Surgery Exam V Semester Study Materials PDF

1. What is the primary purpose of aseptics? a. Treating bacterial infections/// b. Preventing the growth of microorganisms on living tissues// c. Disinfecting inanimate objects/// d. Enhancing wound healing/// 2. Which of the following is an essential step in maintaining aseptic conditions...

1. What is the primary purpose of aseptics? a. Treating bacterial infections/// b. Preventing the growth of microorganisms on living tissues// c. Disinfecting inanimate objects/// d. Enhancing wound healing/// 2. Which of the following is an essential step in maintaining aseptic conditions during a medical procedure? a. Using non-sterile gloves/// b. Minimizing handwashing/// c. Touching sterile surfaces with bare hands/// d. Sterilizing instruments and equipment// 3. Which of the following is an example of a chemical antiseptic commonly used for skin disinfection? a. Ultraviolet (UV) light/// b. Hydrogen peroxide/// c. Betadine// d. Latex gloves/// 4. What is the primary goal of prophylaxis against contact infections in healthcare settings? a. To prevent infections transmitted through the air/// b. To reduce the risk of infections through direct or indirect contact// c. To reduce the risk of hematogenic infection/// d. To prevent possible lymphogenic infection/// 5. Which category of antiseptics includes enzymes like proteolytic ferments? a. Chemical antiseptics/// b. Biobiological antiseptics // c. Physical antiseptics/// d. Mechanical antiseptics/// 6. What is the main goal of aseptic techniques in surgery? a. To cure infections/// b. To eliminate all microorganisms/// c. To prevent contamination// d. To promote blood circulation/// 7. What type of antiseptics primarily relies on the removal of microorganisms by the cutting of damaged tissues? a. Mechanical antiseptics// b. Chemical antiseptics/// c. biological antiseptics/// d. physical/// 8. What is the primary goal of aseptic techniques in healthcare settings? a. To eliminate all microorganisms/// b. To reduce the microbial load to a safe level // c. To sterilize all surfaces and equipment/// d. To enhance the environment/// 9. Which type of antiseptic typically contains alcohol and is commonly used for hand sanitization? a. Chemical antiseptic// b. biological antiseptic/// c. Physical antiseptic/// d. Mechanical antiseptic/// 10. What are examples of mechanical antiseptics: a. removing of necrotic tissue//  b. iodine application/// c. bandage application/// d. passive drainage/// 11.What is the main reason that wet sterilization for scalpels and metallic instruments is not recommended? a. doesn't sterilize equipment completely/// b. sharp instruments will become blunt// c. takes a long time/// d. safety hazard/// 12. What group of antiseptics is used to sterilize surgical equipment? a. oxidants/// b. salts and heavy metals// c. haloids /// d. nitrofuran/// 13. Which method of sterilization with vapor is the best to use: a. sterilization in boiling water at 100C/// b. autoclave at 2atm and 139C for 20mins// c. autoclave at 120C for 30mins/// d. sterilization with steam without pressure/// 14. Which of the following are lactams? a. Penicillin and Cephalosporin// b. Macrolide and Tetracycline/// c. Aminoglycoside and Carbapenems/// d. Levomycetin and Rifamycin/// 15. When and who worked out the industrial production method of Penicillin? a. 1929, A. Flemming and H. Fredrich/// b. 1860, Ambrois Parré and Joseph Lister/// c. 1940, Florey and Chain// d. 1890, Louis Pasteur & K. Reyer/// 16. Who is the father of Medicine? a. Flemming/// b. Hippocrates// c. Abu Ali ibn Sina/// d. Paracelsus/// 17. What is an example of local application of Antiseptics? a. bandages and powders, dialysis of purulent wounds// b. intravenous injection/// c. hands and arms washing/// d. intramuscular injection/// 18. Proteolytic enzymes of animal origin are all except: a. Trypsin/// b. Chymotrypsin/// c. Ribonuclease/// d. Acnepaza// 19. Complications of Antibiotic Therapy are all except: a. Allergy/// b. Organotoxic effect/// c. Fever// d. Candidamycosis/// 20. What material is catgut made from? a. Silk/// b. Guts of animals// c. Polypropylene/// d. Nylon/// 21. Who received the Nobel prize for the discovery of Penicillin? a. Artur Fleming// b. Louis Pasteur/// c. Joseph Lister/// d. Baron/// 22. Which of the following are chemical Antiseptics? a. Nitrofuran// b. Acetic acid/// c. Methane/// d. CO2/// 23. Who is the introducer