Purposive Communication Reviewer PDF

CULTURAL BIASES BECAUSE CULTURAL IMPRINTING IS MODULE 3 BEGUN AT VERY EARLY AGE. Local and Global communication in multicultural "IT'S SEEK TO UNDERSTAND HOW PEOPLE FROM settings...

CULTURAL BIASES BECAUSE CULTURAL IMPRINTING IS MODULE 3 BEGUN AT VERY EARLY AGE. Local and Global communication in multicultural "IT'S SEEK TO UNDERSTAND HOW PEOPLE FROM settings DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND CULTURES BEHAVE, COMMUNICATE PERCEIVE THE WORLD AROUND THEM What CULTURE" What is local and Global communication in SEQUENTIAL VS SYNCHRONIC multicultural settings? Sequential CULTURE Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific setting. It is the co-existence (LIKE NORTH AMERICAN, ENGLISH, GERMAN, SWEDISH, of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, AND DUTCH) business PEOPLE GIVE FULL ATTENTION TO or cultural groups and is manifested in customary ONE AGENDA ITEM AFTER ANOTHER. behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles. Synchronic CULTURE Global Communication (Including SOUTH AMERICA, SOUTHERN EUROPE AND ASIA) THE FLOW OF TIME IS VIEWED AS A SORT OF CIRCLE Global Communication can be defined just as any WITH THE PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE ALL INTERRELATED communication can a message is sent from one person or group to another anywhere in the world. Affective VS NEUTRAL Intercultural communication Affective According to science, each person is genetically unique. IN AFFECTIVE CULTURES PEOPLE COMMUNICATE BY Except for identical twins, each person has a unique SHARING THEIR OVER EMOTIONS FEELINGS IN THESE genetic composition. this uniqueness becomes even more KINDS OF CULTURES, PEOPLE TEND TO USE GESTURES, heightened because of individual experiences. TOUCH, SPACE AND A WIDE RANGE OF VOCAL SOUNDS TO ENHANCE THEIR COMMUNICATION A TYPICAL THE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF INTERCULTURAL GREETING OR CONVERSATION WOULD BEGIN WITH COMMUNICATION IS TO INCREASE UNDERSTANDING ASKING HOW THE OTHER PERSON FEELS. OF CULTURALLY MEDIATED COMMUNICATION PHENOMENA. NEUTRAL Two types of intercultural communication PEOPLE FOCUS ON WHAT THEY ARE DONG OR WHAT IS ACTUALLY HAPPENING RATHER THAN HOW THEY FEEL Verbal communication ABOUT IT. CRITICAL, LOGICAL THINKING ARE GIVEN Non-verbal communication PRIORITY OVER EMOTION Low context vs High context INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Culture has 2 different types orientation Language is a component that is linked to intercultural High context the individual has internalized meaning and understanding. It acts as a way to bridge information, so that little id explicitly stated in written or misunderstanding between people of different cultures. spoken language. Language is a medium of exchanging ideas and transmitting cultural practices of other people in the Low context There's a difference for explicit direct global community. messages independent of the relationship. Intercultural communication refers to interaction with Characteristic OF HIGH CONTEXT CULTURE- people from diverse cultures (Jandt, 1998). The following RELATIONAL, COLLECTIVIST, INTUITIVE, AND are the forms of Intercultural Communication (Jandt, 1998) CONTEMPLATIVE (THEY VALUE RELATIONSHIP) as cited by Wakat (2018): LOW CONTEXT CULTURE- LOGIC, LINEAR, 1. Interracial communication – communicating with INDIVIDUALISTIC AND ACTION ORIENTED (THEY VALUE people from different races FACTS, LOGIC AND DIRECTIONS) 2. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of LOCAL COMMUNICATION different ethnic origins 3. International communication - communication Local Communication is being able to communication between representatives from different nations with the members of your local language, or a common language that you speak within your town. 4. Intra-cultural communication – interacting with members of the same racial or ethnic group or co-culture Communicating ACROSS CULTURE Improving Intercultural Communication Competence COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES IS CHALLENGING. EACH CULTURE HAS SET RULES THAT IT'S MEMBERS TAKE Local and global communication requires the need to FOR GRANTED. FEW OF US ARE AWARE OF OUR OWN foster cooperative conversation for effectiveness purposes. The norm or convention in communicating should be observed by the communicators regardless of their cultural The OK hand gesture in America and England is quite backgrounds and the required context of oral popular and considered a general gesture that denotes an communication (Manzano, 2018). Culture therefore is agreement of sentiment. considered along with context. To be effective and efficient An OK sign in Brazil is the equivalent of using your middle in local and global communication, a speaker must engage finger as a gesture in America. with Grice’s four maxims in conversation (Manzano, 2018) The OK hand gesture is taken as an insult in most Latin Four Maxims of Grice’s Principles of Cooperative American countries, Austria and France. Conversation c. Thumbs-up 1. Maxim of Relation - Every interlocutor should be