Philippine Politics and Governance. Study Guide. PDF

‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌4.2‌ ‌ Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌ Explore‌...

‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌4.2‌ ‌ Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Contents‌ ‌ Introduction‌ 1‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ 2‌ ‌ Explore‌ 2‌ ‌ Discover‌ 3‌ ‌ Defining‌‌Globalization‌ 3‌ ‌ Dimensions‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌ 4‌ ‌ Economic‌‌Globalization‌ 4‌ ‌ Political‌‌Globalization‌ 5‌ ‌ Cultural‌‌Globalization‌ 7‌ ‌ Historical‌‌Context‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌ 8‌ ‌ Impact‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌‌on‌‌States‌‌and‌‌Nations‌ 11‌ ‌ Wrap-Up‌ 14‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ 15‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ 17‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ 19‌ ‌ Photo‌‌Credits‌ 20‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ 20‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Lesson‌‌4.2‌ ‌ Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Introduction‌ ‌ We‌ ‌live‌ ‌in‌ ‌an‌ ‌interconnected‌ ‌world.‌ ‌The‌ ‌economies,‌ ‌politics,‌ ‌and‌ ‌culture‌ ‌of‌ ‌many‌ ‌states‌‌ around‌‌the‌‌world‌‌are‌‌now‌‌intertwined‌‌and‌‌interdependent.‌‌Also,‌‌many‌‌of‌‌the‌‌problems‌‌that‌‌ states‌ ‌face,‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌climate‌ ‌change,‌ ‌know‌ ‌no‌ ‌borders‌ ‌and‌ ‌demand‌ ‌solutions‌ ‌that‌ ‌require‌‌ international‌‌cooperation.‌‌ ‌ ‌ As‌ ‌individuals,‌ ‌we‌ ‌might‌ ‌be‌ ‌underestimating‌ ‌the‌ ‌extent‌ ‌to‌ ‌which‌ ‌our‌ ‌lives‌ ‌are‌ ‌connected‌‌ with‌ ‌that‌ ‌of‌ ‌citizens‌ ‌from‌ ‌other‌ ‌countries.‌ ‌For‌ ‌instance,‌ ‌we‌ ‌watch‌ ‌movies‌ ‌produced‌ ‌by‌‌ Americans‌ ‌on‌ ‌laptops‌ ‌that‌ ‌are‌ ‌manufactured‌ ‌by‌ ‌Europeans‌ ‌and‌ ‌made‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌raw‌‌ materials‌‌mined‌‌by‌‌Africans,‌‌all‌‌while‌‌indulging‌‌on‌‌our‌‌favorite‌‌food‌‌made‌‌from‌‌the‌‌crops‌‌of‌‌ Asian‌‌farmers.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌we‌‌will‌‌study‌‌the‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌‌globalization‌,‌‌its‌‌historical‌‌development,‌‌and‌‌its‌‌ complex‌‌workings‌‌and‌‌dimensions.‌‌We‌‌will‌‌also‌‌analyze‌‌how‌‌it‌‌affects‌‌the‌‌domestic‌‌politics‌‌ of‌‌different‌‌states‌‌and,‌‌ultimately,‌‌their‌‌political‌‌relations‌‌with‌‌one‌‌another.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Learning‌‌Objectives‌ ‌ DepEd‌‌Learning‌‌Competency‌ ‌ At‌t‌ he‌e ‌ nd‌o ‌ f‌t‌ his‌l‌esson,‌y ‌ ou‌s‌ hould‌b ‌ e‌a ‌ ble‌t‌ o‌‌ In‌‌this‌‌lesson,‌‌you‌‌should‌‌be‌‌able‌‌to‌‌do‌‌the‌‌ explain‌m ‌ eanings‌o ‌ f‌g ‌ lobalization‌‌ following:‌ ‌ (HUMSS_PG12-Ie-17).‌‌ ‌ Define‌‌globalization.‌ ‌ ‌ Explain‌‌the‌‌different‌‌dimensions‌‌ and‌‌historical‌‌context‌‌of‌‌ globalization.‌ ‌ Analyze‌‌the‌‌impacts‌‌of‌‌ globalization‌‌on‌‌the‌‌politics‌‌of‌‌ states‌‌and‌‌nations.‌ ‌ ‌ Explore‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ It’s‌‌a‌‌Small‌‌World‌‌after‌‌All!‌ ‌ 10‌‌minutes‌ Instructions‌ ‌ 1. The‌‌class‌‌will‌‌be‌‌divided‌‌into‌‌four‌‌groups.‌‌ ‌ 2. For‌‌each‌‌round,‌‌your‌‌teacher‌‌will‌‌mention‌‌one‌‌country‌‌in‌‌the‌‌world.‌‌ ‌ 3. For‌‌every‌‌country‌‌mentioned,‌‌each‌‌group‌‌will‌‌mention‌‌one‌‌famous‌‌person,‌‌thing,‌‌or‌‌ event‌ ‌that‌ ‌they‌ ‌know‌‌about‌‌the‌‌country‌‌mentioned‌‌(e.g.,‌‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌→‌‌Boracay‌‌ →‌‌Manny‌‌Pacquiao‌‌→‌h‌ alo-halo‌‌‌→‌‌and‌‌so‌‌on).‌‌ ‌ 4. The‌‌goal‌‌is‌‌to‌‌exhaust‌‌all‌‌the‌‌possible‌‌answers‌‌for‌‌each‌‌country.‌‌The‌‌group‌‌that‌‌will‌‌ run‌‌out‌‌of‌‌answers‌‌will‌‌be‌‌eliminated.‌‌ 5. The‌‌last‌‌remaining‌‌group‌‌wins‌‌the‌‌game.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Guide‌‌Questions‌ ‌ 1. What‌‌do‌‌the‌‌mentioned‌‌countries‌‌have‌‌in‌‌common?‌ ‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. How‌‌did‌‌you‌‌learn‌‌the‌‌information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌mentioned‌‌countries?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 3. What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌benefits‌‌of‌‌cooperation‌‌among‌‌different‌‌countries?‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Discover‌ ‌ Defining‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ Globalization‌‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌“emergence‌‌of‌‌a‌‌complex‌‌ ‌ web‌ ‌of‌ ‌interconnectedness‌ ‌that‌ ‌means‌ ‌our‌‌lives‌‌are‌‌ ‌ ords‌‌to‌‌Remember‌ ‌ W increasingly‌ ‌shaped‌ ‌by‌ ‌events‌ ‌that‌ ‌occur,‌ ‌and‌‌ interconnected‌‌‌–‌ ‌ decisions‌‌that‌‌are‌‌made,‌‌at‌‌a‌‌great‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌us”‌‌ related‌‌to‌‌one‌‌ (Heywood‌ ‌2013,‌ ‌142).