Qualitative Research PDF

ra cti ca l P ea rc h e s 1 R A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s qua...

ra cti ca l P ea rc h e s 1 R A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s quality of life. Although it may take place in a different setting and may use different methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized instruments and steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).  TWO (2) TYPES OF RESEARCH BASIC RESEARCH This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers.  TWO (2) TYPES OF RESEARCH APPLIED RESEARCH It is a type of research that needs an answer to a specific question. It provides solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting. GOOD LUCK, RESEARCHERS! In this lesson, you will conduct research with a vision to seek information and solution to a problem. You will look for an in-depth evaluation of everything that is needed in the research.  UNIT 1 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH Teacher: Joshua B. Pinlac  Contents 1 Nature of Inquiry 4 Characteristics of Research 2 Nature of Research 5 Types of Research 3 Meaning of Research 6 Types of Data Neede  Introduction Inquiry and Research are two terms that are almost the same in meaning. Inquiry is to look for information by asking various questions about the thing you are curious about while research is to discover truths by investigating on your chosen topic scientifically; meaning, by going through a systematic way of doing things wherein you are to begin from the simplest to the most complex modes or patterns of thinking. INQUIRY a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places, or events. You do this by investigating or asking questions about something you are inquisitive about. ng questions aski  1 Inquisitive thinking allows you 2 to shift from one level of thought Inquiry elevates your thinking to another. It does not go in a power. It makes you think in linear fashion; rather, it operates different ways, enabling you to in an interactive manner. arrive at a particular idea or understanding that will motivate you to create something unique, new, or innovative for your personal growth as well as for the world. Research a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research. Research requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by asking questions that will make you engage yourself in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable you to discover truths about the many things you tend to wonder about the topic of your research work. (Litchman 2013)  Characteristics of Research Accuracy It must give correct or Objectiveness accurate data, which the It must deal with facts, not Timeliness footnotes, notes, and with mere opinions arising from assumptions, It must work on a topic bibliographical entries generalizations, that is fresh, new, and should honestly and predictions, or interesting to the present appropriately conclusions. society. documented or acknowledged.  Characteristics of Research Relevance. Clarity. Its topic must be It must succeed in Systematic instrumental in improving expressing its central society or in solving It must take place in an point or discoveries by organized or orderly problems affecting the using simple, direct, lives of people in a manner. concise, and correct community. language.  Types of Research Based on Application of Research Method If it deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things, it is a pure research. This type of re search aims to increase your knowledge about something. However, if your intention is to apply your chosen research to societal problems or issues, finding ways to make positive changes in society, you call your research, applied research.  Types of Research Based on Purpose of the Research Depending on your objective or goal in conducting research, you do any of these types of research: descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory, or action.  Types of Research 1 Descriptive 3 Explanatory Research Research 2 Correlational Research This type of research This type of research aims at defining or shows relationships or elaborates or explains giving a verbal portrayal connectedness of two not just the reasons or picture of a person, factors, circumstances, behind the relationship thing, event, group, or agents called of two factors, but also situation, etc. variables that affect the the ways by which such research. relationship exists.  Types of Research 4 Exploratory Research 5 Action Research is to find out how an ongoing practice of a reasonable or possible it school, organization, is to conduct a research community, or study on a certain topic. institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system. Types of Data Needed Qualitative Research requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words rather than numbers to express the results, the inquiry, or investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyles regarding the object of the study. Types of Data Needed Quantitative Research involves measurement of data. Thus, it presents research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in numerical forms (i.e., using percentages, fractions, numbers).  Primary data are obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings, etc. Primary data are new and original information resulting from your sensory experience.  Secondary Data data have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes Thanks!  ALITATIV U Q esearch E R  QUALITATIVE RESEARCH This is a research type that puts premium or high value on people’s thinking or point of view conditioned by their personal traits. As such, it usually takes place in soft sciences like social sciences, politics, economics, humanities, education, psychology, nursing, and all business-related subjects. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  1. HUMAN UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETATION Data analysis results show an individual’s mental, social, and spiritual understanding of the world. Hence, through their worldviews, you come to know what kind of human being he or she is, including his or her values, beliefs, likes, and dislikes.  2. ACTIVE, POWERFUL, AND FORCEFUL A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of a qualitative research. As you go through the research process, you find the need to amend or rephrase interview questions and consider varied ways of getting answers, like shifting from mere speculating to traveling to places for data gathering. You are not fixated to a certain plan. Rather, you are inclined to discover your qualitative research design as your study gradually unfolds or reveals itself in accordance with your research objectives.  3. MULTIPLE RESEARCH APPROACHES AND METHODS Qualitative research allows you to approach or plan your study in varied ways. You are free to combine this with quantitative research and use all gathered data and analysis techniques. Being a multi-method research, a qualitative study applies to all research types: descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, case study, etc.  4. SPECIFICITY TO GENERALIZATION Specific ideas in a qualitative research are directed to a general understanding of something. It follows an inductive or scientific method of thinking, where you start thinking of particular or specific concept that will eventually lead you to more complex ideas such as generalizations or conclusions.  5. CONTEXTUALIZATION A quantitative research involves all variables, factors, or conditions affecting the study. Your goal here is to understand human behavior. Thus, it is crucial for you to examine the context or situation of an individual’s life—the who, what, why, how, and other circumstances—affecting his or her way of life.  6. DIVERSIFIED DATA IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS A qualitative researcher prefers collecting data in a natural setting like observing people as they live and work, analyzing photographs or videos as they genuinely appear to people, and looking at classrooms unchanged or adjusted to people’s intentional observations.  7. ABOUNDS WITH WORDS AND VISUALS Words, words, and more words come in big quantity in this kind of research. Data gathering through interviews or library reading, as well as the presentation of data analysis results, is done verbally. In some cases, it resorts to quoting some respondents’ answers. Likewise, presenting people’s world views through visual presentation (i.e., pictures, videos, drawings, and graphs) are significantly used in a qualitative research.  8. INTERNAL ANALYSIS Here, you examine the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject individuals (i.e., emotional, mental, spiritual characteristics). You study people’s perception or views about your topic, not the effects of their physical existence on your study. In case of objects (e.g., books and artworks) that are subjected to a qualitative research, the investigation centers on underlying theories or principles that govern these materials and their usefulness to people. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH  1. CASE STUDY This type of qualitative research usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education, etc. This involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject. Finding the reason/s behind such occurrence drives you to also delve into relationships of people related to the case under study. Varieties of data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis are used in a case study.  2. ETHNOGRAPHY Falling in the field of anthropology, ethnography is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle. A particular group reveals the nature or characteristics of their own culture through the world perceptions of the cultural group’s members.  3. PHENOMENOLOGY Coming from the word “phenomenon,” which means something known through sensory experience, phenomenology refers to the study of how people find their experiences meaningful. Its primary goal is to make people understand their experiences about death of loved ones, care for handicapped persons, friendliness of people, etc.  4. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Content analysis is a method of quantitative research that requires an analysis or examination of the substance or content of the mode of communication (letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, SMS, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials, etc.) used by a person, group, organization, or any institution in communicating. A study of language structures used in the medium of communication to discover the effects of sociological, cultural, institutional, and ideological factors on the content makes it a discourse analysis.  5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Central to this qualitative research method is the examination of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past events to the present time. The results of your content analysis will help you specify phenomenological changes in unchanged aspects of society through the years.  6. GROUNDED THEORY Grounded theory takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis. Through your observation on your subjects, you will happen to find a theory that applies to your current study. Interview, observation, and documentary analysis are the data gathering techniques for this type of qualitative research.