of antiseptics in medicine? a. Luca/// b. Abu Ali Ibn Sina (Avicenna)/// c. Joseph Lister// d. Alexander Fleming/// 24. Which of the following is a chemical antiseptic? a. Iodine// b. Penicilline///  c. Tripsine/// d. Phytoncides/// 25. Mechanical Antiseptics is: a. primary surgical treatment of the wound// b. Surgical handwashing/// c. Preparation of surgical field/// d. Draining of purulent cavities/// 26. Which type of action does not relate to biological antiseptics: a. bacteriostatic action of antibiotics/// b. bactericidal action of antibiotics/// c. Immunomodulation/// d. Irradiation// 27. Which of the Following are biological antiseptic? a. Antitetanic vaccination// b. Sterilization with vapor/// c. clean technique/// d. Non tach technique/// 28. Which of these is a complication of antibiotic therapy? a. Allergy, anaphylactic reactions// b. Fever/// c. Nausea/// d. Pneumonia/// 29. Mechanical antiseptic includes all expect: a. dissection///  b. excision/// c. renewing of the margins of the wound/// d. Rabies immunization// 30. Type of drainage are: a. Primary and secondary/// b. Active and passive// c. With positive pressure/// d. Delayed drainage/// 31. All the following are methods of applying Chemical Antiseptic remedies except: a. Bandages with antiseptic solutions, ointments, and powders/// b. Dialysis of purulent wounds and cavities by irrigation with antiseptic drugs/// c. IV injection of antibiotics// d. Deep antiseptics, for example intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous etc./// 32. Choose the correct saying of Hippocrates a. Primum non nocere - First of all, don't harm/// b. Ubi pus, ibi evacuo - If you see the pus, evacuate it/// c. Contraria contariis curantur - Opposite is treated by opposite/// d. All the above// 33. Example of proteolytic enzyme of bacterial origin are: a. Trypsin /// b. Streptolyase// c. Ribonuclease/// d. Chemotrypsin /// 34. Phytoncides is a part of:  a. Mechanical antiseptics/// b. Chemical antiseptics/// c. Biological antiseptics// d. Physical antiseptics/// 35. Which of the following is not a chemical antiseptic? a. Iodoform/// b. Boric acid/// c. Antibiotics// d. Dichloramine/// 36. Which of the above is not the parenteral route of antibiotic application: a.Dialysis /// b.Intraossal/// c.intramuscular/// d.Oral medicines// 37. Who is the father of Antiseptics? a. Henly/// b. John Pringley/// c. Joseph Lister// d. Frakastor/// 38. Mechanical antiseptics included. a. Dissection// b. Osmosis/// c. Washing of hands/// d. Oxidation/// 39. Which is the first antiseptic solution a. hydrogen peroxide/// b. carbolic acid solution// c. picric acid solution/// d. boric acid solution/// 40. All of following are groups of chemical antiseptics except: a. Haloids/// b. Acids/// c. Oxidants/// d. Magnesium sulphate// 41. Which of the above is the antibiotic of I generation? a. Cefalotin// b. Cefoxitine/// c. Cefepime/// d. Cefuroxime/// 42. Which of the above is the proteolytic enzyme of animal origin, except? a. Trypsin/// b. Chymotrypsin/// c. Ribonuclease/// d. Papain// 43. Which type of antiseptic use the principles of osmosis, capillarity, diffusion and siphon? a. Mechanical antiseptics/// b. Physical antiseptics// c. Biological antiseptics/// d. Chemical antiseptics/// 44. Which of the above uses primary surgical treatment of wounds, dissection, excision, renewing margins of wound, opening of purulent pockets or cavities? a. Mechanical antiseptics// b. Biological antiseptics/// c. Physical antiseptics/// d. Chemical antiseptics/// 45. Which of above the following antibiotics is effective against gram negative flora? a. Antitumurous /// b. Antibacterial// c. Antifungal/// d. None of these/// 46. Which of above the following antiseptics is used for treatment of purulent wounds? a. Tinidazole/// b. Frontalin/// c. Chlorhexidinum// d. Salts of heave metals/// 47. Mechanical antiseptic uses a. Debridement of the wound// b. Hypertonic gauze tampons and dressing/// c. Washing of the wound with some antiseptic solutions/// d. Active draining of the wound/// 48. Which of above listed have Antifungal spectra of action a. Cefepime/// b. Hydrogen peroxide///  c. Nistatine// d. 5-Nitroimidazole/// 49. The causes of polycythemic hypovolemia are: a. dehydration // b. massive hemolysis /// c. erythema /// d. anemia/// 50. Classification of bleeding, mark the false answer a. blood clothing// b. arrosive bleeding/// c. diapedetic hemorrhage/// d. Blood