HIST 1003A: Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939 Quiz 1 PDF

**HIST 1003A: Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939** **Quiz \#1** **Student Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Student Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_...

**HIST 1003A: Empire, War, and Revolution in Europe, 1850-1939** **Quiz \#1** **Student Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Student Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Please indicate the *most correct* answer according to the lecture and reading content for the week.** 1. The Crimean War began as a result of: a. British concerns over Russian expansionism. b. Russia's desire to prepare for the "inevitable" collapse of the Ottoman Empire. c. Conflict between Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics under Muslim rule. d. **All of the above.** 2. In addition to claiming some Austrian territory, the unifications of Italy and Germany in the 19^th^ century weakened the Austrian Empire through: e. Souring the historic alliance between Austria and Russia during the Crimean War. f. **Sending a message to non-Germans within the Empire to push for their national sovereignty.** g. Making the Austrians nervous about engaging in another war against Prussia. h. Blockading Austrian continental trade routes to western Europe. 3. Prime Minister Count Camillo di Cavour brought Piedmont into the Crimean War in order to: i. **Establish Piedmont's right to intervene on behalf of Lombardy and Venetia.** j. Lay claim to territories within the Russian Empire. k. Convince Napoleon III that Austrian power of Northern Italy violated some basic principles of the French Revolution (1789). l. Establish King Victor Emmanuel III's legitimate claim to the Piedmont throne. 4. Following the revolutions of 1848 and the reconstitution of the German Confederation in 1851, most German states wielded both the "carrot" and "stick" over their subjects by: m. Expanding the police and establishing police surveillance of the population. n. Creating public services, improving infrastructure, and using economic development to steer liberals away from opposition politics. o. Withdrawing constitutions and limiting parliamentary and voting rights. p. **All of the above.** 5. The Peace of Prague in 1866 secured: q. The provinces of Schleswig-Holstein for the German Confederation. r. The Austrian provinces of Sicily and Tuscany for Italy. s. **Prussian domination of Germany.** t. Universal male suffrage in the Frankfurt Diet. 6. Rewriting the Ems Dispatch of 1870, Bismarck goaded Napoleon III into war against Prussia through: u. Making it known Wilhelm I wanted a Prussian prince on the Spanish throne. v. Threatening to help Italy annex Rome. w. Wilhelm I endorsing the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. x. **A cultural difference in the meaning of the term 'adjutant.'** 7. Unlike fascism, liberalism, or communism, nationalism isn't an ideology, but more along the lines of a religion in that it has the ability to represent the nation: y. Secondary to identifications of gender, regional, social, and political divisions. z. **Without excluding a host of other identities.** a. Without rejecting other nations. b. Though incapable of simultaneously representing the particularity of other identities. 8. The *Sonderweg* thesis suggested that aberrant German nationhood created discrepancies between modern economic development and the persistence of traditional and antidemocratic structures in order to explain: c. why Nazism developed in Germany. d. Germany's inability to produce a functioning liberal democracy (prior to WWII). e. How national feeling largely emanated from ruling elites (Junkers) to divert attention from a repressive regime. f. **All of the above.** 9. The Bismarckian nation-state demanded a monopoly of national loyalty, without: g. **Demolishing regional identities.** h. Underselling the enormity of Prussian victory in the German civil war. i. Acknowledging multiple regional histories within a single national history. j. Maintaining regional institutions and preunification structures. 10. Like the history of modern Europe, the history of Württemberg begins with the French Revolution (1789) as Württemberg joined Napoleon against Russia and Austria, and was rewarded with territory, particularly from Austria, and: k. Rule over the German Confederation. l. The ability to suppress the region's Catholic minority. m. **Its elevation from Duchy to Kingdom.** n. None of the above. 11. Up from only 11% in the late-nineteenth century, by 1902 European powers controlled how much of the African continent? o. 80% p. 85% q. **90%** r. 95% 12. The supposed obligation of western Europeans to bring "civilization" to the African continent was referred to in a poem by Rudyard Kipling as: s. The Colonial Project. t. **The White Man's Burden.** u. The Civilizing Mission. v. The Balance of Power. 