Basics Of The Self PDF

BASICS OF THE SELF  Self The term “self” refers to a person’s essential being that distinguishes from others. It is similar to the concept “I”. In personality psychology, the self can be defined as the individual as a whole, including all characteristics, attributes, mentality, and consciousnes...

BASICS OF THE SELF  Self The term “self” refers to a person’s essential being that distinguishes from others. It is similar to the concept “I”. In personality psychology, the self can be defined as the individual as a whole, including all characteristics, attributes, mentality, and consciousness. A person may define themselves based on their opinions, beliefs, past experiences, actions, place of origin, or religion. According to renowned psychologist Carl Jung, the self gradually develops through the process known as individuation. Individuation- the process by which an individual becomes a unique person encompassing both their conscious and unconscious selves. Self-concept is the image we have of ourselves. It is influenced by many forces, including our interaction with the important people in our lives. It is how we perceive our behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. THREE PARTS OF SELF- CONCEPT Ideal self The person you want to be. This person has the attributes or qualities you are either working toward or want to possess. It's who you envision yourself to be if you were exactly the person you wanted to be. Self-image How you see yourself at this moment in time. Physical characteristics, personality traits, and social roles affect your self-image. Self-esteem How much you like, accept, and value yourself. Self-esteem can be affected by a number of factors, including how others see you, how you think you compare to others, and your role in society.  PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF  Philosophy Greek word philo (love) and sophia (wisdom) and so is literally defined as “the love of wisdom”. It is the study of the most basic and profound matters of human existence. The attempt to seek answers, explanations, and connections for problems and thoughts regarding reality, knowledge, and value. Philosophy of the self -seeks to describe the essential qualities that constitute a person’s uniqueness or essence of being. The self can be considered the being, which is the source of consciousness, the agent responsible for an individual’s thoughts and actions, or a person’s substantial nature which endures and unifies consciousness over time.  PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS OF THE SELF To “know thyself” is to gain a better perspective and understanding of oneself by Socrates constantly checking and examining oneself. Knowledge of the self means knowing one’s mental state. Plato There is opposition between the appearance and reality of ideas, which became the fundamental point of Plato’s vision of man and self-knowledge. The development of the self is achieved through self-presentation and self-realization. St. Augustine It is only possible to understand whoa person is once they understand how they stand in relation to God (the central aspect of the self). Th self is a thinking being implied by the phrase, “I think, therefore I am.” Rene Descartes The mind is the seat of human consciousness. The personal identity (or the self) comes from consciousness not from the soul or the body. John Locke The association of ideas that one make during his/her youth are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self. Tabula rasa- human condition upon birth.  The self is just a bundle of perceptions. The human’s concept of the self is a result of the natural David Hume habit of attributing a unified existence to collection of associated parts. The mind plays a very significant role in understanding the Immanuel Kant self. It is one’s behaviors and actions that give him/her his/her Gilbert Ryle sense of the self. It is the physical brain and not the imaginary mind that gives Paul Churchland humans their sense of self. The mind and the body are interconnected, and they both Merleau- Ponty give humans their sense of self.  SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF Sociology the examination and analysis of human relationship and institutions. Various aspects of human life, such as family, state, race, social class, beliefs, and religion are stated in sociology. Sociology engages in the analysis and explanation of the lives of individuals as they engage in the community and the world. Thus, the human being, as the main character of such study and investigation, is being identified in its simplest form, as the self-engaging in the community, society, and the world. Stret and Burke (2003) provided the following sociological perspectives of the self: 1.There is a reciprocal relationship between the self and society. The individual self has an impact on society and is manifested through groups, networks, and institutions. At the same time, society affects the self through common and shared language, enabling a person to engage in the role of others in a social interaction. Thus, through such as relationship, a reflection of an individual as an object is created. This process establishes the core of selfhood. 2.The self emerges in and is reflective of society. The self is a product and reflection of the society it exists and engages in. Thus, in the sociological context of understanding the self, the self should be studied and analyzed along with the society in which it belongs. 3. The basis for understanding social structures arises from the actions of individuals. The actions of individuals are products of the social structures within a society. Hence, in order to understand how social structures perform, one must look into the behavior and actions of its members. 4. The social construction of selfhood is about the meanings and understandings associated with the public self. The public self is the identity visible or made known to other people. In this way, selfhood is established according to the meaning and perceptions attributed to a person during moments of social interaction or contact with others. 