‌ ‌Captured‌ ‌by‌ ‌Ohmae’s‌ ‌(1989)‌‌ another;‌‌ idea‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌“borderless‌ ‌world,”‌ ‌it‌ ‌is‌ ‌an‌ ‌umbrella‌ ‌term‌‌ interdependent‌ ‌ meant‌‌to‌‌refer‌‌to‌‌the‌‌various‌‌ways‌‌through‌‌which‌‌the‌‌ supraterritorial‌‌‌–‌ ‌ domestic‌ ‌affairs‌ ‌of‌ ‌states‌ ‌have‌ ‌become‌ ‌increasingly‌‌ beyond‌‌territories;‌‌ dependent‌‌on‌‌one‌‌another.‌ ‌ transborder‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Similarly,‌‌Scholte‌‌(2005)‌‌believes‌‌globalization‌‌means‌‌ integrated‌‌‌–‌‌ the‌ ‌start‌ ‌of‌ ‌“supraterritoriality”‌ ‌where‌ ‌territorial‌‌ connected;‌‌joint‌ ‌ borders‌‌of‌‌states‌‌are‌‌becoming‌‌irrelevant‌‌as‌‌our‌‌lives‌‌ have‌ ‌become‌ ‌tied‌ ‌to‌ ‌those‌ ‌from‌‌other‌‌societies.‌‌For‌‌ ‌ instance,‌ ‌many‌ ‌of‌ ‌us‌ ‌now‌ ‌consume‌ ‌imported‌‌ products‌‌and‌‌access‌‌global‌‌information‌‌at‌‌the‌‌flick‌‌of‌‌ a‌‌switch‌‌through‌‌our‌‌digital‌‌devices.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ What‌‌does‌‌a‌‌“borderless‌‌world”‌‌look‌‌like?‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Dimensions‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ How‌ ‌exactly‌ ‌have‌ ‌the‌ ‌domestic‌ ‌affairs‌ ‌of‌ ‌states‌ ‌been‌ ‌interconnected‌ ‌to‌ ‌one‌ ‌another?‌‌ Globalization‌‌is‌‌a‌‌complex‌‌concept‌‌that‌‌involves‌‌many‌‌processes,‌‌but‌‌they‌‌can‌‌be‌‌classified‌‌ under‌‌three‌‌dimensions:‌‌economic,‌‌political,‌‌and‌‌cultural.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Economic‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ Economic‌‌globalization‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌various‌‌ways‌‌through‌‌which‌‌the‌‌national‌‌economies‌‌of‌‌ states‌ ‌have‌ ‌been‌ ‌tied‌ ‌to‌ ‌one‌ ‌another,‌ ‌creating‌ ‌a‌ ‌single‌ ‌global‌ ‌economy‌.‌ ‌One‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌ principal‌‌means‌‌of‌‌economic‌‌globalization‌‌is‌‌‌international‌‌trade‌‌or‌‌the‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌goods‌‌ and‌ ‌products‌ ‌between‌ ‌and‌ ‌among‌‌states.‌‌Trade‌‌enables‌‌states‌‌to‌‌save‌‌a‌‌lot‌‌of‌‌production‌‌ costs‌‌because‌‌it‌‌allows‌‌them‌‌to‌‌specialize‌‌in‌‌manufacturing‌‌products‌‌that‌‌can‌‌be‌‌produced‌‌ at‌ ‌relatively‌ ‌cheaper‌ ‌prices.‌ ‌With‌ ‌specialization,‌ ‌states‌ ‌can‌ ‌exchange‌ ‌products‌ ‌with‌ ‌other‌‌ states‌ ‌that‌ ‌can‌ ‌likewise‌ ‌produce‌ ‌their‌ ‌other‌ ‌needs‌ ‌at‌ ‌relatively‌ ‌cheaper‌ ‌prices.‌ ‌The‌‌ Philippines,‌ ‌for‌ ‌example,‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌well-known‌ ‌exporter‌ ‌of‌ ‌agricultural‌ ‌products‌ ‌like‌ ‌coconut,‌‌ pineapple,‌ ‌and‌ ‌abaca.‌ ‌Instead‌ ‌of‌ ‌painstakingly‌ ‌producing‌ ‌everything‌ ‌that‌ ‌its‌ ‌population‌‌ needs,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌more‌‌efficient‌‌for‌‌the‌‌country‌‌to‌‌specialize‌‌on‌‌certain‌‌products‌‌(e.g.,‌‌agricultural‌‌ products)‌‌and‌‌trade‌‌with‌‌other‌‌countries‌‌for‌‌those‌‌goods‌‌that‌‌it‌‌cannot‌‌produce‌‌on‌‌its‌‌own.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 4‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌1.‌‌‌By‌‌linking‌‌national‌‌economies,‌‌trade‌‌also‌‌diversifies‌‌the‌‌goods‌‌we‌‌can‌‌consume.‌‌ ‌ ‌ In‌ ‌addition,‌‌economic‌‌globalization‌‌also‌‌occurs‌‌when‌‌companies‌‌choose‌‌to‌‌outsource‌‌their‌‌ production‌ ‌chains‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌manufacturing‌ ‌stages).‌ ‌When‌ ‌companies‌ ‌outsource‌ ‌their‌‌ manufacturing‌ ‌processes,‌ ‌it‌ ‌means‌ ‌that‌ ‌they‌ ‌choose‌ ‌to‌‌have‌‌some‌‌of‌‌their‌‌manufacturing‌‌ stages‌ ‌done‌ ‌abroad,‌ ‌often‌ ‌by‌ ‌foreign‌ ‌laborers‌ ‌and‌ ‌with‌ ‌foreign‌ ‌resources.‌ ‌For‌ ‌example,‌‌ Apple’s‌ ‌flagship‌ ‌mobile‌ ‌phone,‌ ‌the‌ ‌iPhone,‌ ‌has‌ ‌its‌ ‌software‌ ‌and‌ ‌core‌ ‌parts‌ ‌done‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌‌ United‌ ‌States,‌ ‌phone‌ ‌circuitry‌ ‌done‌ ‌in‌ ‌Inner‌ ‌Mongolia,‌ ‌memory‌ ‌chip‌ ‌done‌ ‌in‌‌South‌‌Korea‌‌ and‌‌Taiwan,‌‌gyroscope‌‌done‌‌in‌‌Europe,‌‌and‌‌then‌‌full‌‌reassembly‌‌in‌‌China‌‌(Kabin‌‌2013).‌‌The‌‌ Philippines,‌‌meanwhile,‌‌is‌‌known‌‌for‌‌being‌‌the‌‌“call‌‌center‌‌capital‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world”‌‌for‌‌providing‌‌ much‌‌of‌‌foreign‌‌companies’‌‌call‌‌center‌‌services‌‌(Mercurio‌‌2018).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Aside‌ ‌from‌ ‌these‌ ‌two,‌ ‌economic‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌also‌‌occurs‌‌through‌‌other‌‌means‌‌like‌‌global‌‌ investment‌‌markets‌‌(e.g.,‌‌stock‌‌markets)‌‌and‌‌financial‌‌transfers‌‌(e.g.,‌‌remittances).