History of Printing and Publishing PDF

Q1: "Write a note on the emergence of printing and publishing in the world. (1995, 2003). The Beginning of Printing and Publishing What is Printing? Printing means making copies of text or pictures using ink on paper. It is an important way to share information. How Writing...

Q1: "Write a note on the emergence of printing and publishing in the world. (1995, 2003). The Beginning of Printing and Publishing What is Printing? Printing means making copies of text or pictures using ink on paper. It is an important way to share information. How Writing Started Long ago, people used signs and pictures to share their thoughts. These did not last long. Later, people started writing words to save their ideas. The Chinese and Japanese were some of the first to write this way. Early Writing Materials Before paper was invented, people wrote on tree bark, leather, wax sheets, and even animal bones. The First Books Around 500 B.C., Egyptians used a plant called "Papyrus" to write on. Later, people started writing on leather, folding it, and binding it to make the first books. Who Invented Paper? Paper was first made in China by a man named Cylon. He mashed old clothes and nets, dried them, and turned them into paper. Before this, people wrote on silk, but paper made writing easier. How Printing Began Printing also started in China. By the 6th century, they used woodblocks to print Buddhist texts. A writer named Fenzhi recorded this method. Printing is one of China’s greatest inventions. What is Block Printing? 1. A design or text is created. 2. It is placed on a wooden block. 3. The design is carved into the block. 4. Ink is applied to the block, and it is used to make prints. This method was simple and effective for making copies. The Oldest Book The first printed book we still have was made in 868 A.D. using block printing. Movable Type The Chinese invented movable type using clay and wood blocks. Later, Koreans used metal for movable type in the 15th century. Block printing was cheaper and easier for Chinese writing, but the blocks wore out quickly. Printing in Europe In Germany, Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with metal type. He printed the Gutenberg Bible in 1453. By 1500, printing presses were in over 110 towns, and books became cheaper and more available to people. Printing in England William Caxton started printing in England in 1476. He printed religious books and over 100 others, making books easier for people to read and own. History of Publishing Early Books The first books were made of clay and papyrus. In the Middle Ages, books were written by hand and decorated with gold. Books in the Middle Ages Monks made religious books until 1250. After that, scribes made books for everyone, including stories and poems. Printing Revolution In the 15th century, Gutenberg invented movable metal type. He printed the first book, the Bible, in 1455. Publishing in the 1800s Better printing and more people reading helped publishing grow. Libraries and publishing companies increased. It is also called penny press era. Q2: Write a note on the beginning of journalism in the UK and USA. (2002) Journalism in Great Britain: Journalism began after printing was invented. In 1476, William Caxton started printing books in Britain. Later, "News Books" were published with news from other countries, mostly about politics. These books also included news about the British parliament, but the government stopped publishing this news in 1641. In 1838, newspapers were allowed to print news from other countries. Weekly Newspapers: In 1641, a weekly newspaper called "Diurnals" started. It shared news about the government and became popular. First Newspaper: In 1643, the first weekly magazine with pictures, "Mercurius Civicus," was published. More magazines with pictures followed. Modern Newspapers: In 1665, the "Oxford Gazette" started, later called the "London Gazette." It looked like the newspapers we have today, with columns and news stories including dates. First Daily: In 1702, the "Daily Current" became the first daily newspaper. It was only one page but quickly became popular because it had national and international news. This led to other daily newspapers being made. The government added taxes in 1712 to limit the number of newspapers. Weekly Review: In 1704, Daniel Defoe started the "Review" as a weekly newspaper, which later became three times a week. He wrote about social and political issues and solutions. The paper also included essays to promote modern literature. Tattler: In 1709, Richard Steele created the "Tattler," a bi-weekly newspaper. It focused on social values and was a short, one-page paper. Spectator: In 1711, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele started the "Spectator" as a daily newspaper. It became very popular and had 3,000 copies in circulation, the most at the time. Seventeenth Century: Weekly News (1622) Oxford Gazette (1665) Daily Current (1702) Eighteenth Century: Tattler (1709) Spectator (1711) Examiner (1710) Nineteenth Century:  Observer (1801) Bell's Weekly Messenger (1806) Cambrian (1804) Daily News (1846, editor: Charles Dickens) Twentieth Century: Daily Express (1900) Daily Mail (1896) Sunday Times (1962) Q3: Analyse the evolution of journalism in America. Journalism in America: Before Independence: The first printing press in America was set up in 1534 in Mexico City. The first newspaper, "Publick Occurrences," was published in 1690 but was