5. There is a broad contextualization of the self. This implies going beyond the mere understanding of words and concepts by analyzing the historical and cultural aspects, as well as the unarticulated assumptions, of individuals through the examination of their origins and contexts. The Social Self George Herbert Mead is an American philosopher who focused on and developed pragmatism using social psychology. Together with philosopher and psychologist John Dewey, he opened the Department of Philosophy at the University of Chicago. It was at this university as well that the first Sociology Department in the United States opened. His work on Social Psychology, “Mind, Self, and Society,” had a great impact on sociology where he attempted to answer the question, “What is the self and why are humans the only animals to have a self?” Society and the Self According to Mead, individuals compose a society; without people, a society cannot exist. The selves, minds, and roles carried by individuals enable a society to exist. He argues that the self does not exist as a result of psychological drives or needs but because society needs it to exist. Me perspective of the self that one assumes to view and analyze their own behaviors and actions. This perspective is a result of taking roles in a society and its progressive stages. takes into account the present reality and the possible consequences of an action I refers to the self that is impulsive or spontaneous and unsocialized. acts on impulse Example: “I” aspect of a student expresses the desire to jump or shout because she won a school competition. However, her “me” aspect will think about the action and judge if it is appropriate to do so.  PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF Psychology The study of mental processes and human behavior. It explains why people act and behave the way they do. The mind processes several inputs that translate into their behavior. Behavior refers to the observed actions and processes of an individual such as bodily reactions, either individually or as a whole. There are two categories of behavior: covert and overt. Covert- infernal and invisible, such as having feelings and thoughts. Overt- are observed, such as the manner of talking, walking, or acting of a person.  WILLIAM JAMES’ PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SELF William James, recognized as the “Father of American Psychology.” He was a philosopher, psychologist, and trained physician. He was the first to offer a psychology course in the United States and is believed to be one of the most influential philosophers in the country. For William James, in order to achieve wholeness and become a well- integrated individual, one must start with the basics of understanding the self. The psychology of the self refers to the analyses of the cognitive, conative, and affective aspects of an individual’s identity. Real self refers to how one thinks, feels, acts, and looks at the world. This aspect is visible to others regardless of how others see an individual. unique force present and common to everyone. Ideal self refers to who the person aspires to be. The ideal self may be shaped by significant people in one’s life values and cultures of the society, and other admirable traits that one sees in others. is a product of social pressures and expectations. Multiple Self multiplicity of the self is based on an individual’s multiple manifestations of the self. One personality comes out at a time according whoever is currently stronger and whenever a particular personality is needed by the character to surface as a cover up or defense against any perceived stressor. Unified Self is an image of a healthy, well-balance, and whole self. The self may undergo varied challenging experience.  FACETS OF THE SELF 1. Self-knowledge- human beings desire to have self-knowledge, or self-concept, in order to understand themselves better. Some of the ways through which self-knowledge can be achieved are as follows: a. The theory of the looking glass self enables one to learn about themselves through other people. A person may visualize how others see or judge them and how they would respond to such judgment made by other people. b. Introspection refers to the process of looking inwards where a person takes in information about themselves such as thoughts, emotions, and inner movements. The person may not find reason for those thoughts, feelings and inner movements, but the important aspect of the process is being consciously aware of the occurrence inside them. c. Social comparison is the act of comparing oneself to other people through the following ways: i. comparing oneself with others and perceiving them to be of the same level and category as themselves; ii. upward social comparison in which a person compares themselves to another person perceived as much better then themselves; and iii. downward social comparison in which a person compares themselves to another person perceived to have lower capacities or qualities than them, making the person feel better about themselves. d. The self-perception theory describes how a person checks their own behavior to come up with inferences about themselves. This provides one with insights about certain feelings and emotions which they can use to make adjustments with their behavior. PHYSICAL SELF Physical Self It is the visible and tangible aspect of a person that can be observed or scrutinized. Refers to the body, both physical extremities and external organs, which work together to perform many of its functions. Physical self is not just about how you look, not just about abs and such. It is also about how you nourish your self-image, self-concept and self-esteem. Physical characteristics are the defining traits of the person’s body.  