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Political‌G ‌ lobalization‌ ‌ Political‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌occurs‌ ‌when‌ ‌states‌ ‌start‌ ‌to‌ ‌interconnect‌‌their‌‌governance‌‌processes‌‌ and‌ ‌political‌ ‌decisions.‌ ‌The‌ ‌principal‌ ‌way‌ ‌through‌ ‌which‌ ‌states‌ ‌do‌ ‌this‌ ‌is‌ ‌through‌ ‌the‌‌ establishment‌ ‌of‌ ‌intergovernmental‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌(IGOs)‌ ‌like‌ ‌the‌ ‌United‌ ‌Nations‌ ‌(UN)‌‌ and‌ ‌the‌ ‌World‌ ‌Trade‌ ‌Organization‌ ‌(WTO)‌ ‌and‌ ‌regional‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌like‌ ‌the‌ ‌European‌‌ Union‌ ‌(EU)‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌Association‌ ‌of‌ ‌Southeast‌ ‌Asian‌ ‌Nations‌ ‌(ASEAN).‌ ‌These‌ ‌organizations‌‌ allow‌ ‌states‌‌to‌‌collectively‌‌act‌‌on‌‌issues‌‌of‌‌mutual‌‌concern‌‌and‌‌foster‌‌cooperation‌‌for‌‌joint‌‌ development.‌‌The‌‌UN,‌‌for‌‌example,‌‌was‌‌formed‌‌after‌‌World‌‌War‌‌II‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌prevent‌‌mass‌‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 5‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ atrocities‌‌and‌‌develop‌‌peaceful‌‌relations‌‌among‌‌states.‌‌Currently,‌‌the‌‌UN‌‌and‌‌its‌‌subsidiary‌‌ and‌‌specialized‌‌agencies‌‌like‌‌the‌‌World‌‌Health‌‌Organization‌‌(WHO)‌‌and‌‌the‌‌UN‌‌Educational,‌‌ Scientific,‌ ‌and‌ ‌Cultural‌ ‌Organization‌ ‌(UNESCO)‌ ‌enable‌ ‌states‌ ‌to‌ ‌collectively‌ ‌address‌‌ transnational‌ ‌issues‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌terrorism,‌ ‌pandemics,‌ ‌and‌ ‌climate‌ ‌change.‌ ‌Meanwhile,‌ ‌the‌‌ ASEAN,‌ ‌which‌ ‌the‌‌Philippines‌‌is‌‌a‌‌member‌‌of,‌‌provides‌‌an‌‌opportunity‌‌for‌‌Southeast‌‌Asian‌‌ nations‌‌to‌‌accelerate‌‌their‌‌development‌‌through‌‌joint‌‌endeavors.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Beyond‌ ‌states,‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌has‌ ‌also‌ ‌resulted‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌rise‌ ‌of‌ ‌international‌‌ non-governmental‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌(I‌ NGOs‌)‌ ‌composed‌ ‌of‌ ‌citizens‌ ‌around‌ ‌the‌ ‌world‌ ‌that‌‌ push‌ ‌for‌ ‌shared‌ ‌advocacies.‌ ‌The‌ ‌INGOs‌ ‌like‌ ‌Greenpeace,‌ ‌Amnesty‌ ‌International,‌‌and‌‌Save‌‌ the‌ ‌Children‌ ‌have‌ ‌multiple‌ ‌chapters‌‌in‌‌different‌‌states‌‌and‌‌allow‌‌for‌‌the‌‌mainstreaming‌‌of‌‌ different‌ ‌advocacies‌ ‌elsewhere.‌ ‌In‌ ‌addition,‌ ‌because‌ ‌of‌ ‌their‌ ‌tremendous‌ ‌influence,‌ ‌these‌‌ INGOs‌‌are‌‌given‌‌opportunities‌‌to‌‌observe‌‌and‌‌speak‌‌at‌‌IGOs’‌‌assemblies‌‌and‌‌deliberations.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌2.‌‌‌The‌‌UN‌‌General‌‌Assembly‌‌of‌‌states‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 6‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Cultural‌G ‌ lobalization‌ ‌ Cultural‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌involves‌ ‌the‌ ‌processes‌ ‌through‌ ‌which‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌differences‌ ‌among‌‌ states‌‌start‌‌to‌‌diminish‌‌due‌‌to‌‌fast‌‌and‌‌free-flowing‌‌information‌‌and‌‌commodity‌‌transfers‌‌in‌‌ the‌‌different‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world.‌‌For‌‌example,‌‌the‌‌fast-food‌‌culture‌‌of‌‌the‌‌United‌‌States‌‌has‌‌ penetrated‌ ‌even‌ ‌the‌ ‌most‌‌traditional‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌the‌‌world.‌‌In‌‌addition,‌‌norms‌‌and‌‌ideas‌‌also‌‌ tend‌‌to‌‌be‌‌exported‌‌to‌‌other‌‌states.‌‌Along‌‌with‌‌their‌‌consumption‌‌of‌‌Hollywood‌‌movies‌‌and‌‌ cultural‌ ‌products,‌ ‌people‌ ‌from‌ ‌other‌ ‌continents‌ ‌also‌ ‌get‌ ‌exposed‌ ‌to‌ ‌American‌ ‌values‌ ‌of‌‌ individualism,‌‌consumerism,‌‌and‌‌liberalism.‌‌Similarly‌‌and‌‌especially‌‌because‌‌of‌‌immigration,‌‌ Western‌‌societies‌‌have‌‌already‌‌been‌‌penetrated‌‌by‌‌foreign‌‌cultures‌‌and‌‌practices‌‌like‌‌Asian‌‌ religions,‌‌medicine,‌‌and‌‌cuisine.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Because‌‌of‌‌the‌‌rapid‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌culture‌‌and‌‌ideas,‌‌many‌‌observers‌‌believe‌‌globalization‌‌is‌‌ going‌‌to‌‌cause‌‌‌cultural‌‌homogenization‌‌or‌‌the‌‌convergence‌‌of‌‌cultures‌‌around‌‌the‌‌world‌‌ (Heywood‌‌2011,‌‌145).‌‌For‌‌others,‌‌however,‌‌instead‌‌of‌‌erasing‌‌cultural‌‌differences,‌‌it‌‌will‌‌only‌‌ result‌ ‌in‌ ‌greater‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌diversity‌ ‌or‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌heterogeneity‌ ‌like‌ ‌when‌ ‌people‌ ‌mix‌ ‌and‌‌ match‌‌different‌‌practices‌‌(i.e,‌‌‌hybridization‌)‌‌or‌‌customize‌‌foreign‌‌culture‌‌to‌‌suit‌‌their‌‌local‌‌ culture‌‌(i.e.,‌g ‌ localization‌)‌‌(Ryan‌‌2015,‌‌1).‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌3.‌‌‌Food‌‌businesses‌‌that‌‌aim‌‌to‌‌operate‌‌internationally‌‌must‌‌adjust‌‌to‌‌foreign‌‌culinary‌‌ tastes‌‌and‌‌religious-cultural‌‌food‌‌restrictions‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Islamic‌h ‌ alal‌s‌ tandards.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 7‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ What‌ ‌are‌ ‌the‌ ‌three‌ ‌dimensions‌ ‌of‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌and‌ ‌how‌ ‌do‌ ‌they‌‌ ‌ describe‌‌the‌‌interconnectedness‌‌of‌‌states?‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ Historical‌‌Context‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ Globalization’s‌ ‌roots‌ ‌can‌ ‌stretch‌ ‌back‌ ‌to‌ ‌as‌ ‌early‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌prehistoric‌ ‌period‌ ‌when‌ ‌nomadic‌‌ and‌‌hunter-gatherer‌‌societies‌‌contacted‌‌one‌‌another.‌‌The‌‌earliest‌‌forms‌‌of‌‌globalization‌‌can‌‌ also‌ ‌be‌ ‌seen‌ ‌in‌‌the‌‌relations‌‌between‌‌ancient‌‌human‌‌civilizations.‌‌An‌‌example‌‌is‌‌the‌‌trade‌‌ link‌‌established‌‌in‌‌the‌‌Silk‌‌Roads‌‌that‌‌allowed‌‌the‌‌exchange‌‌of‌‌goods‌‌between‌‌civilizations‌‌in‌‌ various‌ ‌parts‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌Eurasian‌ ‌continent.‌ ‌These‌ ‌early‌ ‌forms‌ ‌of‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌are‌ ‌called‌‌ archaic‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌(Martell‌ ‌2010,‌ ‌45).‌‌By‌‌the‌‌15th‌‌up‌‌to‌‌the‌‌18th‌‌centuries,‌‌colonialism‌‌ and‌‌the‌‌age‌‌of‌‌exploration‌‌would‌‌usher‌‌in‌‌an‌‌era‌‌of‌‌intensified‌‌and‌‌institutionalized‌‌trades‌‌ among‌‌the‌‌early‌‌European‌‌empires‌‌like‌‌the‌‌Portuguese,‌‌Spanish,‌‌and‌‌Dutch‌‌empires.‌‌During‌‌ this‌ ‌period,‌ ‌which‌ ‌Hopkins‌ ‌(2003,‌ ‌3)‌ ‌calls‌ ‌early‌ ‌modern‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌or‌‌ proto-globalization‌,‌ ‌these‌ ‌early‌ ‌European‌ ‌empires‌ ‌engaged‌ ‌in‌ ‌regular‌ ‌exchanges‌ ‌of‌ agricultural‌‌products‌‌like‌‌spices‌‌and‌‌tobacco,‌‌slaves,‌‌and,‌‌inadvertently,‌‌diseases.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌4.‌‌‌The‌‌Silk‌‌Roads‌‌is‌‌the‌‌key‌‌trade‌‌route‌‌responsible‌‌for‌‌much‌‌of‌‌the‌‌archaic‌‌globalization‌‌ in‌‌the‌‌Eurasian‌‌continent‌‌and‌‌some‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌Africa.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 8‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Of‌ ‌greater‌ ‌interest‌ ‌perhaps‌ ‌is‌ ‌modern‌ ‌globalization,‌ ‌which‌ ‌coincides‌‌with‌‌the‌‌worldwide‌‌ modern‌ ‌state‌ ‌system‌ ‌and‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌further‌ ‌divided‌ ‌into‌ ‌three‌ ‌waves.‌ ‌The‌ ‌first‌ ‌wave‌ ‌of‌‌ modern‌‌globalization‌‌occurred‌‌in‌‌the‌‌19th‌‌century‌‌up‌‌to‌‌1914.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌known‌‌as‌‌the‌‌era‌‌of‌‌ the‌ ‌First‌ ‌Industrial‌ ‌Revolution‌ ‌because‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌boom‌ ‌in‌ ‌manufacturing‌ ‌technology.‌ ‌The‌‌ invention‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌‌steam‌‌engine,‌‌refrigerated‌‌cargo‌‌ships,‌‌and‌‌other‌‌industrial‌‌and‌‌transport‌‌ machines‌ ‌extremely‌ ‌boosted‌ ‌the‌ ‌productivity‌ ‌of‌ ‌states‌ ‌and‌ ‌enhanced‌ ‌their‌ ‌capability‌ ‌for‌‌ international‌ ‌trade.‌ ‌By‌ ‌1914,‌ ‌just‌ ‌before‌ ‌the‌ ‌onset‌ ‌of‌ ‌World‌ ‌War‌‌I,‌‌the‌‌share‌‌of‌‌exports‌‌in‌‌ global‌ ‌gross‌ ‌domestic‌ ‌product‌ ‌(GDP)‌ ‌would‌ ‌rise‌ ‌to‌ ‌14%‌ ‌from‌‌6%‌‌in‌‌the‌‌early‌‌19th‌‌century‌‌ (Vanham‌‌2019).‌‌This‌‌first‌‌golden‌‌age‌‌of‌‌trade‌‌was‌‌interrupted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌outbreak‌‌of‌‌World‌‌War‌‌ I‌‌in‌‌1914,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌World‌‌War‌‌II‌‌in‌‌1939.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌5.‌‌‌The‌‌spinning‌‌jenny,‌‌used‌‌to‌‌process‌‌textile,‌‌was‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌most‌‌useful‌‌ manufacturing‌‌technologies‌‌invented‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution.‌‌ ‌ ‌ The‌ ‌end‌‌of‌‌World‌‌War‌‌II‌‌was‌‌a‌‌new‌‌beginning‌‌for‌‌globalization.‌‌Wary‌‌of‌‌another‌‌world‌‌war‌‌ and‌‌eager‌‌to‌‌rehabilitate‌‌the‌‌war-torn‌‌economic‌‌environment,‌‌Western‌‌countries‌‌under‌‌the‌‌ leadership‌ ‌of‌ ‌a‌ ‌new‌ ‌world‌ ‌leader—the‌ ‌United‌ ‌States—would‌ ‌establish‌ ‌a‌ ‌series‌ ‌of‌‌ institutions‌ ‌that‌ ‌enabled‌ ‌global‌ ‌political‌ ‌and‌ ‌economic‌ ‌cooperation.