relevant in conversation The thumbs-up gesture can be an equivalent to the OK wherein the relevance is a norm that dictates the need for gesture and is widely used equivalent to the OK gesture and the interlocutors to become sensitive in the is widely used within America, England and the Philippines. communication process. In many cultures around the globe, giving a thumbs-up - They need to be relevant in communicating, requiring gesture is a very large insult like the Americas excluding the them to respond based on cultural and contextual United States, it is a horrible idea that denotes as a sexual requirements. Example: If in a restaurant, a customer asks insult and correlates to the middle finger meaning in the the server, “Do you have mango juice?” In local culture, the United States. server usually responds: “Regular or large?” which means that mango juice is available, so the customer needs to d. Sitting with crossed legs place an order according to size. This is a form of This is common in North America and European countries, communication that observes economy in talking wherein but is considered disrespectful in Asia and the Middle East words are to be deleted in order to minimize the time of where a straight and balanced posture prevails as a norm. talking and will speed up the service to accommodate another customer. e. Eye contact 2. Maxim of Quantity This is considered a positive aspect of body language in - Every interlocutor should observe a “fair-share-talk of the Philippines. time.” It is also common in Spain and the Arabic culture (among - Everyone should be given the opportunity to talk and people of the same sex). should not dominate the event. Not looking back when someone is looking at you is - Every interlocutor should be sensitive to time, be brief and considered disrespectful and demonstrates insecurity, give others the chance to talk. lack of interest, or indicates deception. 3. Maxim of Quality f. Nodding the head -Every interlocutor should maintain what is true in a given Head nod up and down generally means agreement, conversation. approval, or “yes” while head nod from side to side or head - Do not add or deduce information. shake means the “no” for Filipinos. - Always maintain a good reputation whenever you talk. To Bulgarians and Greeks, nodding up and down indicates negative response for they are known for their unusual 4. Maxim of Manner manner of saying “yes” and “no.” - In the local culture, the manner of saying word is more regarded than its content. g. Tugging the earlobes - Body language meanings vary greatly from culture to The Portuguese tug their earlobes to indicate tasty food, culture. Effective communication requires that the the Spaniards to signify that someone is not paying for their communicator has appropriate knowledge of the cultural drinks, but in Italy, it insinuates sexual innuendos. use of body language in a multicultural setting. Communication Aids and strategies Using tools of Sets of Common Body Language in Multicultural Setting: Technology a. Shaking hands: Cultural norms for hand shaking vary. What is a Communication Aid? For example, in the Philippines and in America, the A communication aid helps an individual to communicate cultural gesture of shaking hands upon greeting is more effectively with people around them. considered the norm when doing a person-to-person introduction. Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to Augmentative and Alternative To refuse a handshake is considered a very rude gesture. Communication, which is defined as, … a huge range of By contrast, in Saudi Arabia, you can shake a man’s hand techniques which support or replace spoken after meeting him but you cannot shake a woman’s hand at communication. These include gesture, signing, symbols, all in greeting word boards, communication boards and books, as well as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs). b. An OK sign There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided Communication and Aided Communication.  Unaided communication does not use additional flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto equipment. Body language, gesture, vocalization, which figures can be drawn. These are then placed signing are typically used. on an overhead projector for display to an Aided communication uses equipment, but this audience. Many companies and small ranges from low-tech to high-tech methods, with organizations use a system of projectors and pictures and symbols often used instead of, or transparencies in meetings and other groupings of together with words and with alternative hardware people, though this system is being largely options available to provide access. Whilst a low- replaced by video projectors and interactive tech method of communication like a simple, whiteboards. laminated communication book to carry around with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a Video is an electronic medium for the recording, communication aid, the term ‘device’ would only copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of describe a more high-tech solution. An electronic moving visual media. communication aid can be a dedicated device Sound recording and reproduction is an built for that job, which does nothing else, or it can electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital be a standard computer running specialist inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such communication aid software as well – this includes as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or Apple tablets which are increasingly being used to sound effects. help people communicate. What Are Communication Strategies? Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It used to be that you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has changed this completely. It is important for people to take into account every aspect of how they are relaying information. This is where communication strategies come into play. Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged. Types of Communication Strategies Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the strategies together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to meet employee needs and increase workplace knowledge. Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written and oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face conversation. Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice. These cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to realize the message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is hearing another. Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation. Human resources are required to post certain visuals throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws. Using Tools of Technology Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand- produced material. A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a thin sheet of transparent MODULE 4 The importance of evaluating the effectiveness of the messages is by developing and using strategic questions to COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING identify strengths and weaknesses OF TECHNOLOGY STRATEGIC FOR EVALUATING A MESSAGE PRESENTATION MEDIA In order to evaluate whether a message is effective, we can Presentation Media is presentation that is stand-alone. It ask ourselves a series of questions which reflect a includes information presented with slides, video or digital message’s simplicity, specificity, structure and stickiness. presentation and includes sound. FOUR MAIN QUALITIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE MESSAGE TRADITIONAL AUDIO AND VIDEO MEDIA 1. Simplicity Overhead Transparencies – these are displayed by an 2. Specificity overhead projector. The transparencies are clear acetate 3. Structure pages. 4. Stickiness Flip Chart – it is a large pad paper that rests on an easel 1. SIMPLICITY allowing the speaker to record text or drawings with In order to ensure that the messages have simplicity, we markers during the speech should ask ourselves two questions: White board or chalk board – this traditional medium - Is the purpose evident? achieves also the same outcome as a flip chart on an easel. - Is the core message clear? It is important to take note that this is best for brainstorming or sharing of ideas and no for presentation. 2. SPECIFICTY Document camera - it is a projector device that uses a video Refers to our choices of language and its usage on order to camera to capture and display images, including 3D visual ensure language is specific we may ask ourselves: materials. - Is language specific? Video – showing a video clip can elicit an emotional - Is language concrete, rather that abstract? response from the audience and improve their recall of your - Does it use words which have additional meanings speech. and could perhaps be misconstrued? Handouts – these are sheets of paper containing relevant 3. STRUCTURE information that some speakers use in conjunction with Ideas should be organized and easy to follow other presentation media. - Does the messages have a STRUCTURE? COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY - Is there a more effective wat to arrange the ideas? Digital Slides – a presentation software that commonly use PowerPoint presentation. It allows computer users to 4. STICKINESS display information in multimedia slide shows. The messages should display coherent and unity of ideas. Real-time Web Access – it is use to demonstrate how to do something special on the web such as researching an idea, - Does the idea of the message flow smoothly? checking the current status of any topic, or displaying articles found on websites that support your purpose or EVUALUATING IMAGES argument. It is important to critically evaluate images you use for EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF research. Study and presentation images should be DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS REFLECTING DIFFERENT evaluated lie any other source, such as journal articles or CULTURES books, to determine their quality, reliability and appropriateness. Visual analysis is an important step in Wat are media messages? evaluating an image and understanding its