PERSPECTIVES ON THE PHYSICAL SELF the source of human sensation which is essential for producing and maintaining one’s William James personality. the center of human experience. Sigmund Freud the body ego as the source for the development of all egos. Wilhelm Reich the mind and the body as one. Erik Erikson Bodily organs play particular roles in a person’s early development. stressed on the role of the body in studying human behavior, particularly overt behavior. B.F. Skinner He also considers the human body as a closed yet filled container. One of its manifestations is yoga where the body is treated as a vessel for desires and Eastern traditions attachments and becomes the vehicle for spiritual growth and self-realization. PUBERTY is the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction. When children reach 10-12 years of age, puberty begins and they are now in the adolescent period. This transition period in the human life span lasts from 18-22 years of age (Shamrock, 2016). The World Health Organization describe adolescents as young people whose age ranges from 10-19 years and considered as a healthy group. PHYSICAL CHANGES Santrock (2016) recognized puberty as the most essential marker of the beginning of adolescence. Girls reached puberty earlier than boys and experience menarche, which is the first menstrual flow. Boys, two to three years later than girls, experience spermarche or semenarche which is the first ejaculation or nocturnal emission (wet dreams). BODY IMAGE- refers to the way one physically looks at themselves and the way they feel about their body. There are different factors that affect an individual’s self-image. One of the most influential factors is culture, which can either be positively or negatively taken. One must use their awareness in order to have a positive body image. SELF-ESTEEM- refers to how one values and respects themselves. It involves the entirety of a person, not just the physical aspect. CULTURE- is defined as a social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members. Culture strongly influences adolescents who are in a face-to-face encounter with their physical selves is how their culture conceptualize beauty. BEAUTY- as defined by Merriam-Webster, a quality of being physically attractive or qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the senses or the mind. It should be noted that in every culture and in every individual, the standards of beauty vary a lot. Eurocentrism is defined as “a tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-American values and experiences.” According to a study, for Filipinos, the ideal beauty standard is the facial features of prominent influencers or Eurasians, such as tall height, makinis or flawless skin, fair and white, long straight hair, pointy nose, and payat or skinny. Mixed Filipinos are seen as more desirable because they are closer to looking Caucasian which indicates wealth and good breeding. Colorism is defined as “the prejudicial or preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on the color of their skin. Morena people were usually advised to use whitening products and criticized. Dark- skinned Filipinos tend to have a negative body image. SEXUAL SELF  Sexual Self It refers to how one thinks about themself as a sexual individual. It speaks of your sexual health, sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression and values around your sexuality. Sex is a biological descriptor based on reproductive, hormonal, anatomical, and genetic characteristics. Typical sex categories include male, female, and intersex. Gender is a multidimensional social and cultural construct that includes gender roles, expressions, behaviors, activities, power dynamics, and/or attributes that a given society associates with being a woman, man, girl, or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time. Our sex, which is physical- male or female- is distinct from our gender, which is psychological and social. What it means is that some of us have a gender which is different from our sex. Gender identity- refers to how you feel inside and how you express your gender through clothing, behavior, and personal appearance regardless of your assigned sex. Cisgender- describe someone whose gender matches what they were assigned at birth. Transgender- people whose gender identity and/or expression is different from cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at birth. Sexuality- your sexuality is about who you are attracted to, sexually and romantically. This is called your sexual orientation where one’s physical attraction and emotional attraction overlap. Physical attraction refers to the fact that an individual finds another person appealing. Emotional attraction involves having an affinity for another person based on their personality or other inner characteristics.  TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION ASEXUAL- Describes a person who is not sexually attracted to others and has no desire to engage in sexual behavior. Asexuality differs from celibacy in that a person who is celibate is sexually attracted to others but chooses to abstain from sex. Sometimes, asexual is abbreviated as “ace.” BISEXUAL- Describes a person who is attracted to both men and women. A person does not need to have had specific sexual experiences — or any sexual experience — to identify as bisexual. GAY- A person who identifies as gay typically only feels sexual attraction toward people of the same gender. Socially, people use this term to refer to men who are romantically and sexually attracted to men. However, those in the community use it as an umbrella term. HETEROSEXUAL- Describes a person who is attracted — physically and emotionally — to individuals of the opposite sex. Otherwise known as a straight person. HOMOSEXUAL- Describes a person who is attracted — physically and emotionally — to people of the same sex. LESBIAN- refers to a woman who is physically and romantically attracted to other women. PANSEXUAL- Describes a person who is attracted to — or has the potential to be attracted to — people of any gender or gender identity. This attraction can be emo- tional or physical. LOVE It is a quality or feeling of strong or constant affection for and dedication to another. According to Katherine Wu (2017), love can be categorized into three: lust, attraction, and attachments. 