‌ ‌Under‌ ‌this‌ ‌second‌‌ wave‌ ‌of‌ ‌modern‌ ‌globalization‌,‌ ‌intergovernmental‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌such‌ ‌as‌ ‌the‌ ‌UN,‌ ‌the‌‌ International‌ ‌Monetary‌ ‌Fund‌ ‌(IMF),‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌International‌ ‌Bank‌ ‌for‌ ‌Reconstruction‌ ‌and‌‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 9‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Development‌ ‌[which‌ ‌would‌ ‌later‌ ‌become‌ ‌the‌ ‌World‌ ‌Bank‌ ‌(WB)]‌ ‌were‌ ‌formed‌ ‌to‌ ‌establish‌‌ formal‌‌rules‌‌on‌‌trade,‌‌investment,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌currencies‌‌of‌‌countries‌‌(Vanham‌‌2019).‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌6.‌‌‌Former‌‌US‌‌President‌‌Franklin‌‌Roosevelt‌‌and‌‌his‌‌wife‌‌Eleanor‌‌Roosevelt.‌‌The‌‌former‌‌ president‌‌was‌‌a‌‌key‌‌initiator‌‌for‌‌the‌‌foundation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌UN,‌‌while‌‌his‌‌wife‌‌was‌‌the‌‌ chairperson‌‌in‌‌drafting‌‌the‌‌Universal‌‌Declaration‌‌of‌‌Human‌‌Rights‌‌adopted‌‌by‌‌the‌‌UN.‌ ‌ ‌ Lastly,‌‌by‌‌the‌‌end‌‌of‌‌the‌‌21st‌‌century,‌‌the‌‌‌third‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌modern‌‌globalization‌,‌‌marked‌‌by‌‌ the‌‌collapse‌‌of‌‌communism‌‌and‌‌the‌‌rise‌‌of‌‌the‌‌World‌‌Wide‌‌Web,‌‌would‌‌again‌‌be‌‌facilitated‌‌ by‌ ‌the‌ ‌United‌ ‌States.‌ ‌Also‌ ‌called‌ ‌as‌ ‌neoliberal‌ ‌globalization,‌ ‌this‌ ‌period‌ ‌was‌ ‌marked‌ ‌by‌‌ aggressive‌ ‌deregulation‌ ‌of‌ ‌economies,‌ ‌which‌ ‌meant‌ ‌many‌ ‌states‌ ‌trimmed‌ ‌government‌‌ control‌‌over‌‌their‌‌national‌‌economies‌‌and‌‌subjected‌‌the‌‌latter‌‌to‌‌intense‌‌international‌‌trade‌‌ and‌ ‌competition.‌ ‌In‌ ‌this‌ ‌system,‌ ‌which‌ ‌Heywood‌ ‌(2013,‌ ‌145)‌ ‌quips‌ ‌as‌ ‌“1990s‌‌ turbo-capitalism,”‌ ‌many‌ ‌states‌ ‌engaged‌ ‌in‌ ‌free‌ ‌trade,‌ ‌flexible‌ ‌exchange‌ ‌rates,‌ ‌and‌ privatization‌‌guided‌‌by‌‌the‌‌IMF‌‌and‌‌the‌‌WB.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Today,‌ ‌neoliberal‌‌globalization‌‌is‌‌still‌‌widely‌‌in‌‌effect‌‌as‌‌most‌‌states‌‌in‌‌the‌‌world‌‌engage‌‌in‌‌ free‌ ‌trade‌ ‌under‌ ‌the‌ ‌rules‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌IMF,‌ ‌WB,‌ ‌and‌ ‌several‌ ‌other‌ ‌global‌ ‌financial‌ ‌institutions.‌‌ IGOs,‌‌regional‌‌organizations,‌‌and‌‌INGOs‌‌likewise‌‌continue‌‌to‌‌multiply.‌‌For‌‌some‌‌observers,‌‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 10‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ however,‌ ‌the‌ ‌rise‌ ‌of‌ ‌new‌ ‌digital‌ ‌and‌ ‌commercial‌ ‌technologies‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌2010s‌ ‌is‌ ‌ushering‌ ‌a‌‌ “fourth”‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌an‌‌even‌‌more‌‌fast-paced‌‌globalization‌‌(Roylance‌‌2019).‌‌ ‌ ‌ Check‌‌Your‌‌Progress‌ ‌ How‌‌did‌‌each‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌globalization‌‌emerge?‌ ‌ ‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ______________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Impact‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌‌on‌‌States‌‌and‌‌Nations‌ ‌ Many‌‌people‌‌believe‌‌that‌‌the‌‌integration‌‌of‌‌the‌‌politics,‌‌economies,‌‌and‌‌cultures‌‌of‌‌states‌‌is‌‌ only‌‌a‌‌matter‌‌of‌‌time.‌‌While‌‌globalization‌‌has‌‌benefited‌‌states,‌‌it‌‌has‌‌also‌‌given‌‌birth‌‌to‌‌new‌‌ and‌‌much‌‌more‌‌complex‌‌political‌‌problems‌‌for‌‌states.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Economically,‌‌many‌‌people‌‌are‌‌not‌‌convinced‌‌that‌‌globalization‌‌is‌‌bringing‌‌equal‌‌benefits‌‌to‌‌ every‌ ‌state.‌ ‌Far‌ ‌from‌ ‌spreading‌ ‌prosperity,‌ ‌the‌ ‌sociologist‌ ‌Immanuel‌ ‌Wallerstein‌ ‌believes‌‌ that‌‌globalization‌‌has‌‌created‌‌a‌‌system‌‌of‌‌global‌‌dependency‌‌that‌‌allows‌‌richer‌‌countries‌‌to‌‌ exploit‌ ‌developing‌ ‌countries.‌ ‌In‌ ‌his‌ ‌world‌ ‌systems‌ ‌theory‌,‌ ‌Wallerstein‌ ‌argues‌ ‌that‌ ‌poor‌‌ countries‌‌or‌‌‌peripheral‌‌nations‌‌have‌‌been‌‌stuck‌‌on‌‌providing‌‌cheap‌‌resources‌‌(e.g.,‌‌labor‌‌ and‌‌raw‌‌materials)‌‌to‌‌richer‌‌countries‌‌or‌c ‌ ore‌‌nations‌.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 11‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌7.‌‌‌In‌‌Wallerstein’s‌‌world‌‌systems‌‌theory,‌‌the‌‌“semi-peripheral‌‌countries”‌‌(in‌‌purple)‌‌do‌‌ the‌‌intermediate‌‌manufacturing‌‌stages‌‌for‌‌core‌‌nations’‌‌products.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Transnational‌‌companies‌‌will‌‌in‌‌turn‌‌sell‌‌their‌‌finished‌‌products‌‌to‌‌richer‌‌countries,‌‌without‌‌ poor‌ ‌countries‌ ‌benefiting‌ ‌from‌ ‌this‌ ‌(Martinez-Vela‌ ‌2001,‌ ‌4).