Political Institution Q2 LESSON 4 PDF

1 POLITCAL INSTITUTION OBJECTIVES: At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to – Explain the concept of politics, power, and authority – Define legitimacy and differentiate the types of authority – Distinguish the types of political structures or organizati...

1 POLITCAL INSTITUTION OBJECTIVES: At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to – Explain the concept of politics, power, and authority – Define legitimacy and differentiate the types of authority – Distinguish the types of political structures or organizations and institutions that have existed over time and – Cite concrete examples related to the political concepts tackled.  POLITICAL ORGANIZATION - political organizations are accomplished through leaders who commit to the interest of the group and who work towards social welfare Beals and Hoizer (2017).  TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION STATELESS SOCIETY (Acephalous society) – lack government and social classification. This would mean that no central authority, administrative power, and judicial institution are available within such societies. Typically, stateless societies are small scale groups that create decisions through consensus or voting systems. STATE SOCIETY (Cephalous society) – society which have a central governmental institution, authority, and judicial power over its people.  POLITICAL and LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE 1. BAND - A small, egalitarian, kin-based group of 10-50 people. * marriage ties * common ascendants * friendship affiliations * having a common interest or enemy 2. TRIBE - Comprised a number of bands that were politically integrated and shared language, religious beliefs, and other aspect of common aspects of culture. 3. CHIEFDOMS - A political organization that is more defined. A formal leadership exist and authority rest solely on the members of a selected family. - the social structure is hierarchical, social classes exist.  POLITICAL and LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE 4. STATE - Being the most politically organized and structurally-developed among the classifications of society, states take part in many political, cultural, and economic activities. - States are self governing societies. This would mean that they have full control over their members through an organized political structure, they participate in economic activities within and outside their group, they have political power over their geographical territories, and they could enforce, enact, and change laws or norms according to the needs of the society. POLITICS, POWER, AND AUTHORITY 1. Formulation of laws 2. Promoted social orders 3. Settled disputes  POLITICS - Refers to activities through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules which they live. - It involves the dynamics of conflict resolution and cooperation, as well as the exercise of power.  POWER - Refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve a desired outcome. - MAX WEBER claimed that all kinds of society are based from power. * who exercise power * who is the subject to do it  AUTHORITY - Authority is the right to command, it is observed when an individual has a command to make a person do things. - Legitimate power * the people obey because he/she is recognized as the rightful legitimate leader.  LEGITIMACY LEGITIMARE – To declare lawful - The belief that a certain entity has a right to rule or to be in authority.  3 TYPES OF AUTHORITY Legal-rational authority - It is the most typical type of authority in modern society. Power 03 and authority in a legal-rational context are legitimized by a clearly defined set of written rules and laws. Charismatic authority - Legitimacy emanates from charisma of individual Traditional authority 02 01 - Legitimacy derived from well-established customs, habits, and social structures.  NATION VS STATE Consists of a distinct population of people bound together by a common culture, A political unit that history, and tradition who are typically concentrated within a has sovereignty. A specific geographical region. structure that has a For nations to exist, a group of people legal authority or C must share a common identity, right to make rules believe that such identity binds them that are binding over a together, and continuously uphold that belief. given population within a given territory. *Ethnic Nation *Political Nation 1 5 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE STATE PEOPLE - These are the citizens of the country. - The primary element of the state 1 6 4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE STATE territory - A definite and more or less permanent territory/geographical location. Fluvial/Maritime Aerial Terrestrial  4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE STATE Government - The instrument that provides mechanisms in determining, formulating, and implementing the policies of the state.  4 ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE STATE sovereignty - The supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in a state.  FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT 1. It serves as the agent of the state 2. It is the body that provides for rules and policies through which the affairs of the state are governed 3. It embodies the will of the people 4. It represents the state in diplomatic intercourse  ADMINISTRATION - Refers to the group of persons in whose the gearshifts of the government are held for the time being. 2 1 Fundamental Powers of the State 6 Police Power - The power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to persons and property for the promotion of public health, morals, safety, and general welfare. 2 2 Fundamental Powers of the State Eminent Domain - Right or power of the state to take private property for public use upon payment of just compensation. 2 3 Fundamental Powers of the State 7 Power of Taxation - Power of the state to impose proportional charges upon persons, property or rights, for the use and support of the government and to enable it to discharge a legitimate function. 2 4 Types and Forms of Government According to the number of ruler MONARCHY (rule of one) - This is a kind of a political system in which power is exercised by an individual (called monarch) or family and is mainly passed from one generation to the next through lines or inheritance or bloodline, such has having a “royal blood” (dugong bughaw). 