Practical 3 Review PDF

Internal Elastic Membrane- Allows arteries to stretch under pressure. Blood Flow Regulation- Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle. Tunica Intima- Innermost layer, reduces friction in vessels. Tunica Media- Middle layer, allows vessel constriction. External Elastic Membrane- Provides elast...

Internal Elastic Membrane- Allows arteries to stretch under pressure. Blood Flow Regulation- Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle. Tunica Intima- Innermost layer, reduces friction in vessels. Tunica Media- Middle layer, allows vessel constriction. External Elastic Membrane- Provides elasticity to arterial walls. Varicose Veins- Swollen veins due to weakened valves. Compression Socks- Used to treat mild varicose vein cases. Systemic Arterial Circulation- Pathway of oxygenated blood from heart. Systemic Venous Circulation- Pathway of deoxygenated blood returning to heart. Hepatic Portal Circulation- Veins draining blood from digestive organs. Arteries- Thicker walled vessels carrying oxygenated blood, can expand due to high pressure and increased volume. Veins-Thinner walled vessels returning deoxygenated blood, present valves to prevent backflow of blood. Capillaries-Smallest vessels connecting arterioles and venules, (ONLY HAVE TUNICA INTIMA) Arterioles- Smallest type of artery, regulating blood flow. Venules- Smallest type of vein, collecting blood from capillaries. Tunica Externa- Outermost layer, supports and protects vessels. Atherosclerosis- Thickening of artery walls, leading to diseases. Plaque Buildup- Thickened areas in arteries from various causes. Collagen Fiber- Provides structural support in tunica externa. Blood Pressure- Force exerted by circulating blood on vessel walls. Pericardium- Double walled sac that encloses the heart. Visceral layer- Lines surface of the heart. Heart- Functions as the "pump" of the cardiovascular system. Fibrous layer- Provides toughness & structural support. Serous layer- Made up of two sub layers & contains serous fluid. Parietal layer- Lines internal surface of pericardium. Epicardium- Outer layer; includes visceral layer of pericardium, adipose tissue & blood vessels. Endocardium- Inner endothelial lining. Ventricles- 2 inferior chambers of the heart. Tricuspid Valve- Valve between right atrium & right ventricle. Semilunar Valves- 2 valves that exist between ventricles and major arteries. Pulmonary Valve- Valve between right ventricle & pulmonary artery. Aortic Valve- Valve between left ventricle & aorta. Cardiac Cycle-The sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat (~0.8 seconds). Systole- Period of heart muscle contraction. Pulse- The rhythmic throbbing of arteries as blood pumps through the body. Pulse Pressure- Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (~40 mmHG). Pulse Rate-Number of pulses/heartbeats per minute (70-76 bpm at rest). Diastolic Pressure- Bottom number; pressure exerted on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation. Normal Blood Pressure- 120/80 mmHG. Myocardium- Middle layer; thickest & includes cardiac muscle. Atria- 2 superior chambers of the heart. Atrioventricular Valves- 2 valves that exist between each atria and its ventricle. Bicuspid Valve- Also known as Mitral; valve between left atrium & left ventricle. Diastole- Period of heart muscle relaxation. Blood Pressure- The pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. Systolic Pressure- Top number; pressure exerted on arterial walls at peak of ventricular contraction. Function of the respiratory system- Take in Oxygen and Dispose of Carbon Dioxide (gas exchange) Respiration- The process that includes Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration, Internal Respiration, and Transport of respiratory gases. Pulmonary Ventilation- Breathing; consists of Inspiration and Expiration. Inspiration- Air being taken into lungs, diaphragm flattens. Expiration- Air being expelled out of lungs, diaphragm returns to dome shape. External Respiration- Gas exchange occurs between blood and air filled chambers of lungs. Transport of Respiratory Gases- Occurs between lungs and tissue cells of the body; uses blood as transport mechanism. Internal Respiration- Gas exchange occurs between systemic blood and tissue cells. Larynx- Voice box; tube connecting laryngopharynx and trachea. Functions of the Larynx- Voice Production, allows air to pass through vocal cords causing them to vibrate, prevents food from entering airway. Epiglottis- Specialized structure that seals off opening into larynx when swallowing. Lungs- A paired organ occupying majority of the thoracic cavity. Pleura- Double layered sac of serous membrane enclosing each lung. Parietal layer- Outer layer of pleura; attached to thoracic cavity walls & diaphragm. Visceral layer- Inner layer of pleura; directly covers lung surface. Left Lung- Contains 2 lobes; superior & inferior, with an oblique fissure and cardiac notch. Right Lung- Contains 3 lobes; superior, middle & inferior, with a horizontal fissure and oblique fissure. Respiratory Volumes- Includes Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), and Residual Volume (RV). Tidal Volume (TV)- Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath (resting conditions). (500mL men+women) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal TV inspiration.(3100mL men+ 1900mL women) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal TV expiration. (1200mL men+ 700mL women) Residual Volume (RV)- Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced expiration. (1200mL men+ 1100mL women) Spirometry- Breathing test designed to measure various rates of air flowing into/out of lungs. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)- Measures amount of air exhaled when deepest possible breath is taken then exhaled forcefully; Normal: 80%. (lower:RPD) Forced Expiratory Capacity (FEC)- Measures amount of air exhaled in the first second during forced expiration; Normal: 75%-85%. (lower: OPD) Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (OPD)- Causes narrowing of respiratory airways, increases airway resistance, and takes longer to empty lungs each time you exhale. (Ex: asthma, bronchitis, emphysema) Restrictive Pulmonary Disease (RPD)- Decreases the total volume lungs can hold and makes it harder to inhale air. (Ex: coal miner’s lung, lung cancer, pneumonia) Clinical Applications: Emphysema- Gradual destruction of the walls of alveoli, leading to decreased surface area and increased Residual Volume (RV). Clinical Applications: Anthracosis- Severe cases referred to as 'coal miner's lung'; macrophages carry dust/particles out of alveoli into adjacent connective tissue. Dust Particles in the Lung- Large particles are trapped in mucus; small particles are engulfed by macrophages.