‌ ‌For‌ ‌Wallerstein,‌ ‌this‌ ‌system‌‌ exploits‌ ‌poor‌ ‌countries‌ ‌as‌ ‌they‌ ‌are‌ ‌drained‌ ‌of‌ ‌resources‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌ ‌profits‌‌of‌‌their‌‌products‌‌ that‌ ‌can‌ ‌be‌ ‌used‌ ‌to‌ ‌invest‌ ‌in‌ ‌their‌ ‌manufacturing‌ ‌industries‌ ‌(Martinez-Vela‌ ‌2001,‌ ‌4).‌ ‌In‌‌ addition,‌ ‌the‌ ‌system‌ ‌of‌ ‌outsourcing‌ ‌manufacturing‌ ‌stages‌ ‌has‌ ‌enabled‌ ‌richer‌‌countries‌‌to‌‌ exploit‌ ‌poor‌ ‌states‌ ‌with‌ ‌loose‌ ‌labor‌ ‌and‌ ‌environmental‌ ‌laws,‌ ‌resulting‌ ‌in‌ ‌child‌ ‌labor,‌‌ environmental‌‌destruction,‌‌and‌‌other‌‌issues‌‌in‌‌poorer‌‌states.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Politically,‌ ‌many‌ ‌people‌ ‌are‌ ‌not‌ ‌convinced‌ ‌on‌ ‌the‌ ‌effectiveness‌ ‌of‌ ‌IGOs‌ ‌and‌ ‌other‌ ‌global‌‌ institutions.‌‌Many,‌‌for‌‌example,‌‌see‌‌how‌‌IGOs‌‌can‌‌be‌‌“politicized”‌‌and‌‌serve‌‌the‌‌interest‌‌of‌‌ not‌‌all‌‌but‌‌a‌‌few‌‌states.‌‌In‌‌the‌‌ongoing‌‌COVID-19‌‌pandemic,‌‌for‌‌example,‌‌the‌‌WHO‌‌has‌‌been‌‌ criticized‌‌for‌‌allegedly‌‌ignoring‌‌Taiwan’s‌‌early‌‌warning‌‌about‌‌the‌‌coronavirus‌‌and‌‌excluding‌‌ it‌ ‌in‌ ‌deliberations.‌ ‌This‌ ‌is‌ ‌largely‌ ‌because‌ ‌the‌‌WHO‌‌considers‌‌Taiwan‌‌as‌‌part‌‌of‌‌China,‌‌the‌‌ latter‌ ‌being‌ ‌one‌ ‌of‌ ‌its‌ ‌largest‌ ‌contributors‌ ‌(BBC‌‌News,‌‌2020).‌‌In‌‌addition,‌‌many‌‌argue‌‌that‌‌ these‌ ‌global‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌fail‌ ‌to‌ ‌hold‌ ‌powerful‌ ‌states‌ ‌accountable‌ ‌or‌ ‌force‌ ‌them‌ ‌to‌ ‌act‌ ‌on‌‌ very‌‌important‌‌global‌‌issues‌‌that‌‌do‌‌not‌‌serve‌‌their‌‌interests.‌‌For‌‌example,‌‌the‌‌UN,‌‌which‌‌is‌‌ supposed‌ ‌to‌ ‌prevent‌ ‌mass‌ ‌atrocities,‌ ‌failed‌ ‌to‌ ‌sanction‌‌and‌‌hold‌‌the‌‌United‌‌States‌‌and‌‌its‌‌ allies‌ ‌accountable‌ ‌when‌ ‌the‌ ‌latter‌‌launched‌‌a‌‌preemptive‌‌war‌‌on‌‌Iraq‌‌(MacAskill‌‌&‌‌Borger,‌‌ 2004).‌ ‌Likewise,‌ ‌some‌ ‌powerful‌ ‌states‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌UN‌ ‌Security‌ ‌Council‌ ‌have‌ ‌used‌ ‌their‌ ‌veto‌‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 12‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ powers‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌power‌ ‌to‌ ‌prevent‌ ‌a‌ ‌joint‌ ‌decision)‌ ‌to‌ ‌block‌ ‌important‌ ‌resolutions‌ ‌whenever‌‌ these‌‌do‌‌not‌‌suit‌‌their‌‌geopolitical‌‌interests.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Fig.‌‌8.‌‌‌Many‌‌important‌‌UN‌‌resolutions‌‌and‌‌plans‌‌regarding‌‌mass‌‌atrocities,‌‌like‌‌the‌‌Syrian‌‌ war,‌‌have‌‌been‌‌killed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌veto‌‌of‌‌some‌‌powerful‌‌states.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Lastly,‌ ‌many‌ ‌culturally‌ ‌view‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌as‌ ‌nothing‌ ‌more‌ ‌than‌ ‌the‌ ‌Americanization‌ ‌or‌‌ Westernization‌‌of‌‌other‌‌states.‌‌Marxists,‌‌for‌‌example,‌‌dismiss‌‌the‌‌cultural‌‌exchanges‌‌from‌‌ globalization‌ ‌as‌ ‌nothing‌ ‌but‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌imperialism‌ ‌(i.e.,‌ ‌the‌ ‌displacement‌ ‌of‌ ‌indigenous‌‌ culture‌ ‌by‌ ‌foreign‌ ‌culture‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌purpose‌ ‌of‌ ‌political‌ ‌domination)‌ ‌to‌ ‌enable‌ ‌capitalist‌‌ nations‌ ‌to‌ ‌penetrate‌ ‌local‌ ‌cultures‌ ‌and‌ ‌find‌ ‌markets‌ ‌for‌ ‌their‌ ‌goods.‌ ‌Meanwhile,‌ ‌Barber‌‌ (2003)‌ ‌criticizes‌‌the‌‌globalized‌‌world‌‌as‌‌nothing‌‌but‌‌a‌‌“McWorld,”‌‌referencing‌‌how‌‌Western‌‌ consumerism‌‌and‌‌materialism‌‌have‌‌subjugated‌‌local‌‌cultures,‌‌all‌‌for‌‌the‌‌benefit‌‌of‌‌Western‌‌ nations‌‌and‌‌to‌‌the‌‌detriment‌‌of‌‌poorer‌‌nations.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 13‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ ‌Wrap-Up‌ ‌ _____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ Globalization‌‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌development‌‌of‌‌a‌‌complex‌‌web‌‌of‌‌interconnectedness‌ among‌ ‌states.‌ ‌An‌ ‌implication‌ ‌of‌ ‌this‌ ‌is‌ ‌that‌ ‌our‌ ‌lives‌ ‌are‌ ‌increasingly‌ ‌getting‌‌ shaped‌‌by‌‌events‌‌that‌‌occur‌‌and‌‌decisions‌‌that‌‌are‌‌made‌‌at‌‌a‌‌great‌‌distance‌‌from‌‌ us.‌‌ ‌ Globalization‌‌has‌‌three‌‌dimensions:‌‌‌economic‌‌‌(the‌‌development‌‌of‌‌a‌‌single‌‌global‌‌ economy);‌ ‌political‌ ‌(the‌ ‌rise‌ ‌of‌ ‌IGOs,‌ ‌regional‌ ‌organizations,‌ ‌and‌ ‌INGOs);‌ ‌and‌‌ cultural‌‌‌(the‌‌rapid‌‌exchanges‌‌of‌‌ideas‌‌and‌‌products‌‌across‌‌countries).‌‌ ‌ The‌ ‌interconnectedness‌ ‌of‌ ‌different‌ ‌societies‌ ‌is‌ ‌as‌ ‌old‌ ‌as‌ ‌history‌ ‌itself.‌ ‌Modern‌‌ globalization‌,‌ ‌however,‌ ‌rose‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ ‌development‌ ‌of‌‌the‌‌modern‌‌state‌‌system.