1. LUST- driven by sexual gratification which is associated with the need of living beings to produce. The hypothalamus stimulates the generation of testosterone and estrogen to increase libido to produce. Testosterone is the primary male hormone regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility. Estrogen is a steroid hormone associated with the female reproductive organs and is responsible for developing female sexual characteristics. 2. ATTRACTION- affects the brain’s control over the “reward” behavior, which could be the reason why beginnings of relationships can become thrilling. Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are the chemicals released during attraction which affects a person’s mood and appetite, making them feel energized and euphoric. Dopamine activates the reward circuit, helping to make love a pleasurable experience similar to the euphoria associated with use of cocaine or alcohol. Serotonin a hormone that's known to be involved in appetite and mood. Norepinephrine triggers several physical effects when we're attracted to someone, such as increased heart rate and a surge of energy, which are often thought of as physical symptoms of falling in love. 3. ATTACHMENT- involves the desire for bonding or friendship, intimacy, and social cordiality, which is intensified by oxytocin and vasopressin. Oxytocin is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is associated with empathy, trust, sexual activity, and relationship-building. Vasopressin is linked to behavior that produces long-term, monogamous relationships. The differences in behavior associated with the actions of the two hormones may explain why passionate love fades as attachment grows. MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF Material/Economic Self Psychologist William James stated that humans have a material self that pertains to everything that one claim as theirs. Material self refers to anything that belongs to a person and who or what a person belongs to, such as their body, family, clothes, and money. The body, however, is considered to be the core of the material self. Clothes, a person expresses their perception of themselves and showing their status, which has a significant contribution to the formation of one’s self-image. Critical Parts: Money and Family  Consumers are people who purchase and/or use economic goods. It involves searching for options, acquiring, and disposing. 1. Some people envy those with higher social status for having a higher capacity to buy goods that they desire. 2. Rich people or people with higher status constantly change their consumption habits to continue having a distinguished image in society. 3. Consumer’s choice of products reflects how they see their current selves or what they aspire to be. 4. Consumers choose products they value the most, provided they are presented with varied options. 5. A person’s choice of products may represent their feelings, aspirations, and personality. 6. The choice of products and services may reflect originality and send a message regarding one’s status. 7. Certain individuals consider shopping and consuming services as leisure activities because of their wealth and freedom to choose. Materialism is the infatuation with physical objects over intellectual or spiritual experiences and relationships. Individuals who are materialistic will buy objects over seeking close relationships with friends or religion. SPIRITUAL SELF Spiritual Self According to William James, is who a person is at the core. This is the aspect of the self that is most intimate, concrete, or permanent and includes an individual’s personality, core values, and conscience that do not just change throughout one’s life. The spiritual self can be explored through the process of introspection, which involves looking inward and analyzing deep spiritual, moral, and intellectual questions disregarding objectivity. There are various opinions and discussions about the spiritual self. For example, for Christians, the self is considered as perverted by sin. They believe the human heart to be deceitful and wicked. However, they still believe and argue that humans are uniquely created by God. From the standpoint of psychology, for example, by psychologist James Marcia, the source of human identity is noted in one’s religious beliefs. Erik Erikson’s, however, tried to compare faith and doubt in adults by arguing that they give special attention to their religion or spiritual aspects.  CONCEPTS OF THE SOUL SOUL- the spiritual part of a person that some people believe continues to exist in some form after their body has died, or the part of a person that is not physical and experiences deep feelings and emotions. Demetrio et al. (1991), in the book entitled The Soul Book, discussed that the spirit or soul of a person are named in varied ways such as: 1.Kaluluwa (Tagalog), ikararuwa (Ibanags), or karuruwa (when it departs). They all originate from the root word duwa, which means two. This points to the two realities of the soul: physical that connects the soul to the body and its life, and spiritual, where the soul exists. 