clotting system disturbance/// 51. Classification of bleeding by damaged vessel, mark the false answer a. Arterial/// b. arteriovenous/// c. mixed/// d. Internal// 52. Classification of bleeding by Clinical manifestation, mark the false answer a. External/// b. Internal/// c. mixed/// d. Arterial// 53. Type of hematoma, mark the false answer a. Intraventricular///  b. Intramuscular/// c. Intrabdominal/// d. venous// 54. Type of hematoma, mark the false answer a. Aseptic/// b. Ossified/// c. Subcapsular/// d. Arterial// 55. Type of hematoma, mark the false answer a. Intraventricular/// b. Pulsative/// c. capillary// d. Aseptic/// 56. Internal bleeding is, mark the false answer a. Epistaxis/// b. Hemothorax/// c. hemoperitoneum/// d. incision wound bleeding// 57. Reasons of lower Gastrointestinal tract bleeding may be a. rectal cancer// b. Meckel’s diverticulum/// c. Epistaxis /// d. Intense cough/// 58. Clinical Picture of the bleeding is, mark the false answer  a. Cold sweat/// b. Rapid and small pulse/// c. Decrease of blood pressure/// d. Bradypnea// 59. Manifestation of bleeding may be? a. Internal/// b. External/// c. a and b// d. None of above/// 60. Accumulation of blood in the pericardium is called a. Hemothorax/// b. Hemopericardium// c. Hemoperitoneum/// d. Epistaxis/// 61. Accumulation of blood in the peritoneum is called a. Hemothorax/// b. Hemopericardium/// c. Hemoperitoneum// d. Epistaxis/// 62. Accumulation of blood in the thoracic cavity is called a. Hemothorax// b. Hemopericardium/// c. Hemoperitoneum/// d. Epistaxis/// 63. nasal bleeding is called a. Hemothorax/// b. Hemopericardium/// c. Hemoperitoneum/// d. Epistaxis// 64.Bleeding from the bile duct is called a. Haemobilia// b. Hemartrosis/// c. Epistaxis/// d. Microhematuria/// 65. Bleeding from urinary tract is called a. Haemobilia/// b. Hemartrosis/// c. Epistaxis/// d. Hematuria// 66. Bleeding into the joints is called a. Haemobilia/// b. Hemartrosis// c. Epistaxis/// d. Microhematuria/// 67. Rectal Bleeding is called a. Haemobilia/// b. Rectorragia// c. Epistaxis/// d. Microhematuria/// 68. What are the mechanisms of compensation during reflex phase after hemorrhage? a. influence on baroreceptors from the reflexogenic regions // b. activation of sympathoadrenal system /// с. decreased heart stroke volume/// d. decreased peripheral resistance/// 69. What are the mechanisms of blood volume restoration after hemorrhage? a. spasm of the peripheral vessels/// b. activation of blood coagulation system/// c. decreased diuresis /// d. redistribution of the water between sectors// 70. What are the mechanisms of blood pressure normalization in reflex phase after hemorrhage? a. output of blood from depot/// b. increased sympathetic influence on the heart/// c. influence on baroreceptors from the reflexogenic regions// d. activation of aldosterone synthesis/// 71. What are the reasons for normalization of blood pressure at hydrous phase after hemorrhage? a. activation of renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system/// b. increased output of vasopressin/// c. redistribution of water from interstation to the vessels// d. centralization of blood circulation/// 72. The main finding of pathogenesis of moderate hemorrhage are: a. cells dehydration /// b. disorder of microcirculation and hypoxia // c. disorders of oxygen transport function of hemoglobin///  d. disorder of hemoglobin synthesis/// 73. The reflex phase after acute hemorrhage is characterized by: a. hyperventilation /// b. bradycardia/// c. appearance of young red blood cells in blood/// d. tachicardia// 74. Contraindications of spinal anesthesia are all, except a. Low blood pressure/// b. Abscesses of the skin in the point of puncture/// c. Uncorrected Coagulopathy/// d. pregnancy// 75. Complications of intubation process may be all, except a. Dental damage/// b. Intubation of esophagus/// c. oxygen insufficiency// d. Right bronchus intubation/// 76. Anesthesia complication, during narcosis is all, except a. Aspiration of stomach content/// b. tracheitis// c. Oliguria /// d. Cardiac insufficiency/// 77. Which of the following is 1st stage of narcosis a. Excitement/// b. Narcotic sleep///  c. Hypnotic phase// d. areflexia/// 78. Which of the following is 3rd stage of narcosis a. Excitement/// b. Narcotic sleep// c. Hypnotic phase/// d. areflexia/// 79. What is the contraindication of Intubation narcosis? a. Disease of trachea// b. Arterial