‌‌ The‌ ‌first‌ ‌wave‌ ‌occurred‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌Industrial‌ ‌Revolution,‌ ‌the‌ ‌second‌ ‌wave‌‌ happened‌‌after‌‌the‌‌two‌‌world‌‌wars,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌‌third‌‌wave‌‌occurred‌‌toward‌‌the‌‌end‌‌ of‌‌the‌‌20th‌‌century.‌‌ ‌ Globalization‌‌has‌‌benefited‌‌states‌‌but‌‌has‌‌created‌‌new‌‌problems‌‌for‌‌them.‌‌Many‌‌ argue‌‌that‌‌it‌‌has‌‌merely‌‌reinforced‌‌global‌‌economic‌‌and‌‌political‌‌inequality.‌ ‌ _____________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 14‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Try‌‌This!‌ ‌ A. Identification.‌‌Choose‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌answer‌‌from‌‌the‌‌word‌‌bank‌‌and‌‌write‌‌it‌‌on‌‌the‌‌blank‌‌ provided‌‌before‌‌each‌‌number.‌ ‌ ‌ international‌‌ second‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌ non-governmental‌‌ regional‌‌organization‌ ‌ globalization‌ ‌ organizations‌ ‌ supraterritoriality‌ ‌ First‌‌Industrial‌‌Revolution‌ ‌ peripheral‌‌nations‌ ‌ international‌‌trade‌ ‌ cultural‌‌imperialism‌ ‌ archaic‌‌globalization‌ ‌ intergovernmental‌‌ core‌‌nations‌ ‌ third‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌globalization‌ ‌ organizations‌ ‌ ‌ ________________‌ 1. This‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌international‌ ‌institutions‌ ‌that‌ ‌allow‌ ‌various‌‌ governments‌‌to‌‌collectively‌‌decide‌‌and‌‌act‌‌on‌‌issues.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 2. This‌ ‌phase‌ ‌of‌ ‌globalization‌‌occurred‌‌right‌‌after‌‌World‌‌War‌‌II‌‌to‌‌ foster‌‌international‌‌peace‌‌and‌‌cooperation.‌ ‌ ________________‌ 3. This‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌exchange‌ ‌of‌ ‌goods‌ ‌and‌ ‌products‌ ‌among‌‌ states.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 4. This‌ ‌period‌ ‌of‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌was‌ ‌marked‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌adoption‌ ‌of‌‌ neoliberal‌‌and‌‌pro-free‌‌market‌‌economic‌‌politics‌‌by‌‌states.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 5. This‌‌historical‌‌event‌‌fuelled‌‌the‌‌first‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌globalization.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 6. This‌ ‌concept‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌how‌ ‌territorial‌ ‌borders‌ ‌of‌ ‌states‌ ‌are‌‌ becoming‌ ‌irrelevant‌ ‌as‌ ‌our‌ ‌lives‌ ‌have‌ ‌become‌ ‌tied‌ ‌to‌ ‌those‌‌ from‌‌other‌‌societies.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 15‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ ________________‌ 7. For‌ ‌Wallerstein,‌ ‌rich‌ ‌nations‌ ‌exploit‌ ‌these‌ ‌nations‌ ‌to‌ ‌produce‌‌ their‌‌manufactured‌‌goods.‌ ‌ ‌ ________________‌ 8. These‌‌organizations‌‌are‌‌composed‌‌of‌‌citizens‌‌around‌‌the‌‌world‌‌ that‌‌push‌‌for‌‌shared‌‌advocacies.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 9. This‌ ‌occurs‌ ‌when‌ ‌the‌ ‌indigenous‌ ‌cultures‌ ‌of‌ ‌nations‌ ‌are‌‌ displaced‌ ‌by‌ ‌foreign‌ ‌culture‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌ ‌purposes‌ ‌of‌ ‌political‌‌ domination.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 10. These‌ ‌organizations‌ ‌are‌ ‌formed‌ ‌by‌ ‌states‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌same‌‌ geographical‌‌proximity‌‌for‌‌mutual‌‌prosperity‌‌and‌‌development.‌‌ ‌ B.‌ ‌Fill‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Blanks.‌ ‌Choose‌ ‌the‌‌correct‌‌word‌‌from‌‌the‌‌given‌‌options‌‌to‌‌fill‌‌in‌‌the‌‌blanks.‌‌ Write‌‌your‌‌answer‌‌on‌‌the‌‌space‌‌provided‌‌before‌‌each‌‌number.‌ ‌ ‌ ________________‌ 1. The‌ ‌early‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌during‌ ‌the‌ ‌age‌ ‌of‌ ‌exploration‌ ‌and‌‌ colonialism‌ ‌(15th–18th‌ ‌century)‌ ‌is‌ ‌also‌ ‌known‌ ‌as‌‌____________‌‌ (archaic‌‌globalization,‌‌proto-globalization).‌ ‌ ________________‌ 2. ________________‌‌(Hybridization,‌‌Glocalization)‌‌occurs‌‌whenever‌‌ cultures‌ ‌modify‌ ‌foreign‌ ‌cultural‌ ‌practices‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌practice‌‌ them‌‌in‌‌a‌‌way‌‌that‌‌suits‌‌their‌‌local‌‌cultures.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 3. The‌ ‌convergence‌ ‌of‌ ‌cultures‌ ‌around‌ ‌the‌ ‌world‌ ‌and‌ ‌the‌‌ diminishing‌ ‌of‌ ‌their‌ ‌differences‌ ‌result‌ ‌in‌ ‌________________‌‌ (cultural‌‌heterogeneity,‌‌cultural‌‌homogeneity).‌ ‌ ‌ ________________‌ 4. When‌ ‌companies‌ ‌_______________‌ ‌(outsource,‌ ‌trade),‌ ‌they‌‌ choose‌ ‌to‌ ‌have‌ ‌some‌ ‌of‌ ‌their‌ ‌manufacturing‌ ‌stages‌ ‌done‌‌ abroad,‌‌often‌‌by‌‌foreign‌‌laborers‌‌and‌‌with‌‌foreign‌‌resources.