2.Kadkadduwa (Ilokanos). The name is derived from the word, kadduwa, which means companion. The term Kad implies the constant companion or inseparable partner. Therefore, kadkadduwa means the union of the physical body and the soul. Dungan refers to the soul that is typically invisible. Before entering a human body, it is believed to be living on earth with other dungans while it waits to get inside a body. Its special interest is in the unborn, preferably a relative that it chooses to inhabit. Rituals are defined as a kind of ceremony that employs series of activities that use gestures words, and objects when performed. Rituals are a common feature of any human society where people come together to celebrate their faith beliefs, and practices. Religion is a system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices that involves committing and devoting oneself to certain faith or observance. It is also considered as the service and worship of a supernatural being or god. Magic involves charms or spell that are believed to have the ability to control natural forces. It also pertains to illusion created through deception or sleight of hand. Witchcraft involves the use of black magic or sorcery usually by connecting with the devil. Some individuals may be attracted to negative forces through witchcraft. It is mostly considered as a medicinal practice or way to predict the future through practice of magic.  Finding meaning is a form of art that springs from regular reflection and journey in checking the self. Ross, in his article entitled "The Art that Creating Meaning into Your Life" (2009), stated that it is the individual who creates and attributes meaning in his/her life. The question of life's meaningfulness constantly bothers people because of the difficulty to answer it. Usually, life crises and challenges bring one to go deeper to ask about their meanings and figure out messages about sudden transitions and crucial decisions that they may bring. TIPS FOR FINDING MEANING IN LIFE 1. Unfold the bigger picture. This points on checking the self's true purpose, personal mission, and goals in life. 2.Pop the question. When things become unpredictable and unexpected situations arise, one must question the relation of such events to their life's purpose and how it can help them create harmony for oneself. There is always a need to redirects one's course and reconnect with one's established goals and purpose. 3.Get in touch with your spiritual side. This side of the aspect is connected to one: inner world. There is a tendency to neglect one's spiritual self because of a busy life. To be connected to this aspect of the self, one must be fully present. Thus, certain exercises such as walking, meditating, praying, looking at the stars, contemplating, forgiving, and let in touch with one's spiritual side go of negative emotional attachments should be done to be in and expand their level awareness of our. inner' world. 4. See objects as objects. The depth of finding meaning in life is not felt in the realities of things. Objects are external entities that do not do much in finding one's meaning as they tend to come and go. Meaning is an inner journey and calls for the detachment from material things. 5. Love more. To love is the ultimate answer to a human sense of longing and the source of meaning in one's life. Love should be directed both inside and outside in order to enrich one's life within. A life well-lived is made through love for oneself and for others. Love has the ability to make life more meaningful. 6. Play hard. Playing involves opening oneself beyond the boundaries of rules in life. It means allowing oneself to be thrilled and captivated by the surroundings. It means being adventurous to explore new things and be creative. Expressing oneself freely through to music, childlike arts, games, poetry, crafts, and other means may lead find meaning in life. POLITICAL SELF Political Self it refers to the aspect of the self that is interested and is willing to get involved in the realm of politics. the political self points to a political consciousness, which refers to one’s awareness about politics. Political- it means the activities of the government or people who try to influence the way a country is governed. The Filipino According to 1987 Constitution A Filipino is someone who is a citizen of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. A Filipino is someone whose father or mother are citizens of the Philippines. A Filipino is someone born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mother, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority and in accordance of law. A natural-born Filipino is someone born in the Philippines and with Filipino blood. A naturalized Filipino is a foreigner who has undergone a judicial act that gave him or her the privileges of Philippine citizen.  ROLES OF CITIZENS IN POLITICS The citizens of a country are always called to participate in politics, either directly or indirectly. An article by Jan van Deth (2016) stresses how democracy uniquely emphasizes the participation of ordinary citizens in a country’s political affairs. 1. Believe. In order to convince someone about an advocacy, one must make them believe in it. To be able to do that, advocates must first firmly believe in themselves and their advocacy. However, before spreading any information one must do intensive research about facts and realities. 2. Be informed. It is important to go out and learn about politics and actual events happening around oneself. Encouraging other people to know more about politics is also good way to spread relevant information. 3. Discuss issues. The media has been helpful in spreading information about politics. This encourages people to be aware and discuss issues and possible solutions to the country's problems. 4. Get on the record. One can involve themselves in politics by expressing opinions and ideas and participating in actions concerning politics. 5. Be a resource. People with special talents or expertise are encouraged to reach out to others and share their contributions to politics and the country, at the same time, be an inspiration to others. 6. Volunteer. Involving oneself in community activities is important because there are always people who need help and service. 7. Contribute. Contributing to the betterment of the country in any way can bring significant improvements Even simple engagements or awareness can be service to one's country and its people.  FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS 1. Hospitality- Filipinos are naturally hospitable. Guests can be expected to extend a warm welcome to their guests regardless of where they come from, how well they know their host, and why they’re visiting someone’s home. Hosts typically provide their guests with food and entertainment and, if there’s time, a tour around the local destinations. 2.Compassion- Filipino people are renowned for their deep compassion; known locally as "malasakit," this value inspires empathy and a proactive willingness to support those in need through either simple acts of kindness or extensive support in times of crisis. It reflects a commitment to prioritizing others and practicing selflessness. 3. Family-oriented- Filipinos are known for their strong family-oriented values, which represent a pillar of strength and support. Celebrations, decisions, and daily activities often revolve around family, emphasizing a collective approach to well-being and success. From extended families living together to supporting each other through thick and thin, family is a source of strength and comfort for Filipino people. 4. Respect for elders- Respect holds a fundamental place in Filipino culture and language. This is evidenced by frequently using terms such as "po" and "opo" in conversation, particularly when addressing elders or individuals of higher status. Additionally, the traditional greeting "mano po," a gesture that seeks the elder's blessing by touching the back of their hand to one's forehead, reflects this deeply rooted reverence. 5. Religiousness- Spirituality is deeply embedded in Filipino culture. Although the country is predominantly Roman Catholic, it embraces other Christian denominations, Islam, and indigenous spiritual practices. Towns celebrate fiestas to honor their patron saints, reflecting the community’s devotion. Additionally, numerous national holidays are dedicated to religious observances, highlighting the importance of faith in shaping Filipino values and principles. 6. Bayanihan- Filipino word derived from the word bayan meaning town, nation, or community in general. "Bayanihan" literally means, "being a bayan," and is thus used to refer to a spirit of communal unity and cooperation. 7. Ningas Cogon- The Filipino attitude of ningas cogon (inconsistent work enthusiasm) describes the great enthusiasm at the beginning of an undertaking. The eagerness however fades away through time just as quickly as the fire is extinguished, leaving an undertaking either half-baked or unfinished. 8. Crab Mentality- Defined as someone's tendency to pull down people around them who they consider are better than them in any aspect. People with crab mentality often think that if they can't have it, then other people can't have it too. 9. Manana Habit- Synonymous to the Filipino expression “Mamaya na,” is just another term for procrastination.It is the regular tendency or practice of putting off until tomorrow what can be done today. It tends to occur subconsciously, like most of our procrastination problems. It is a way of thinking and doing acquired through previous repetition of task-avoidance experiences.  Filipino Markers 1. Proverbs- Filipino proverbs or Philippine proverbs are traditional sayings or maxims used by Filipinos based on local culture, wisdom, and philosophies from Filipino life. It is used in everyday conversations, proverbs are utilized to emphasize a point or a thought of reasoning: the Filipino philosophy. 2. Superstition- Beliefs or practice based upon one's trust in luck or other irrational, unscientific, or supernatural forces. Often, it arises from ignorance, a misunderstanding of science or causality, a belief in fate or magic, or fear of that which is unknown. 3. Myths and Legends- Historical fact morphs into a legend when the truth has been exaggerated to the point that real people or events have taken on a romanticized, "larger than life" quality. In contrast, a myth is a type of symbolic storytelling that was never based on fact. DIGITAL SELF  Digital Self It is the aspect of the self that one projects online and engages in the internet through surfing, playing games, researching, creating accounts for emails, blogging, shopping, engaging in social networking sites, and more. Online Identity- Internet identity (IID), also online identity, online personality, online persona or internet persona, is a social identity that an internet user establishes in online communities and websites. It may also be an actively constructed presentation of oneself. Several websites online require a user to sign up an account in order to gain full access. The site asks for certain information such as: name age email address preferred user name and password One’s online identity may also include other characteristics such as: physical traits preferences personality skills Virtual identity refers to a set of characteristics or qualities of an online user. It is commonly used to chat rooms or internet gaming platforms. There are different virtual identities created to match different platforms and virtual spaces for example, avatars in games. Virtual personality refers to the presence and attributes of a person online. Selective self presentation involves the selection of which important information to reveal online in order to avoid identity theft or robbery. For example bank transactions can easily be done online; however, one must be careful about the legitimacy of bank websites before submitting important details to avoid accidentally sharing information to hostile users or hackers. Impression Management Impression management is the regulation of impressions online. Impression refers to the initial thought or idea one has about something or someone based on little evidence. Social media is a well-known platform for expressing impressions. Thus the essence of impression management is not about suppressing one's online visibility. It is about regulating posts and opinions, as well as ensuring fact and maturity in one's choice of words and reactions. Public sphere- internet Private sphere- home/family