2 FORMS OF MONARCHY 1. Absolute Monarchy 2. Constitutional Monarchy 2 5 Types and Forms of Government According to the number of ruler DEMOCRACY (rule of many) - It is a form of government in which the supreme political power is exercised by a majority of the people. Abraham Lincoln aptly puts it “DEMOCRACY IS THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE PEOPLE AND FOR THE PEOPLE” 2 Sub-kinds of Democracy 1. Direct or Pure Democracy 2. Indirect Democracy or Republican Government 2 6 Types and Forms of Government According to the number of ruler OLIGARCHY (rule BY THE ELITE) - It is a government in which the political power belongs to the “elite of the society, who have the high social status, wealth, and political power”. 2 7 Types and Forms of Government According to the number of ruler ARISTOCRACY (rule BY THE BEST) 2 8 Forms of Government As to the Degree of Control of the National Government over Local Affairs UNITARY - It is a form of Government in which “the control of the national government and the local affairs is exercised by the central or national government” 2 9 Forms of Government As to the Degree of Control of the National Government over Local Affairs FEDERAL - It is form of government in which the power of the government are distributed between the central government and the local government, each organ being supreme within its own political sphere. Institutionalizes the participation of the local communities to pursue development in accordance with their particular culture, need and resources. 3 0 Forms of Government According to the relationship of the legislative and the executive branches of the government PARLIAMENTARY - It is a type of government characterized by a “fusion of power” of the legislative and executive branch, this means that there is no separation of powers between the braches of the government greatly improves the legislative process. Relationship of the legislative and the executive branches of the government PRESIDENTIAL - There exists the mechanism of separation of powers. The executive, Legislative, and Judiciary are separated from each other and thus they perform different functions and enjoy different prerogatives. Philippine Government Constitutional Republic Republic Unitary State Presidential System BRANCHES OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE BRANCH The Executive branch is composed of the President and the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy. v LAW IMPLEMENTING BODY BRANCHES OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT LEGISLATIVE BRANCH - The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives. v LAW MAKING BODY BRANCHES OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT JUDICIAL BRANCH The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts. The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation unconstitutional. v LAW INTERPRETING BODY BRANCHES OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT JUDICIAL BRANCH The Judicial branch holds the power to settle controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts. The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance or regulation unconstitutional. v LAW INTERPRETING BODY  BARANGAY Is the smallest political unit in the Philippines. Punong Barangay or Kapitan Sangguniang Barangay or Kagawan Sangguniang Kabataan v It consists of at least 2000 population  The foundation of the system of the PHILIPPINE Philippine government - It is inconceivable how a state CONSTITUTION could exist or survive without a constitution of some form. - Body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty is regularly exercised. v FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF THE  THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES PREAMBLE We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. 39  SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION STRATIFICATION – refer to a system where people are ranked and evaluated a superior or inferior based on the evaluation of WEALTH, PRESTIGE, and POWER. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION – refers to the systematic ranking of people based on a scale of social worth. (Bilbao and Parcon, 2011) Example: Wealth, Status, Prestige and Privilege POLITICAL STRATIFICATION – explained as the extent to which such inequalities are enclosed in, or influenced by, political structures and processes. Example: involving influence, authority, or power  2 types of status ROLE – an expected behavior of an individual who occupies a 1. Achieved Status – it is acquire particular status or position in a on the basis of merit. society. 2. Ascribed Status – it is beyond STATUS – a position in the an individuals control. It is not society earned but rather something people is born with it  1. POWER – refers to someone’s ability to get others to do his/her will 2. WEALTH – sum total of one’s possessions as well as their regular income (material assets COMPONENTS/DIMENSIONS OF in the society) SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 3. PRESTIGE – refers to reputation or esteem associated with one’s position in society. “SOCIAL DESIRABLES”  Types of Social Mobility 1. HORIZONTAL MOBILITY – is the movement of a person within a social class level. SOCIAL MOBILITY – the 2. VERTICAL MOBILITY – is the movement of individuals or groups movement of a person between from one social status to another. social class levels or another class 3. INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY 4. INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY 4 4 Types of Stratification System Caste System Closed System Stratification Open System Class System 4 5 Closed system/Caste System - People can do little or nothing to change their social standing. - People are born into their social standing and will remain in it. - Based on ascribed status 4 6 Class System/Open System Individuals can change their social class in the society People are free to gain a different level of education or employment than their parents They can also socialize with members of other classes. Based from achieved status THANK YOU students