hypotension/// c. Arterial Hypertension/// d. skin abscess/// 80. What do you mean by Hemostasis? a. production of new blood cells/// b. process by which bleeding stops from damaged blood vessels// c. normal body condition/// d. none of the above/// 82. Which of the following are the 3 steps of hemostasis? a. vascular spasm, platelet adhesion, blood clotting/// b. vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting// c. vascular spasm, platelet aggregation, blood clotting/// d. vascular spasm, platelet release, blood clotting/// 83. Why does vascular spasm takes place? a. due to damage in smooth muscle///  b. due to release of substances by activated platelets/// c. due to the reflex initiated by pain receptors/// d. all of the above// 84. which of the following is the (iv) clotting factor? a. Proaccelerin /// b. tissue factor/// c. stable factor/// d. none of the above// 85. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. hemostasis prevents hemorrhage/// b. platelet plug is very effective in preventing blood loss from large blood vessels// c. vitamin K is required for synthesis for several clotting factors/// d. the clot formed is a gel like substance/// 86. Which of the following is effective in dissolving the clot formed after complete repair of injury? a. hageman factor /// b. plasminolysin// c. christmas factor/// d. tissue factor/// 87. Which of the following does not take part in the extrinsic pathways for the formation of prothrombinase? a. tissue factor /// b. prowar factor/// c. stable factor// d. Ca ions/// 88. What prevents clotting of blood in blood vessels? a. Serotonin/// b. Fibrinogen/// c. Heparin// d. Fibrin/// 89. Clumping of cells is known as a. clotting/// b. mutation/// c. agglutination// d. glutathione/// 90. Antigen presenting cells are a. T cells// b. B cells/// c. Macrophages/// d. Mast cells/// 91. Which of the following plasma protein is involved in coagulation of blood? a. Albumin/// b. Globulin/// c. Fibrinogen// d. Amylase/// 92. The causes of simple hypovolemia are: a. dehydration /// b. immediately after hemorrhage/// c. erythremia /// d. massive infusion of plasma substitutes// 93. The reflex phase after acute hemorrhage is characterized by: a. increased of the peripheral resistance// b. increased synthesis of angiotensin /// c. increased synthesis of protein/// d. decreased synthesis of protein/// 94. Following Galkin’s method how many steps does anesthesia has? a.1step/// b.2 steps/// c. 3 steps// d. 4 steps/// 95. Definition of general anesthesia is a. Irreversible loss of sensation and consciousness/// b. Reversible loss of sensation and consciousness// c. Loss pf voluntary movement/// d. Loss of reflexes/// 96. Inhalation anesthesia is: a. Peroral/// b. Intravenous/// c. Endotracheal // d. Bier’s block/// 97. non-inhalation anesthesia is: a. Endotracheal/// b. Endobronchial/// c. Intravenous//  d. Endotracheal and endobronchial/// 98. Which of the following is 2nd stage of narcosis a. Excitement// b. Narcotic sleep/// c. Hypnotic phase/// d. Areflexia/// 99. Anesthesia complications of post operative period is a. Vomiting/// b. Aspiration of stomach content/// c. Pneumonia// d. Regurgitation/// 100. Anesthesia complication, during narcosis is except a. Aspiration of stomach content/// b.Pneumonia// c. Oliguria /// d. Cardiac insufficiency/// 101. What is the contraindication of Intubation narcosis, except a. Disease of trachea/// b. Disease of larynx/// c. Arterial Hypertension// d. uveitis/// 102. Complications of intubation process may be all, except a. Dental damage/// b. Intubation of esophagus///  c. Damage of lung tissue// d. Right bronchus intubation/// 103. Curare’s action is a. Narcotic sleep action/// b. Pain management/// c. Myorelaxant action// d. Hypotension action/// 104. Contraindication of intravenous anesthesia are, except a. Intoxication/// b. Sepsis/// c. Damage of functioning of Liver/// d. Tracheitis// 105. Contraindication of spinal anesthesia is a. Tracheitis/// b. Bronchitis/// c. Uncorrected coagulopathy// d. uveitis/// 106. Contraindications of spinal anesthesia are except a. Low blood pressure/// b. Abscesses of the skin in the point of puncture/// c. Uncorrected Coagulopathy/// d. Pneumonia// 107. Complications of spinal anesthesia are except a. Hemorrhage from the venous plexus///  b. Injury of spinal cord/// c. breaking of needle. /// d. Malignant hyperthermia// 108. Complications of spinal anesthesia are except a. Hemorrhage