shut down quickly. The first successful newspaper, "Boston News-Letter," started in 1704. By 1783, there were 43 newspapers in the U.S. Penny-Press: The "Penny Press" made newspapers affordable for everyone, even poor and illiterate people. Journalists like Benjamin Franklin helped promote freedom and rights. Daily Newspapers: Daily newspapers began in the 18th century to share trade news. "New York Sun" started in 1833, and "New York Herald" started in 1835. By 1851, "New York Times" and "New York Tribune" were also created. Modern Journalism: Joseph Pulitzer made newspapers more exciting with big headlines and easy stories. William Randolph Hearst made newspapers focus on shocking news. The Industrial Revolution:  The Industrial Revolution helped newspapers grow. By 1850, there were over 2,500 newspapers, and some used pictures. Civil War Impact: During the Civil War, accurate news reporting became important and helped shape American journalism. Circulation Growth: By 1890, there were 11,314 newspapers in the U.S., and some reached a million copies per issue. Modern Newspaper Features: Newspapers started using bold headlines, illustrations, funny pages, and covering sports events. Yellow Journalism: Yellow journalism focused on exaggerated and sensational stories. Media Chains: Many small newspapers were bought by big media companies, forming chains. Modern Newspapers: By the 1910s, newspapers had all the features we see in modern newspapers today. four early American newspapers: 1877 Washington Post 1881 Los Angeles Times 1919 Daily News 1940 News Day 1947 Chicago Sun Times Newspapers in America and Britain: Size: America is bigger, so newspapers can’t reach everywhere. In Britain, newspapers cover the whole country. Number of Newspapers: America has more newspapers, so the circulation is divided.  Reading Habits: People in Britain read more newspapers. For every 1,000 people, there are 486 newspapers in Britain, but only 300 in America. Q4: Write short notes on: Review Tattler Spectator Review: The Review was a newspaper started by Daniel Defoe in 1704. It was published once a week at first, and then more often. It talked about politics, social problems, and books. Defoe wrote many political articles, gave advice on social issues, and included short, simple essays. Tattler: Started: 1709. Founder: Richard Steele, a famous writer. Type: Bi-weekly newspaper. Content: It focused on social norms and values, promoting reforms in society. The newspaper combined classical and modern literature. Spectator: Started: 1711. Founders: Joseph Addison and Richard Steele. Type: Daily newspaper. Content: It was known for its literary style and had a large readership, with articles on social, political, and cultural topics. Q5: How the print journalism was started in the Sub-Continent? (1995) Print Journalism in the Sub-Continent Start of Printing: The Portuguese started printing in the Sub-Continent. They brought printing press equipment in 1550 and set up a press in Goa in 1557 to print Christian books. Early Books: The first printed book was Principles of Christianity in Tamil. In 1577, a book in Malayalam was also printed. Mughal Attitude: The Mughals didn’t encourage printing because: Christian books were printed, which they didn’t like. They preferred calligraphy, which looked nicer than printed books. Most people were uneducated and didn’t care much for books. British Influence: The British set up printing presses to help with their rule. They started presses in: Bombay (1674) Madras (1772) Calcutta (1779) News System in the Sub-Continent Early Systems: The Ghaznavids started a news system called 'Al-barid.' Balban and other rulers used Waqa-i-Nigar to collect news from villages. Alauddin Khilji used multiple sources to verify news. Mughal News System: Akbar created a department for news collection, and Waqa-i-Nigar shared events with the court. This system continued until Alamgir's time, but it lost importance after his death. Telling the truth was important, and reporters could speak honestly. Printing: Printing methods used: Litho printing (1836) Offset printing (1900s) News in Islam: Muslims learned news collection from Iranians and made their own system, with the Abbasids and Ummayads supporting it. Q6: Write a note on the role of press in the Independence War of 1857. Press and the 1857 War of Independence The 1857 War of Independence was an attempt by the people of the Sub-Continent to gain freedom from British rule. Despite failing in the armed struggle, the press supported the freedom fighters. Press during the War Although the press backed the fighters, it was not free. Under British rule, it lost the independence it had under the Mughals. Press Features Before discussing the role of the press in the war, we should first look at the characteristics of the press during that time. British Control Over the Press English newspapers in the Sub-Continent were mainly owned by Britishers or Anglo- Indians, who supported the British government. Local Newspapers Local language newspapers were published weekly, with about 6,000 to 30,000 readers. Non-Muslim Ownership of Urdu Newspapers Most Urdu newspapers were owned by non-Muslims. During Bahadur Shah Zafar's reign, some Muslim-owned papers supported the Mughal king. Muslim Newspapers' Approach Muslim newspapers were careful when criticizing the British. They balanced criticism with praise for the British East India Company because of financial support. Role of Press Before 1857 