meaning. Media messages contain information and ideas that are Three steps of evaluating an image and these are: shared to a large audience of people 1. Identifying Source If these are not scrutinized properly, they may become 2. Interpret Contextual information agents of misinformation and lead people to form wrong 3. Understand implications judgment and images on the subject of the wrongly presented media message. The interactions between non- verbal and verbal forms of communication, more in particular the relation between By critically evaluating media messages, we ensure that visual symbols other than writing and the recording of the ideas presented are accurate, relevant, and speech in writing, are important for the evaluation of both appropriate to be posted or shared with everyone. images and texts. EVALUATING MESSAGES CULTURAL TEXT Why do we evaluate messages? Cultural texts are those objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural meanings. A photo is an image, but is also a cultural text, a picture with cultural information beyond just the picture itself. Food and clothing also suggest cultural information, and it - Almost 30% of those surveyed support the death doesn’t stop there. The entire place and space, all of the penalty. people and interaction, all of the rituals and rules and the - More than 70% of those surveyed are against the various forms in which they manifest themselves, are death penalty “readable” texts, suitable for observation and analysis by Bias in diversity: the ethnographer and writer. What is the race and gender diversity at the news outlet you DETECTING BIAS IN THE MEDIA watch compared to the communities it serves? How many Media bias is ubiquitous (everywhere) and not easy to producers, editors or decision-maker at news outlets are detect. It is always useful to compare several sources of women, people of color or openly gay or lesbian? In order to information and, in doing so, it becomes clear that media fairly represent different communities, news outlets should coverage is never completely objective. have members of those communication in decision making positions. Media have tremendous power in setting cultural guidelines and in shaping political discourse. It is essential Bias from the point of view: that news media, along with other institutions, are Political coverage often focuses on how issues affect challenged to be fair and accurate. politicians or corporate executives rather than those Bias by omission: directly affected by the issue. For example, many stories on parental notification of abortion emphasized the “tough For every news story is selected, there are many others that choice” confronting male politicians while quoting no are left out. Do the news stories you see show a balanced women under 18 – those with the most at stake in the view of real life? What are the characteristics they have in debate. Economics coverage usually looks at how events common? Do some news sources include items that are impact stockholder rather than workers or consumers. ignored by others? Demand that those affected by the issue have a voice in Bias by emphasis: coverage. What stories are on the front page or “at the top of the hour?” DIFFRENT TYPE OF TEXT Which stories get the largest headlines, or the first and longest coverage on TV or radio? Consider how this - Narrative placement influences people’s sense of what is important. - Descriptive - Directive Bias by use of language: - Expository The use of labels such as “terrorist” “revolutionary,” or - Argumentative freedom fighter” can create completely different - (Advertisement, editorials, sermons, shopping impressions of the same person or event. lists, poems, telephone books, novels, etc.) Bias in photos: Narrative texts Unflattering pictures can create bad impressions, and Narrative texts have to do with the real-world events and partial pictures of scenes can completely change the time. They may be fictional (fairy tales, novels) or non- context of an event. fictional (newspaper report). They are characterized by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by Bias in the source: adverbials such as "and then”, “first” “second”, “third” An article About a cure for cancer written by a drug Descriptive texts company is not the same as an article by an independent researcher. Often, private companies, governments. Public Descriptive texts are concerned with the location of relations firms, and political groups produce press releases persons and things in space. They will tell us what lies to the to gain media exposure and to influence the public. right or left, in the background or foreground, or they will provide background information which, perhaps, sets the Bias by headlines: stage for narration. It is immaterial whether a description is Some headlines can be deceptive, as their main purpose is more technical- objective or more impressionistic- to grab attention. Many people read only the headlines, subjective. which can create a distorted sense of what is really going Directive texts on, or turn a non-event into a sensation event. Directive texts are