13. Imperialism shifted the continental Balance of Power to Africa because: w. European powers could now draw on the resources of their colonies. x. Imperialism laid the groundwork for a naval arms race. y. Some colonies proved to be strategic barriers or threats to established infrastructure (like the Suez Canal) and important overseas colonies (like British India). z. **All of the above.** 14. The ground rules for European colonization of the African continent, including the creation of the Congo Free State headed by Belgian king Leopold II, were established in 1885 at the: a. Prague Conference. b. Helsinki Conference. c. **Berlin Conference.** d. London Conference. 15. King Leopold's rule over the Congo Free State was notoriously brutal and in 1908 the Belgian government took over control of the Congo in an effort to curb the violence and inhumane conditions. However, this came only after dozens of authenticated reports including Joseph Conrad's novel: e. **Heart of Darkness.** f. The Jungle Book. g. Apocalypse Now. h. The White Man's Burden. 16. Having absolutely no doubt in the superiority of the British and believing that it was his right to exploit cheap African labour to his profit, the British protectorates of Zambia and Zimbabwe were operated like a private company by one of the most important figures in the British imperial project: i. Lothar von Trotha. j. Cecil B. DeMille. k. Lord Herbert Kitchener. l. **Cecil Rhodes.** 17. In the German war against the Herero people in Namibia, Lothar von Trotha outlawed marriage and miscegenation between the German colonists and the aboriginal peoples. Using language that would later echo that used by the Nazis, Trotha referred to this as a: m. War to end all wars. n. **Racial struggle.** o. Inequality of race. p. Biological difference that determined cultural and individual achievement. 18. Popular at home in the form of songs, postcards, cartoons, and magazine stories, the imperial project throughout western Europe often equated cleanliness and civility with whiteness, particularly in the advertising for: q. **Pears soap.** r. Le Petit Journal. s. The Crystral Palace in London. t. Carl Hagenbeck's Ethnological Exhibitions (human zoo). 19. Kaiser Wilhelm II viewed the German imperial navy as a genuinely national institution linked to the broader goal of maritime empire that would strengthen the "national" parties and isolate those parties opposed to it, unlike the army which was seen to be exclusively: u. Bavarian. v. **Prussian.** w. Pomeranian. x. Saxon. 20. Imperial Germany's quest for its "place in the sun," as foreign secretary Bernhard von Bülow termed it, its naval construction program, Wilhelm II's mishandling of foreign affairs, and German commercial competition in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America, not only weakened the prospects for improved relations but also spurred a naval arms race between Germany and: y. France. z. Russia. a. Austria. b. **England.** 21. Following the forced resignation of Bismarck, Kaiser Wilhelm II, not wanting to be constrained by complex treaty promises and not believing that liberal France would ally itself with autocratic Russia, in 1890 allowed the expiration of: c. **The Reinsurance Treaty.** d. The Peace of Prague. e. The Concert of Europe. f. The Treaty of Versailles. 22. In 1908, despite Serbian protest and with the support of Russia, at least until the move proved unpopular among the Russian people, the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexed: g. Moldova. h. Slovenia. i. **Bosnia-Herzegovina.** j. Kosovo. 23. Following the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in late- June 1914, the German Kaiser promised to support Austria financially, militarily, politically, and in any other capacity required when (not if) Austria chose to go to war with Serbia. This was more colloquially known as the: k. Wilhelm to Power. l. German Guarantee. m. Dual Alliance. n. **Blank Cheque.** 24. The ultimatum Austria issued to Serbia on 24 July 1914, despite Austria having already decided to take military action at the beginning of the month, demanded Serbia remove specified military personnel, arrest military personnel and civil servants named as part of the assassination plot, suppress all anti-Austria propaganda in the media and education system, among other things. The only demand refused by Serbia was to allow Austria police to operate on Serbian soil because this meant: o. The Austrians would discover the identities of the Black Hand. p. **A violation of Serbian sovereignty.** q. Accepting the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. r. Legitimizing Austrian imperial ambitions. 25. The Schlieffen Plan, the German invasion of France through Belgium, was originally conceived for a "preventative war" by Field Marshall Alfred von Schlieffen, at the time Chief of the General Staff of the German Army, in: s. 1890. t. 1900. u. **1905.** v. 1910. 