Before 1857, handwritten "pen-newspapers" were created to inspire people to fight against the British and support the Mughal empire. These papers spread hatred towards the East India Company. War Against the Britishers: Role of Pen-Newspapers Before 1857 Pen-newspapers played a vital role in spreading hate against the British government. They made people realize that only by freeing themselves from British rule could they live freely. Criticism of the Government These newspapers frequently criticized the British government and its officials. Effects of Pen-Newspapers Pen-newspapers motivated people to join the War of 1857 and fight for freedom. British officials like Sir John Malcom, Lord Orcland, and Lord Macauly acknowledged the role of these newspapers in spreading anti-British sentiments. Lord Macauly noted that 120 pen-newspapers from Delhi criticized the British government without fear and encouraged people to rebel. English Press During the 1857 War The English press supported the British and criticized the local press, especially the Urdu and Persian press, for their role in the rebellion. They called for restricting local press freedom. Colonial Press Laws In response, Lord Canning introduced the Press Act of 1857, requiring newspapers to get a license. The government had the power to cancel licenses and censor newspapers. Press Laws After 1857 The British made new laws that shut down many newspapers. For example, Bengal Harkaro and The Hindu Intelligence lost their licenses. Some newspapers were censored, and their editors were punished. Delhi Newspapers’ Role Newspapers in Delhi, like Sadiq-ul-Akhbar and Siraj-ul-Akhbar, spread news about the rebellion. After the British took control, they closed these newspapers. Muslim Press After the rebellion, the British targeted Muslim newspapers. The number of Muslim- owned newspapers dropped a lot. Anglo-Indian Press The Anglo-Indian press was allowed to support the British and spread bad things about the Indian fighters. Racial Bias in English Press The English press was unfair and supported the British. Lord Canning praised European newspapers and blamed Indian ones for the revolt. Muslim Blamed for the Rebellion The British accused Muslims of starting the rebellion, especially during Bahadur Shah Zafar’s trial, which harmed the Muslim community. After the 1857 rebellion, the British blamed Muslims for starting it. Two newspapers, Sadiq-ul-Akhbar and Delhi Urdu Akhbar, helped the rebels but were shut down. The editors were punished—one was killed and the other was jailed. Most Muslim newspapers were destroyed after the rebellion. Before 1857, there were 35 newspapers, but by 1858, only 12 remained, mostly owned by Hindus. The Muslim press was almost completely wiped out. Q7: Evaluate journalistic contribution of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for Indian Muslims. (2003) British Attitude Towards Muslims: In the 19th century, the British feared Muslims and tried to control them by banning the Quran, sending them to Africa, or forcing conversions to Christianity. Hindus and the British: The British favored Hindus, giving them education and government jobs, while Muslims were left behind. Muslim Movements: Some Muslim movements, like Syed Ahmed Barelvi's, wanted to introduce Islamic law, but they failed. After the 1857 revolt, many Muslims lost their land and were punished. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Approach: Sir Syed realized fighting the British wasn’t working. He encouraged Muslims to accept British rule. He wrote books like "Causes for the Indian Revolt" to explain the misunderstandings behind the revolt. He also started the Aligarh Movement to promote education and improve the future for Muslims. Objectives of the Aligarh Movement: Improve relations between Muslims and the British. Encourage Muslims to adapt to the British system. Bringing People Together: Sir Syed formed a scientific society to help bring Muslims and the British closer. They translated important English books into Urdu. Cultural and Education Changes: The Muhammadan Social Reformer newspaper was started to teach Muslims about their history and encourage new ways of thinking in education and culture. M.A.O College: Sir Syed set up M.A.O College in Aligarh, which later became the first Muslim university in India. This helped many Muslim leaders and educated people.  Muslim Identity: Sir Syed wanted Muslims to see themselves as a separate nation, not just a small group. This led to the "Two-Nation Theory." New Literature: Writers like Hali, Nazir Ahmed, and Shibli wrote stories and poetry to inspire Muslims and help them feel proud of their culture. Sir Syed's Newspapers: Why Start New Newspapers? Sir Syed felt that the current newspapers were not doing a good job. They were too biased and not serious enough, so he decided to start his own newspapers. His Newspapers: o The Scientific Society Magazine: This newspaper started in 1866. It was first a weekly and later became a quarterly. It had both English and Urdu sections. o Muhammadan Social Reformer: Started in 1870, this newspaper was published when needed. It focused on Muslim education. What Was in the Newspapers? o The Scientific Society Magazine had a mix of news, essays, and information about Muslim education. The English part was for rulers, and the Urdu part was for Muslims. The Scientific Society Magazine: Publish: This newspaper was published regularly. Accurate News: The magazine gave true news