from the venous plexus/// b. Injury of spinal cord/// c. breaking of needle/// d. spinal hernia // 109. What is the primary function of Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid (Aminocaproic) in enhancing blood clotting capacity? a. Enhancing thromboplastin formation/// b. Promoting platelet adhesion/// c. Inhibiting blood plasma fibrinolysin (plasmin)// d. Increasing prothrombin production/// 110. Which synthetic vitamin is necessary for prothrombin synthesis in the liver and contributes to blood clotting capacity? a. Epinephrine/// b. Potassium permanganate/// c. Vicasolum// d. Gelatin/// 111. What is the primary component used to investigate circulating blood mass (CBM) and circulating plasma mass in the bloodstream? a. Macrodex// b. X-ray/// c. Ultrasound /// d. MRI/// 112. Which medical procedure is commonly employed to diagnose bleeding in the abdominal cavity? a. Chest X-ray/// b. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy/// c. Peritoneal lavage // d. Thoracocentesis/// 113. In cases of hemoperitoneum, what is a characteristic sign of irritation of the peritoneum? a. Tense abdomen// b. soft abdomen/// c. Dry mouth/// d. Rapid respiration/// 114. Which of the following is NOT a general or objective sign of bleeding? a. Pallor/// b. Cold sweat/// c. Rapid and small pulse/// d. Vertigo// 115. What are the most important factors in determining the outcome of bleeding? a. Type of injury and location/// b. loss of transport and nutritional function of blood/// c. Volume and rate of blood loss// d. none of the above/// 116. All of the following can cause damage to the small bowel, except a. angiomas/// b. hemorrhoids// c. tumors/// d. meckel's diverticulum/// 117. What is the maximum recommended time? for keeping a tourniquet applied on the lower extremity? a. 30 minutes/// b. 2 hour// c. 1.5 hours/// d. 1 hours/// 118. In which situation is it appropriate to use hyperflexion of the extremity as a method of temporary hemostasis? a. Brachial artery injury in the upper arm/// b. Femoral artery injury in the thigh/// c. Popliteal artery injury in the lower leg/// d. All of the above // 119. Which physical method of final hemostasis involves the use of low temperatures to cause vessel spasm? a. Applying hot saline-soaked tampons/// b. Surgical diathermia-electrocoagulation/// c. Laser photocoagulation/// d. Applying an ice-bag to the site of bleeding// 120. What is a benefit of laser photocoagulation compared to electric coagulation in final hemostasis? a. Formation of a wide zone of necrosis/// b. Contact with the tissues/// c. Lack of precise energy dosage/// d. Possibility of permanent visual control// 121. Preparation of Vitamin C and P (Routine) can be used as a biological homeostatic preparation with general action. What it’s role of action? a. Acts as a proteolytic enzyme inhibitor/// b. Decreases vessel penetration and stops diapedetic haemorrhage// c. It is useful in case of bacterial contamination of the wounds/// d. It is necessary for prothrombin synthesis in the liver/// 122. Which one of these is a biological hemostatic preparation of general action? a. Surgical diathermia-electrocoagulation (diathermocoagulation, electroknife)/// b. Cryosurgery (Cryoscalpel, Cryodestruction)/// C. Covering the mucosa membranes with Epinephrine, Noradrenalin, Mesaton, Ephedrine/// d. Native (freshly frozen) plasma, cryoprecipitate (contains protein factors of blood clotting), platelet concentrate// 123. What is the primary purpose of ligating a bleeding vessel during surgery? a. To promote blood circulation/// b. To prevent thrombus formation/// c. To stop bleeding and achieve hemostasis// d. To facilitate the removal of the clamp/// 124. Which of the following materials are commonly used for clipping small blood vessels during surgery? a. Rubber bands/// b. Stainless steel, tantalum, or titanium clips// c. Hemostatic tampons/// d. Synthetic vessel grafts/// 125. All of the following are examples of classification based on REASON of bleeding except a. mechanical injury/// b. blood clotting/// c. diapededic hemorrhage/// d. parenchymatous// 126. Classification, based on the type of the injured vessel: a. Arterial/// b. Arteriovenous/// c. both a and b// d. none of the above/// 127. If treatment with proton pump inhibitors is unsuccessful, what is the next step in managing a hemorrhagic duodenal ulcer? a. Endoscopic electrocoagulant or chemical hemostatoc substances