26. The defeat of the Teutonic Knights in 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald marked the end of German eastward expansion. This was symbolically reversed in August 1914, and eastern Europe again opened to German expansion, when Germany defeated the Russians in their first major encounter of the Great War at the Battle of: w. Marne. x. **Tannenberg.** y. Masurian Lakes. z. Prittwitz. 27. Although the 18^th^ century idea of nationalism as basing a state on people with a shared language, history, and a common constitution was a progressive notion that sought to overcome territorial fragmentation, by the eve of the Great War, the addition of biopolitical racism and the spread of mass politics made nationalism an easy tool for popular mobilization against: a. Imagined enemies at home. b. Imagined enemies abroad. c. **Both a and b.** d. Neither a nor b. 28. The two hostile camps of the Entente (Russian Empire, Great Britain, France) and the Dual Alliance (German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire) in Europe were cemented during the: e. Fashoda Crisis of 1904. f. **First Moroccan Crisis of 1905-6.** g. Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911. h. Balkan Wars of 1912-13. 29. Military experts studying the colonial wars in Africa and the Russo-Japanese war confirmed the theory, which would later be echoed by pre-WWI theorists, that an offensive attitude was all-important and the most vital qualities in war were: i. **Willpower and moral fibre.** j. A strong patriotic sense. k. Ruthlessness and determination. l. A steady hand and a steady heart. 30. Following conferences in 1899 and 1907 that failed to curb the European arms race, the Russian foreign minister Alexandr Izvolsky called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ "a craze of Jews, socialists, and hysterical women." m. Austerity. n. Nationalism. o. Imperialism. p. **Disarmament.** 31. From mid-September 1914, following the First Battle of Marne, the Germans and the Entente forces engaged in a series of battles extending from the Aisne River to the English Channel to outflank one another, in what has come to be called: q. The Battle of the Bulge. r. The Hindenburg Line. s. **The Race to the Sea.** t. None of the above. 32. Due to losses suffered, between 16 March and 5 April 1917 the Germans withdrew to what was known as the Hindenburg Line (English) or the Sigfried Line (German). Not to be confused with the Sigfried Line during WWII (*Westwall* in German), this strategic withdrawal was successfully conducted without casualties, in order to: u. Shorten the German lines. v. Free up divisions for redeployment to the Eastern Front. w. Lure the British forces into an ambush. x. **Both a and b.** 33. Although the practice was largely stopped after the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, Admiral Tirpitz believed this the best weapon at Germany's disposal against the British. With the endorsement of Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, believing England could be knocked out of the war within six months, this practice resumed in full force on 1 February 1917 and was the deciding factor for the United States' entry into the war. y. Aerial bombardment of civilian populations. z. **Unrestricted submarine warfare.** a. Efforts to bring Mexico into the war should the Americans join the Entente. b. Amphibious assaults against the British mainland. 34. Although seeing initial and sometimes substantial successes, the Ludendorff Offensives were generally a failure because they: c. Didn't exploit the weaknesses of British supply lines. d. Didn't properly sequence offensives for cumulative effect toward a clear objective. e. Created massive salients in the front lines that required more soldiers to hold and defend. f. **All of the above.** 35. As a direct result of the war, the representation of women in the workforce, living alone, going out without a chaperone, smoking in public, and using birth control was popularized and normalized in books like Marie Stopes' 1918 book, Married Love and Wise Parenthood, and Victor Margueritte's 1922 novel: g. **The Bachelor Girl.** h. Sex and the City. i. *Die Insel*. j. Goodbye to Berlin. 36. Smoking played a central role in the construction of a British national identity and "Britishness" during WWI as, particularly in war art created by artists such as C.R.W. Nevinson, the "Tommy" was placed in situations of relatively comfortable sociability as well as utter exhaustion. This connected the idea of smoking with wartime notions of: k. Capitalism. l. The home front. m. Industrialization. n. **Masculinity.** 37. In the context of 1914-18 and into the interwar period, tobacco advertising was overwhelmingly tied to wartime patriotism and morale which enabled the exponential growth of cigarette smoking as an industrial concern and cultural idiom. The enduring support of servicemen and well-meaning civilians on the home front was ensured through: o. **The image of the fighting man like the "Tommy" and the sailor-"Hero."** p. The use of simple but catchy slogans invoking a nationalist spirit. q. The inclusion of cigarettes in standard soldier kits. r. The ease with which civilians were able to send cigarettes to their friends and family-members fighting overseas. 