Psychology Term 1 Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Psychology Term 1 Final Exam Study Guide UNIT 1 1. Functions of the Frontal Lobe  Decision-making and problem-solving  Planning and organizing  Controlling voluntary movements  Regulating emotions and social behaviour  Language production (Broca’s area) 2. Number...

Psychology Term 1 Final Exam Study Guide UNIT 1 1. Functions of the Frontal Lobe  Decision-making and problem-solving  Planning and organizing  Controlling voluntary movements  Regulating emotions and social behaviour  Language production (Broca’s area) 2. Number of Hemispheres in the Brain  The brain has two hemispheres: the left and right hemispheres.  They are connected by the corpus callosum. 3. The 4 Lobes of the Brain and Their Functions  Frontal Lobe: o Voluntary motor control o Personality and emotional regulation  Parietal Lobe: o Sensory processing (touch, pressure, temperature) o Spatial awareness and navigation  Temporal Lobe: o Processing auditory information o Memory and language comprehension  Occipital Lobe: o Visual processing o Recognizing shapes, colours, and motion 4. Parts of the Lower Brain and Their Functions  Cerebellum: o Coordination of movement o Maintaining balance and posture  Brainstem: o Regulating vital functions like heartbeat and breathing o Connecting the brain to the spinal cord 5. Broca’s Area  Broca’s area is located in the frontal lobe (usually left hemisphere) and is responsible for speech production and language processing. 6. Functions of Each Hemisphere  Left Hemisphere: o Logical reasoning and analytical thinking o Language and speech processing o Mathematical and numerical abilities  Right Hemisphere: o Creative thinking and imagination o Recognizing patterns and spatial relationships o Interpreting emotions and nonverbal cues 7. Neuroplasticity  Definition: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to learning, experience, or injury.  Types of Neuroplasticity: 1. Structural Plasticity: Changes in the brain's physical structure, such as new synapses forming. 2. Functional Plasticity: Reorganization of functions, where one area compensates for another after injury. 3. Synaptic Plasticity: Strengthening or weakening of existing synapses based on activity levels. 8. Brain-Imaging Technique Combining MRI and PET  The fMRI (functional MRI) integrates elements of both MRI and PET scans, measuring brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. 9. Neurotransmitter and Its Function  Definition: A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that transmits signals across synapses between neurons.  Function: It influences mood, muscle movement, and neural communication. 10. Functions of Serotonin  Regulates mood and anxiety levels  Controls sleep and wake cycles  Supports digestion and appetite 11. Functions of Dopamine  Facilitates reward and pleasure mechanisms  Regulates motor function  Influences motivation and attention Psychology Term 1 Final Exam Study Guide UNIT 2 1. Short Explanation for Self-Serving Bias and Narcissism  Self-Serving Bias: The tendency to attribute personal successes to internal factors (like skill) and failures to external factors (like luck).  Narcissism: Excessive self-focus and a grandiose sense of self-importance, often accompanied by a lack of empathy for others. 2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drawing Description: A pyramid with five levels (from bottom to top): 1. Physiological Needs: Food, water, shelter 2. Safety Needs: Security, stability 3. Love and Belonging: Relationships, community 4. Esteem: Recognition, respect 5. Self-Actualization: Achieving full potential 3. Explanation of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow’s theory states that humans have five levels of needs, organized in a hierarchy. Basic physiological and safety needs must be met before higher-level needs, such as love, esteem, and self-actualization, can be pursued. 4. Self-Actualization According to Maslow and Rogers  Maslow: Self-actualization is achieving one’s fullest potential, creativity, and personal growth. It is the pinnacle of his hierarchy.  Rogers: Self-actualization involves aligning one’s real self with the ideal self, achieved through self-awareness and unconditional positive regard. 5. Connecting Maslow’s Theory to Self-Concept Maslow’s hierarchy influences self-concept by showing how meeting basic needs enables individuals to develop self-awareness, confidence, and identity, contributing to their understanding of themselves. 6. Self-Perception Theory This theory suggests that people form their attitudes and beliefs by observing their own behaviour, especially when internal cues are unclear. 7. Factors Influencing Self-Perception  Culture: Shapes values, norms, and expectations.  Social Comparison: How we evaluate ourselves relative to others.  Feedback from Others: Validation or criticism impacts self-image.  Media Influence: Stereotypes and ideals portrayed in media affect self- perception. 8. Mind Map of the 4 Components of the Self Components:  Self-Concept: How you perceive yourself  Self-Esteem: How you feel about yourself  Self-Image: How you view your physical appearance  Ideal Self: Who you aspire to be 9. Definition of Self-Regulation Self-regulation is the ability to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviors to achieve goals and adhere to social norms. 10. Definition of Social Identity Social identity is an individual’s sense of self derived from their membership in social groups and their perceived role within these groups. 11. Examples of Social Groups  Religious groups (e.g., Christians, Muslims)  Cultural or ethnic groups  Sports teams or clubs  Professional organizations 12. Influence of Social Groups on Self-Esteem Being part of a supportive and valued group can boost self-esteem by providing a sense of belonging and recognition. Conversely, exclusion or stigma can harm self-esteem. 13. Difference Between In-Groups and Out-Groups  In-Groups: Groups to which we belong and identify, fostering solidarity.  Out-Groups: Groups we don’t belong to, often viewed with indifference or competition. 14. Fulfillment of Basic Needs and Self-Esteem Meeting basic physiological and safety needs provides a foundation for higher-level needs like esteem, contributing to a stronger sense of self-worth. 15. Definition of Self-Esteem Self-esteem refers to one’s overall sense of value and self-worth. 16. Definition of Self-Image Self-image is how you perceive your physical appearance and personal traits. 17. Definition of Self-Concept Self-concept is the total understanding of one’s identity, including beliefs, emotions, and perceptions about oneself. 18. Difference Between Self-Esteem and Self-Image  Self-Esteem: How you feel about yourself (emotional evaluation).  Self-Image: How you see yourself (physical or trait-based perception). 19. Ideal Self The ideal self is the version of yourself you aspire to be, reflecting your goals, values, and dreams.