Public Health Pest Control PDF

PESTICIDE APPLICATION TRAINING Category 8 Public Health Pest Control Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Directions For Using This Manual D his is a self-teaching manual. At the end of each majo' section is a...

PESTICIDE APPLICATION TRAINING Category 8 Public Health Pest Control Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Directions For Using This Manual D his is a self-teaching manual. At the end of each majo' section is a list of study questions to check your understanding of the subject matter. By each question in parenthesis is the page number on which the answer to that question can be found. This will help you in checking your answers. These study questions are representative of the type which are on the certification examination. By reading this manual and answering the study questions, you should be able to gain sufficient knowledge to pass the Kansas Commercial Pesticide Applicators Certification and Recertification examination.  Table of Contents How Insects Affect Humans 2 Cockroaches 4 Sucking Lice 9 Bedbugs 11 Mosquitoes 13 Flies 20 Fleas 25 Ants 27 Stinging Insects 29 Mites 31 Spiders 34 Ticks 39 Skunks 45 Bats 48 Rodents 50 Birds 56 1 How Insects nsects occur in the air, on Transmission of Human Affect Hum ans and under soil, and in Diseases fresh or brackish water. They eat the leaves and Although insect bites or stings roots of plants and bore occasionally cause severe illness or into vegetation. Some are fatal to humans and animals, their insects live on other ani- disease-laden saliva or contaminated mals, as parasites or bodies are responsible for many ill- predators. Despite their nesses or deaths over the world. small size, the combined Mechanical or passive transmis- bulk of insects may equal that of all sion of disease occurs, for example, other land animals. when the housefly merely transports More than 750,000 species of true organisms such as dysentery bacteria insects have already been described. on its feet, body hairs and other sur- Mites, ticks and other close relatives faces, from filth to humans. Other of insects also total in the hundreds of examples include cockroaches and thousands. vinegar gnats that visit sewers and For centuries people have fought liquid excrement and then move to insects as pests, carriers of disease, human habitations. and destroyers of food. This combat Biological transmission of disease will continue, for humans have never occurs when an insect, mite or tick is eradicated a single species. Today, essential for the completion of the life a number of the most important cycle of the disease or parasite. Cer- species are showing increasingly tain Anopheles mosquitoes, for exam- significant resistance to insecticides ple, are essential carriers and spread- so that other methods of control, ers of the malaria parasite. This para- either alone or in combination with site undergoes a portion of its life insecticides, are necessary. cycle in the Anopheles carrier and Insects have a long history through another portion in the human host. many geological periods. They Disease is also transmitted through appeared in the world long before the host-vector relationship. Such humans; yet insect fossils from coal, transmission is often further compli- amber and limestone deposits differ cated by more than just the direct car- little from their present-day descen- rier of the disease from one host to dants of 250 million years. As another. Some other hosts called humans appeared on earth and reservoirs are not affected by the dis- changed, their parasites and pests ease but are able to perpetuate the evolved with them. disease organism by providing safe Insects are often thought of as harborage for the disease organism. human's most formidable competi- Some birds, for example, are reser- tors. Not only do they damage crops, voirs of mosquito-borne encephalitis but such insects as flies, fleas, lice and (sometimes called "sleeping sick- mosquitoes attack humans and ness"). The birds are apparently domesticated animals directly as unharmed by the encephalitis virus, pests. Othe:r;s attack indirectly by but when the mosquito sucks blood transmitting dangerous diseases to from the bird and then bites man or people and animals. horses, the virus may produce serious or fatal results. Insects generally cannot transmit diseases unless they have already bit- ten a diseased host. For example, an Anopheles mosquito cannot transmit malaria unless it has first bitten a per- son with the malaria parasite. (In 2  How Insects addition, there is often an "incubation reclusa, is common in Kansas and period," a period between when the may inflict a serious bite, often result- Affect Humans disease is picked up by the insect and ing in so much dead tissue that skin- the time when it is able to transmit grafting is needed. Even the stings of the disease.) Some ticks and mites, bees and wasps may be serious, or however, are able to transmit disease- even fatal to persons highly allergic causing organisms, such as the rick- to their venoms. ettsiae causing Rocky Mountain spot- Some insects, such as the puss ted fever, directly to their offspring caterpillar, io moth, and saddle back, through the egg. have "urticating hairs" rather like Myiasis is the infestation of those of stinging nettles. Cantharidin, humans or animals by living larvae present in the blood of certain beetles (maggots) of flies. Maggots mostly such as the blister beetles, causes infest dead tissue. An example of the painful blistering of the skin when other type is the "true screwworm," the insect is crushed. Mosquitoes, which attacks the living tissue of live- fleas, chiggers and other pestiferous stock, and rarely humans. The mag- creatures have done much to affect gots of some flies, including the rat- peace of mind. tailed maggots of flower flies, may be accidentally swallowed, causing Entomophobia intestinal upsets. Entomophobia means excessive fear of insects. Many household pests Poison, Irritation do little or no actual harm but arouse and Allergy intense feelings of revulsion in sus- Many insects and some spiders, ceptible people. Persons with feelings scorpions, and centipedes, have of repugnance and imaginary "bites" developed poisoning mechanisms and other feelings must be handled for self-defense or for paralyzing with care by the sanitarian. their prey. Stings and bites may be Reasoning and proof of pest prob- intensely irritating to humans but lems seldom satisfy persons affected seldom cause death in Kansas. by entomophobia. These people are Probably the most dangerous are sincere in their belief and should be the bites of the black widow spider, handled with respect. Medical atten- Latrodectus mactans, and the sting of tion is often necessary. Some definite a small scorpion, Centruoides sculp- control efforts should be taken to turatus found in the Southwest. The eliminate any role that insects and brown recluse spider, Loxosceles related arthropods may play. 3 Cockroaches Table 1. Life-History of Four Common Cockroaches in Kansas bO :;; 2 Cockroaches are some of the oldest ID g 0.. ,:g ~ 0.. insects, as indicated by fossil remains !'g 0.. "' ::;>, ~.S "0 "' u" ~- Ci ~ ~~ dating to 200 million years ago. This ability to survive the many changing :;;..0 E 0 ]~ "' E E :;; i ~ ~ ·:;: "c0 "'~ §~ E ~~~ ",.,., environments through time illustrates ~ c ~..9! ~ 0.. c.,, "" bOU...J Ci.:; - "' ~~ "',., - - c ·~ ~§ "' "' 0 8 ;s ~ the capability of these insects to adapt ~.g ~~. ~~ !'::" " 0.."' bO to wide ranges of habitats and living ;: e > < I ----------,..rtail almost naked, scaly....._ ,.,Ill!'tall almost naked, annulate...._ ,.,Ill!' tall hairy....._ large (9-17" long) small (5-7" long) tall long ~ tail short hair short hair long :::::; 0 p... t'D Rattus Mus =..... ~ DOMESTIC HOUSE RATS MICE..... ~ n.-------------------- I ~............. tall bones longer than 1/2 body....... ::i:: I» 8" -- tall bones longer than 112 body >-; >"t..... large (about 16" long) small (7-9" long) large (about 16" long) small (7-9" long) 0 1).1 j:l. ~ C) t'D ~ '< / >-;..... ~ 0 rJ'J \FJ n 0 Geomys-East & t'Ds I» Neotoma Peromyscus Mlcrotus WOOD WHITE-FOOTED Thomomys-West MEADOW ::> (j RATS MICE POCKET GOPHERS MICE j:l. 0 ~ s.....tall bones longer than bod~ tall bushy tall not bushy..rtall bones shorter than body.....:: large (about 15" long) _ small (about 9" long) very large (about 26" long) ~t'D s 0 --; t'D 0 p... !3..... \FJ 1).1 ~ C/l Sclurus Dipodomys Tam/as-East Marmots C) t'D TREE SQUIRRELS KANGAROO RATS Eutamias-West CHIPMUNKS WOODCHUCKS = t'D >"t 1).1  Appendix Birds: Pictorial Key to Some Common Pest Species of Public Health Importance Margaret A. Parsons and Chester J. Stojanovich bill short bill long I ~~ male and female, body plump, tail fan-like I body trim, tail not fan-like I COMMON PIGEON male, body black, head brown male, black throat, grey crown female, overall dull grey color female, whitish throat, dull eye stripe ~-,·~ ~~. 'i~ ¢~ female :", ; male ' COMMON COWBIRD HOUSE SPARROW male, wing with red "epaulettes" female, breast heavily striped, light eye stripe wing without "epaulettes" breast not heavily striped female I RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD I males, plain bronze or I male and female, winter, bill dark, body heavily speckled with light dots dull purple back, tail long very large size, coal spring, bill yellow, color purple and green females, less iridescent, smaller size black color, tail flat winter phase GRACKLES STARLING CROWS 79  ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS Pages 2-8 Pages 39-44 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. a 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. c 10. d 11. c 12. b 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. a 11. c 12. b Pages 9-11 13. b 14. a 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. d 6. c Pages 4fr49 7. b 8. a 9. d 10. d 1. d 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. b Pages 13-18 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. b 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. c 6. b Pages 50-54 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. c 11. d 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. b 12. d 13. d 14. b 15. d 16. c 7. d 8. a 9. a 10. c 11. c 12. c Pages 20-25 Pages 56-66 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. c 5. d 6. a 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. d 6. d 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. d 11. c 12. b 7. c 8. c 9. b 10. b 11. d 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. b 16. a 17. c 13. a 14. c 15. d 16. c 17. c 18. d 18. d 19. b 20. b 21. a 22. a Pages 27-37 23. d 24. d 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. c 6. d 7. b 8. d 9. a 10. b 11. c 12. a 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. d 17. b 18. a 19. b 20. a 21. b 22. a 23. d 24. a 25. c 26. d 27. a 80  Frannie L. Miller Pesticide Coordinator Authors Appreciation is expressed to the following for preparation of the material in this manual: Donald C.Cress, entomologist, former pesticide coordinator, Kansas State University Robert Bowden, plant pathology specialist, Kansas State University F. Robert Henderson, wildlife damage control specialist, Kansas State University Donald E. Mock, livestock entomology specialist, Kansas State University Acknowledgments Appreciation is expressed to the following for cooperation in the Commercial Pesticide Applicator Training Program: Dale Lambley, director, Plant Health Division, Kansas State Board of Agriculture W.A. Hawkins, Jr., administrator, Pesticide Use Section, Kansas State Board of Agriculture Jeanne Fox, ecological specialist, pesticide use section, Kansas State Board of Agriculture Drawing of appendix pages from a publication of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. Publications from Kansas State University are available at: www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu Contents of this publication may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. In each case, credit Donald C. Cress et al., Public Health Pest Control, Kansas State University, October 1993. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service S14 October 1993 K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension Work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, as amended. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating, George E. Ham, Interim Director.