38. Prior to 1914, women often smoked surreptitiously as smoking was associated with 'degraded' femininity and emancipation. However, during the war, the greater social acceptance of women as smokers was facilitated by the wartime shift in gender roles and the promotion of smoking as: s. A stimulant. t. **A cure for frayed nerves, boredom, and loneliness.** u. A sleep-aid. v. A symbol of British patriotism. 39. As head of the US Committee on Public Information, George Creel created a veritable "war hysteria," supported by a rabid mass-circulation press, which forbade speaking German in public, renamed streets patriotically, and changed harmless products like Sauerkraut into: w. Uncle Sam's leaves. x. Liberty Lettuce. y. **Victory Cabbage.** z. Wilhelm's vegetable. 40. In addition to the French war aims of the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine, the return of Belgian independence, and economic reparations, secretly, the French government also aimed at annexing the left bank of the Rhine or, failing that: a. Returning Germany to an agricultural economy. b. **Creating a separate Rhenish state.** c. Dividing a defeated Germany between the four victorious powers. d. Removing all anti-French sentiment from German propaganda and educational material. 41. Due to improvement in the Russian rail network made possible through French loans since 1905, the Russian army mobilized faster than anticipated. As a result, the Austrian army encountered the Russians almost immediately and within a month: e. General Erich von Falkenhayn reinforced the Austrians with German units from the Western Front. f. **The entire Austrian front collapsed.** g. The Russians were nearly forced to surrender. h. Serbia was forced to surrender to the Austrians. 42. During the summer of 1915, the Central Powers recovered all territory lost in the previous year and by early September, Germans were on Russian soil. Russian Grand Duke Nikolaevich was forced to withdraw during which time he thwarted German efforts to envelop and capture his army and managed to preserve the bulk of his forces. For Nikolaevich's efforts, Tsar Nicholas II: i. **Relieved Nikolaevich of his command.** j. Awarded Nikolaevich the Order of Lenin. k. Stripped Nikolaevich of his noble titles. l. Had Nikolaevich executed for treason. 43. German and Austrian troops were able to move overland to reinforce Ottoman armies at Gallipoli due to the entry of which country on the side of the Central Powers on 14 October 1915? m. Italy. n. Hungary. o. Romania. p. **Bulgaria.** 44. British promises made by T.E. Lawrence and Arab nationalists' hopes for a unified Arab state were undermined by which 1916 secret accord that effectively divided the Middle East between Great Britain and France? q. Balfour Declaration. r. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. s. **Sykes-Picot Agreement.** t. Black Sea Protocol. 45. After French requests for a Russian offensive to alleviate pressure at Verdun and Italian pleas for a Russian offensive after suffering defeats at the hands of the Austrians, on 4 June 1916 and lasting until 1 September, the Russians launched the initially successful but ultimately failed: u. Kerensky Offensive. v. Ludendorff Offensive. w. **Brusilov Offensive.** x. Zhukov Offensive. 46. Why is the punchline "Dieses Schwein hat Helm und dieses Schwein will Helm" funny? y. There's no reason why a pig should be wearing or should want a helmet. z. **It sounds like they are calling the pig Wilhelm (after the German Kaiser).** a. C'mon, have you ever seen a pig wearing a Pickelhaube? It's hilarious. b. Explaining the punchline makes it unfunny. 47. In Russian, the word for Prussians (Germans) is *Prussaki* which is the phonetic equivalent of *prusaki*, being a Russian colloquialism. As such, often in the Russian *lubki* cartoons, Germans are portrayed as *prusaki*, meaning: c. Sausage-eater. d. Kraut. e. Hun. f. **Cockroach.** 48. Already by 1915, the tone of *lubki* and postcards changed, directly Russian animosity inward. Though the Germans were still the enemies, it quickly became clear that military disasters and serious problems in transportation, fuel supply, and shortages in armament and consumer goods were the fault of: g. **An incompetent tsar.** h. The military leadership. i. The bourgeoisie. j. The English and the French. 49. What motif in Russian *lubki* cartoons expressed the hope that personal bravery and wit were national traits that would overcome the dull-witted Germans following the Russians' catastrophic defeats at Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes? k. The German sausage-eater. l. **The "smart Cossack."** m. The benevolent tsar. n. The Prussian cockroach. 50. In "Queen of Spades," a short story by Alexander Pushkin, and used in the Russian *lubki* published during the First World War, the image of the spade is one that stands for: o. **Malevolence.** p. Benevolence. q. Charity. r. Lust.