concerned with concrete future activity. Bias by repetition: Central to those texts are imperatives (Hand me the paper) The repetition of a particular event or idea can lead people or forms which substitute for them, such as polite to believe that it is true, very widespread, and much more questions (would you hand me the paper?) or suggestive important than it really is. remarks (I wonder what the paper says about the weather. Bias in numbers statistics: Narrative, Descriptive and directive texts have grammatical forms associated with them wich may be expanded to form Statistics need to be interpreted: they are often used to sequences of a textual nature create false impressions. Of the following statements, which statistic would you use to try to convince someone They are all centered around real-world events and things. that the death penalty is a good idea? In contrast, expository and argumentative texts are cognitively oriented, as they are concerned with explanation and persuasion, which are both mental processes. Expository texts Expository texts identify and characterize phenomena. They include text forms such as definitions, explications, summaries and many types of essays. MODULE 5 3. An impromptu speech is not rehearsed. This type of speaking is a presentation of a short message without prior COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES preparation A. PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATION 4. An extemporaneous speech is the presentation of a 1. Informative planned and rehearsed speech using minimal notes. - the main purpose of informative or expository GUIDELIENS ON WRITING A SPEECH (LUCAS, 2015) communication or writing is to simply convey informative 1. Focus on your topic factually. 2. Develop your topic. - its goal is to input new learning, enhance prior knowledge, 3. Organize your speech. confirm a concept, alleviate comprehensive of an idea, or a) Introduction explain a process or procedure. b) Body c) Conclusion TIPS IN DOING AN INFORMATIVE PRESENTATION ELEMENTS FOR A GOOD DELIVERY a. Stick to the facts b. Avoid repetition 1. Volume c. Make it clear. 2. Pitch 3. Rate 2. Persuasive 4. Pauses - in writing, it is pushing across an idea and convincing 5. Vocal variety people or readers to support the idea you want to convey 6. Pronunciation 7. Articulation Examples: 8. Movement 9. Gestures TV commercials 10. Eye contact Periodical advertisements Billboards 6 WAYS TO TURN NERVOUSNESS FROM A NEGATIVE FORCE INTO A POSITIVE FORCE (LUCAS, 2015) a) Be objective, but subjective b) Use your brain, not your heart A. Acquire speaking experience. c) Cite, cite, cite. B. Prepare, prepare, prepare. C. Think positively. 3. Argumentative D. Use the power of visualization. - tries to make listeners/readers believe that your idea is E. Know that most nervousness is not visible. better based on the various reasons that you have at hand F. Do not expect perfection. - it is logical and reasoned way to demonstrate one’s point PIECES OF ADVICE (LUCAS, 2015) of view, belief, conclusion, or position A. Be at your best physically and mentally. Examples B. As you are waiting to speak, quiely tighten and relax - Debate your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together - Meetin’ de avance and then release them. C. Take a couple of slow, deep breaths before you TIPS IN DOING AN ARGUMENTATIVE PRESENTATION start to speak. a) It is a one-way debate D. Work especially hard on your introduction. Once b) Move the reader to action you get through it, you will be sailing smoothly the c) End with a punch rest of your way. E. Concentrate on communication with your B. PUBLIC SPEAKING audience rather than a worrying about your stage - Public speaking is a way of making your ideas public – of fright. sharing them with other people and of influencing other people. C. INTERVIEW THREE MAJOR DIFFRENCES BETWEEN CONVERSATION - An interview is a two-party interaction in which at least one AND PUBLIC SPEAKING (LUCAS, 2015) party has a specific, serious purpose and that usually involves the asking and answering questions. 1. Public speaking is more highly structured. 2. Public speaking requires more formal language. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INTERVIEW: 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery. A. Interviews always involve two parties. SEVERAL WAYS OF DELIVERING A SPEECH B. Interviewing is always purposeful. C. There is focus an asking and answering questions 1. A read speech or reading from a manuscript is the word- for-word iteration of a written message. PLANNING AN INTERVIEW (ADLER, 2012) 2. The memorized speech is the recitation of a written 1. Define the goal message that the speaker has memorized. 2. Identify and analyze the other party/respondent. 3. Prepare a list of topics 4. Choose the best interview structure.  5. Consider possible questions. 6. Arrange the setting. CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW (ADLER, ET AL., 2012) A. Open with a greeting and an orientation. B. Perform several tasks during the question-and- answer phase of discussion. C. Close with a satisfactory conclusion.