Avoids walking in park - Fear ingrained at a young age, reinforced by media, girls more supervised/restricted in play, girls taught that 'man' is protector (Dad, boyfriend, partner) **Much leisure is gender-linked** - Certain activities are \'gender-linked' - typical aerobics class, many more women than men - typical sports bar, the reverse is true - Intra/interpersonal constraints- men\'s reference group of other men perceiving aerobics as an unacceptable pursuit, or men perceiving that themselves- can stand in the way - Leisure can be constraining **Constraints on Men's leisure** - Desire (societal pressure) to appear masculine may constrain choices (interpersonal) - Sports as an obligatory activity **Leisure as constraining** - The biggest predictors of whether a person takes part in any single activity are: - Age - Sex - Person's sex not only determines what they do partake in, but also what they don't. **3. Leisure as Empowering** - So far.. a negative discussion about how men and women experience leisure differently - Some research suggests that leisure can be empowering to potentially disadvantaged groups, such as women - Leisure can offer opportunities to resist traditional stereotypes - Leisure can represent personal choice, control, freedom, self-determination - Person's gender still dictates much about that person's choices in life - Leisure can (should?) be used to open doors, to break down barriers falsely erected by society - Outdoor Recreation: - Studies show that 'women-only' outdoor experiences offer a more relaxed, non-threatening atmosphere for leisure opportunities. - According to trend statistics, women will outnumber men as backpackers & hikers by the next decade. - Research on empowerment - Most studies show that benefits of leisure for women outweigh constraints women face - Negotiating constraints is worth it **Women's inequity in Leisure** - Summary - Less time and priority - Combining role obligations - At home and unstructured - Fragmented - Do not feel entitled **Ways that things are getting better** - Women's lives and leisure are becoming - more independent - less tied down to families - More men are choosing to participate in equal relationships - Opportunities for independent leisure are increasingly available to women **[UNIT 19: Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and the Environment]** **Outdoor Recreation** - Could be defined as: - Any leisure carried on in the outdoors: strolling through the park, playing street hockey, attending Shakespeare in the park - Usually, however, outdoor recreation is defined more strictly: - Activities that depend on the natural environment: camping, nature photography, scuba diving. - Some definitions are even more strict: - Leisure that involves the use, appreciation of, and respect for the natural environment. - Omits activities that take place in the outdoors, but don't really involve appreciation and respect for the outdoors (like golf, snowmobiling) - Distinction between a 'built' and a 'natural' environment. - Golf or downhill skiing (Mostly) rely on a 'built' environment in order to exist. - Hiking or cross-country skiing can exist in a 'natural' environment **What do people want in outdoor recreation?** - Satisfactions/benefits sought by outdoor recreationists: - [Social]- family togetherness, being with friendsPersonal - [Expression & Development]- discovery, personal reflection - [Experimental]- stimulation, risk-taking - [Nature Appreciation]- enjoying scenery, closeness to nature, learning about nature, privacy - [Change]- rest, escape from pressures, getting away - Like leisure, same activities done but different motivations- Group of hikers could each be seeking different benefits **Outdoor recreation is an activity, that leads to an experience** **Outdoor Recreation management** - Agencies exist on the Provincial level that help provide environmental protection and facilitate recreational use. - Provinces set aside lands near urban areas as provincial parks, to provide opportunities for Canadian urban residents to experience the outdoors. **Outdoor Recreation management issues/terms** - Use v. Preservation - Carrying capacity - Crowding - Conflict **Use v. Preservation** - Ultimate goals: - satisfy the needs of all people who seek outdoor experiences - preserving the reason why they go there in the first place, i.e., a pristine experience in the natural world. - Balance is key - Positives and negatives about each action chosen - Thinking of adding a hiking trail? - Positives: stay on trail, increased fees - Negatives: erosion, increased us **Carrying capacity** - Resources have natural level of productivity/enjoyment, beyond which harm results. - Carrying capacity can be ecological, social, etc. **Ecological Carrying capacity** - Different in different situations and in different locations. - An ecological carrying capacity for a fragile ecosystem may be much lower than for an ecosystem that is not easily damaged - Curvilinear impact - first use is worst **Social carrying capacity** - Different in different situations and in different locations - Wilderness hiking experience - Any other individuals may hamper your experience - Social carrying capacity is quite low - Downhill skiing experience - Many can be doing the same as you, but not hamper your experience - Social carrying capacity is quite high - Related to concept of perceived crowding **Other social impacts of outdoor recreation** - Perceived crowding - Subjective measure of density, and whether it affects experience: 'Too many people' to enjoy an experience **Recreation conflict** - Goal interference attributed to another's behaviour - Motorboats interfering with canoeists - Bikers & hikers on a trail - Xc-skiers and snowmobilers - Skiers and snowboarder **Types of recreation conflict -- Know some examples** - Interpersonal conflict - Face-to-face encounter present - Social-values conflict - Non-hunters sharing area with hunters, e.g. - One-way/Asymmetrical conflict - Skiers tend to dislike encountering snowmobilers, reverse is not necessarily true **Think about when you notice deteriorations in the natural environment. Through our outdoor leisure that we come to appreciate why a clean environment is important for all.** **Can Leisure Help the Natural Environment?** - All outdoor recreation is destructive to the natural environment. There are degrees, of course - ATV use v. bird watching - Many of our outdoor activities destroy, pollute, and tear up the environment **What can we do?** - Eat With Compassion - Shop with compassion - Become politically active as part of our leisure, social responsibility - Reduce, reuse, recycle - Composting **Through our eating, shopping, and personal and** **community activism, we can, through our leisure** **habits, become a positive factor in lowering our** **impact on the environment**