and explained important events in history. It was fair and neutral when it criticized government actions. This showed that real freedom comes from keeping a balanced approach. Clear Opinion: The magazine had a clear voice, and people listened to its views. It changed how people thought, especially in southern India. Regular Articles: It regularly printed essays about politics, society, education, and morals, many written by Sir Syed. Government Approval: The British government accepted the magazine as the voice of educated Muslims. Sir Syed’s Views: 1. Not Pro-British: Some people thought Sir Syed was too friendly with the British, but this isn’t true. He criticized them when needed. He said that no matter how educated Indians became, the British would still see them as inferior, while the British would always be seen as "civilized" no matter how badly they behaved. The Muhammadan Social Reformer Magazine: 1. Goals: In the sixth issue, Sir Syed explained the goals of his magazine. He encouraged Muslims to stop blindly following others and to think for themselves. He wanted them to focus on both religious and worldly knowledge. He also said Muslims should develop industries, learn arts, and improve their way of life. He believed girls should be educated and people should live with high moral standards. Sir Syed wanted Muslims to be proud of their past, confident in the present, and hopeful for the future. His magazine, "Muhammadan Social Reformer", had a big impact. Here are some changes it brought: 1. Unity: People came together around the ideas in the magazine. 2. Islamic Schools: More Islamic schools were opened across India. 3. Modern Education: Many religious leaders who disagreed with Sir Syed began to see the value of learning English and modern subjects. 4. Confidence: Muslims who felt inferior started to feel more confident after reading about how Islam fits with the modern world. 5. Less Division: Muslims who had strict religious views began to feel more united. 6. Islamic Unity: Muslims started to understand the importance of being united as an Islamic community. 7. Change in Literature: Urdu literature and poetry began to change and grow. 8. Aligarh College: Sir Syed founded Aligarh College, which helped spread English education among Muslims. When Sir Syed closed the magazine after 6 years and 7 months, he said that even if they didn’t fully succeed in inspiring national pride, they had introduced the idea in Urdu literature. He believed these ideas would grow stronger over time. Impact of Sir Syed’s Journalism: His writing encouraged Muslims across India to think of themselves as a separate, independent nation. By using Urdu, he helped bring new ideas to Urdu journalism. Q8: Write about the significant aspects of Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar's journalism in the light of his journalistic theory. (2004) OR Explain various aspects of journalism produced by Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar. (2000) Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar was born in 1878 in a rich family in Rajpur State, UP. His father died when he was two years old. His mother, Abida Bano, made sure he and his brothers got a good education. They studied in Bareilly and Aligarh. At Aligarh University, Muhammad Ali was known for his talent in poetry, speaking, and writing. He was a top student and won the B.A. exams at the age of 18. He spoke out against the European staff at the university, which led him to go to the UK. Study in England: Muhammad Ali studied at Lincoln College, England, for four years. He earned a degree in modern history and became the first President of the Indian Majlis at Cambridge University. He was not selected for the Indian Civil Services, which turned out to be a good thing for India because it allowed him to contribute to the country's freedom struggle. Return to India: When he returned to India, Muhammad Ali worked as the Chief Education Officer in Rampur State. He resigned because he had different views on educational reforms. He later worked in Baroda Civil Services but felt limited by the job. Abilities of Maulana Muhammad Ali: Maulana Muhammad Ali was a brave leader and patriot. He was called Rais-al-Ahrar for his sacrifices for India. Even though he lived a short life, he made a huge impact through his work in journalism and leadership. Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar: Leader, Poet, and Journalist Leader of Change Maulana Muhammad Ali was a leader, poet, and journalist. He inspired people to stand up against British rule. His work helped shift from cooperating with the British to fighting for independence. Journalism for the People Maulana believed journalists should guide the public with honest, well-researched news. His writings aimed to teach important lessons and encourage change. The Comrade Newspaper In 1911, he started The Comrade newspaper to raise political awareness among Muslims. It covered politics, literature, and sometimes humor. Maulana wrote the important editorials himself, and they were praised for their strong language. Hindu-Muslim Unity Maulana Muhammad Ali believed that Hindus and Muslims were separate nations but should be treated equally. He thought both should work together for India’s freedom, an idea that later led to the creation of Pakistan. Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar and the Two-Nation Theory Maulana Muhammad Ali supported separate elections for Muslims, believing it was key to the Two-Nation Theory. He thought that without this, the theory would be lost. He also supported the partition of Bengal and protested its annulment. International Views and Khilafat Movement Maulana Ali believed in Muslim unity worldwide and supported the Khilafat Movement to protect Turkey’s religious leadership. He also supported Turkey in the Balkan and Tripoli wars, and during World War I, he wrote in support of Turkey's position. Closure of 'Comrade' and 'Hamdard' Due to his views and the Press Act, the British government closed his newspaper, Comrade. He also published Hamdard, an Urdu daily, which was shut down after he was arrested and censored. Freedom Struggle and Political Leadership Maulana Muhammad Ali played a key role in preparing Muslims and Indians for the freedom struggle. He co-founded the All India Muslim League and was active in shaping the political destiny of the Muslim community in India. He was also involved in Pan- Islamism, supporting Muslim unity worldwide, particularly through his efforts in Turkey. Legacy Maulana Muhammad Ali was a dynamic leader, journalist, poet, and speaker. He fought for the rights of Muslims in India and promoted the cause of Pan-Islamism, leaving a lasting impact on Indian politics and the Muslim community. Q9: Maulana Zafar Ali Khan played an important role in Militant Journalism." Discuss. OR Write a brief note on militant journalism and its background OR Discuss the main features of "Zamindar." Militant Journalism (Press) Muslims and Politics: In Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's time, Muslims started to get involved in politics. When the Congress became mostly Hindu, Muslims wanted their own party. Partition of Bengal: In 1905, the British divided Bengal. Muslims were happy with the new Muslim-majority East Bengal. In 1906, they got separate voting rights, and the All India Muslim League was formed. Problems for Muslims: The British later canceled the partition, taking away the Muslim- majority area. Muslims were unhappy with the British offers like moving the capital to Delhi and opening a university in Dacca, as these didn't benefit them much. Khilafat Movement: In 1933, the mosque incident in Kanpur upset Muslims. The British were against Turkey, but Muslims wanted to support it, leading to the arrest of many Muslim leaders. New Politics and Journalism Muslim politics changed. Instead of supporting the British, they became critical of them, which led to a new type of strong journalism. Four important leaders in this change were Hasrat Mohani, Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Zafar Ali Khan. Their Views: o Mohani and Azad wanted Muslims to join the Congress Party with Hindus to fight the British. o Muhammad Ali Johar believed Muslims should decide their position first before joining Hindus. o Zafar Ali Khan had mixed views. o All of them disagreed with the British decision to cancel the partition of Bengal and were upset about the Kanpur incident. Zafar Ali Khan as a Militant Journalist  Zafar Ali Khan, born in 1883, took over his father’s Zamindar newspaper and changed it to focus on politics and Islam. It became famous for speaking against British rule. Zafar Ali Khan is called the "father of Urdu journalism" for his important work in political journalism. Daily Zamindar During the Tripoli War, Zamindar started a daily section with news from both Western and Arab sources. This made the newspaper very popular. During the Balkan Wars, the newspaper's circulation grew to 30,000. Its competitor, Paisa Akhbar, had fewer readers. Why Zamindar Was Successful Zamindar became successful because: 1. Famous writers worked for it, like Maulana Abdul Amadi, Maulana Waheed-ud- Din, and Munshi Wajahat. 2. It was the first Urdu daily to give news from the Muslim point of view, not relying on English newspapers. Important Features of Zamindar Zamindar was known for: Sharing the people’s views and criticizing the government. The public helped raise money when the government asked for a security deposit. Zafar Ali Khan’s political poems inspired people. It had more columns, making it easy to read. Zafar Ali Khan’s Impact Zafar Ali Khan was the first graduate to become a journalist. He helped make journalism a respected profession. He gave people the courage to speak the truth and stand up against foreign rulers. Editorial from Sitara-i-Subli When Zamindar was stopped, Sitara-i-Subli wrote: "Our aim in journalism was to help poor farmers. They are the real strength of our country. Their hard work is our hope. Rich landlords live in comfort but do nothing for the nation." Zafar Ali Khan’s Role In 1922, Michael O'Dwyre said, "Zafar Ali Khan inspired people against the British through his speeches and Zamindar. He was like a phoenix, always rising again." Editorial from Sitara-i-Subli When Zamindar was stopped, Sitara-i-Subli wrote: "Our aim in journalism was to help poor farmers. They are the real strength of our country. Their hard work is our hope. Rich landlords live in comfort but do nothing for the nation." Zafar Ali Khan’s Role In 1922, Michael O'Dwyre said, "Zafar Ali Khan inspired people against the British through his speeches and Zamindar. He was like a phoenix, always rising again." Political Events During the Quit India Movement, many leaders were arrested. The Cripps Mission Plan suggested Congress and the Muslim League share power, but the British would control Defence. After the war, a constitutional assembly would be created.