application// b. Antibiotic therapy/// c. Pain management/// d. Surgical operation-stitching of the blood vessel in the ulcer/// 128. What is the term for bleeding that occurs outside the blood vessels? a. Hematoma/// b. Ecchymosis/// c. Hemorrhage// d. Petechiae/// 129. Which of the following is a common symptom of internal bleeding? a. Pallor// b. Swelling/// c. Hypertension/// d. Bradycardia/// 130. Which of the following signs indicate severe internal bleeding? a. Swelling and bruising at the site of injury/// b. Excessive sweating and pale, clammy skin// c. Persistent headache and confusion/// d. High blood pressure/// 131. Which type of bleeding occurs when blood vessels beneath the skin are damaged, resulting in discoloration? a. Arterial bleeding/// b. Capillary bleeding/// c. Venous bleeding/// d. Bruising// 132. In which type of bleeding is blood loss often profuse or severe? a. Occult bleeding/// b. Developed bleeding/// c. Arterial bleeding// d. Venous bleeding/// 133. A pulsatile hematoma may indicate a connection between the hematoma and: a. A nerve/// b. A bone fracture///  c. An injured vein/// d. An injured artery// 134. In which scenario should hyperflexion of the extremity be employed to assist in managing an arterial injury? a. Brachial artery injury in the inguinal region/// b. Femoral artery injury in the hip joint/// c. Popliteal artery injury in the knee joint// d. Radial artery injury in the finger/// 135. What is the most critical factor in determining the outcome of bleeding? a. Type of injury/// b. Volume and speed of blood loss// c. Age and gender of the person/// d. Presence of air embolism/// 136. Which one of the following hemorrhages occurs as a result of thrombotic mass removal a. primary/// b. persistent/// c. Secondary early// d. secondary late/// 137. Which one of the following does not causes blood clotting system disturbances a. Werlhophs disease /// b. Sepsis/// c. Vit k absorption // d. Crush syndrome/// 138. What is a common anticoagulant medication used to prevent blood clot formation?  a. Aspirin/// b. Warfarin// c. Ibuprofen/// d. Acetaminophen/// 139. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that primarily affects which aspect of blood clotting? a. Platelet aggregation/// b. Fibrinolysis/// c. Coagulation factors// d. Vascular spasm/// 140. Which method is described as the most reliable for achieving hemostasis? a. Chemical/// b. Biological/// c. Mechanical// d. Physical/// 141. What is the recommended sequence for tying knots when ligating a bleeding vessel? a. Tie the second knot first, then the first knot/// b. Tie all knots simultaneously/// c. Tie the first knot first, then the second and third if needed// d. Knot tying is not required in this method/// 142. What should a surgeon do if it's impossible to isolate the bleeding vessel from the surrounding tissues during ligation? a. Use a simple knot/// b. Perform a double knot/// c. Grasp the vessel together with the surrounding soft tissues// d. Use a square knot/// 143. Which of the following conditions can cause internal bleeding? a. Hemophilia// b. Anemia/// c. Hypertension/// d. Osteoporosis/// 144. What should be the immediate response to an individual experiencing severe external bleeding? a. Elevate the injured area and apply a cold pack/// b. Apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or bandage// c. Administer pain medication orally/// d. Leave the wound uncovered for better air circulation/// 145. What is the term for bleeding into the thoracic cavity? a. Hemothorax // b. Hemopericardium /// c. Hemoperitoneum /// d. Hematuria/// 146. What is the first step to control external bleeding in a first aid scenario? a. Apply a tourniquet immediately/// b. Elevate the injured area above the heart, if possible/// c. Apply pressure directly on the wound// d. Clean the wound with antiseptic solution/// 147. Which type of bleeding is characterized by urination with blood? a. Hemoptysis/// b. Hematuria// c. Hematemesis ///  d. Hemobilia/// 148. What is the most critical factor in determining the outcome of bleeding? a. Type of injury/// b. Volume and speed of blood loss// c. Age and gender of the person/// d. Presence of air embolism/// 149. What is the type of hemorrhage that occurs without clinical signs and requires special instrumental or laboratory methods for diagnosis? a. Developed bleeding/// b. Primary hemorrhage/// c. Occult bleeding// d. Persistent hemorrhage///