‌‌ ‌ ________________‌ 5. Post-war‌ ‌rehabilitation‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌major‌ ‌motivation‌ ‌for‌ ‌the‌‌ __________________‌‌(first,‌‌second,‌‌third)‌‌wave‌‌of‌‌globalization.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 16‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Challenge‌‌Yourself‌ ‌ Answer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌questions‌‌in‌‌three‌‌to‌‌five‌‌sentences.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Do‌‌poorer‌‌states‌‌really‌‌benefit‌‌less‌‌from‌‌globalization?‌‌Why‌‌or‌‌why‌‌not?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Does‌ ‌globalization‌ ‌diminish‌ ‌the‌ ‌sovereignty‌ ‌of‌ ‌states‌ ‌over‌ ‌their‌ ‌territories?‌ ‌Why‌ ‌or‌‌ why‌‌not?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 3. How‌‌has‌‌globalization‌‌affected‌‌the‌‌lives‌‌of‌‌Filipinos,‌‌including‌‌you?‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 17‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌Rubric‌‌for‌‌Grading‌ ‌ The‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌below‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌suggested‌ ‌one.‌ ‌Your‌ ‌teacher‌ ‌may‌ ‌modify‌ ‌the‌ ‌rubric‌ ‌based‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌‌ needs.‌‌Consult‌‌your‌‌teacher‌‌for‌‌the‌‌final‌‌rubric.‌ ‌ ‌ Performance‌L ‌ evels‌ ‌ Suggested‌‌ Criteria‌ ‌ 1‌ ‌ 2‌ ‌ 3‌ ‌ Score‌ ‌ Weight‌ ‌ Beginning‌‌ Proficient‌ ‌ Advanced‌‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ Proficiency‌ ‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌clear‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌are‌‌ Content‌ ‌ ‌ unclear‌‌and‌‌ but‌‌barely‌‌sufficient;‌‌ clear‌‌and‌‌sufficient;‌ ‌ insufficient;‌‌there‌‌are‌‌ there‌‌are‌‌minor‌‌flaws‌‌ the‌‌argumentations‌‌ ×‌‌3‌ ‌ major‌‌flaws‌‌in‌‌the‌‌ in‌‌the‌‌ are‌‌excellent.‌ ‌ argumentations.‌ ‌ argumentations.‌ ‌ The‌‌answers‌‌do‌‌not‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌flow‌‌ The‌‌answers‌‌flow‌‌ Organization‌ ‌ ‌ flow‌‌logically‌‌and‌‌ logically,‌‌but‌‌their‌‌ logically‌‌and‌‌their‌‌ ×‌‌2‌ ‌ their‌‌parts‌‌are‌‌not‌‌ parts‌‌are‌‌not‌‌clearly‌‌ parts‌‌are‌‌clearly‌‌ clearly‌‌structured.‌‌ ‌ structured.‌‌ ‌ structured.‌ ‌ There‌‌are‌‌many‌‌major‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌minor‌‌ There‌‌are‌‌virtually‌‌ Mechanics/‌ ‌ ‌ errors‌‌in‌‌sentence‌‌ errors‌‌in‌‌sentence‌‌ no‌‌errors‌‌in‌‌ Language‌‌Use‌ ‌ construction,‌‌ construction,‌‌ sentence‌‌ ×‌‌1‌ ‌ grammar,‌‌or‌‌spelling.‌‌ ‌ grammar,‌‌or‌‌spelling.‌‌ ‌ construction,‌‌ grammar,‌‌or‌‌ spelling.‌‌ ‌ Total‌‌Possible‌‌Score‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 18‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Reflect‌‌on‌‌This‌ ‌ Answer‌‌the‌‌following‌‌questions‌‌briefly.‌ ‌ ‌ 1. Does‌‌globalization‌‌make‌‌a‌‌“future‌‌without‌‌countries”‌‌possible?‌‌What‌‌are‌‌the‌‌benefits‌‌ and‌ ‌drawbacks‌ ‌of‌ ‌abandoning‌ ‌the‌ ‌state‌ ‌system‌ ‌in‌ ‌favor‌ ‌of‌ ‌one‌ ‌big‌ ‌universal‌‌ government‌‌governing‌‌all‌‌people?‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 2. Do‌‌you‌‌believe‌‌that‌‌globalization‌‌is‌‌nothing‌‌but‌‌the‌‌“Westernization”‌‌of‌‌non-Western‌‌ societies?‌‌Why‌‌or‌‌why‌‌not?‌‌ ‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ________________________________________________________________________________________‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 19‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Photo‌‌Credits‌ ‌ Old‌‌key‌‌chain‌‌in‌‌the‌‌shape‌‌of‌‌a‌‌small‌‌Earth‌‌globe‌‌by‌‌‌Horia‌‌Varlan‌‌is‌‌licensed‌‌under‌‌‌CC‌‌BY‌‌2.0‌‌ via‌fl ‌ ickr‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Silk‌‌Route‌‌extant‌‌‌by‌W ‌ ikiality123‌‌‌is‌‌licensed‌‌under‌C ‌ C‌‌BY-SA‌‌3.0‌‌‌via‌W ‌ ikimedia‌‌Commons‌.‌ ‌ ‌ 20160628-OSEC-LSC-0450‌ ‌by‌ ‌USDAgov‌ ‌is‌ ‌marked‌ ‌with‌ ‌CC‌ ‌PDM‌ ‌1.0‌ ‌via‌ ‌Creative‌‌ Commons.org‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Textiles:‌ ‌a‌ ‌spinning‌ ‌jenny.‌ ‌Engraving‌ ‌by‌ ‌W.‌ ‌Lowry,‌‌1811‌‌by‌‌Longman,‌‌Hurst,‌‌Rees,‌‌Orme‌‌&‌‌ Brown‌‌is‌‌licensed‌‌under‌C ‌ C‌‌BY‌‌4.0‌‌‌via‌W ‌ ellcome‌‌Collection‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Eleanor-Franklin-Roosevelt-August-1932‌ ‌by‌ ‌FDR‌ ‌Presidential‌ ‌Library‌ ‌&‌ ‌Museum‌ ‌is‌ ‌licensed‌‌ under‌C ‌ C‌‌BY‌‌2.0‌‌‌via‌W ‌ ikimedia‌‌Commons‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Azaz,‌‌Syria‌‌‌by‌C ‌ hristiaan‌‌Triebert‌‌‌is‌‌licensed‌‌under‌C ‌ C‌‌BY‌‌2.0‌‌‌via‌W ‌ ikimedia‌‌Commons‌.‌ ‌ ‌ Bibliography‌ ‌ Barber,‌‌Benjamin.‌J‌ihad‌‌vs‌‌McWorld‌.‌‌London:‌‌Corgi‌‌Books,‌‌2003.‌‌ ‌ ‌ BBC‌ ‌News.‌ ‌Why‌ ‌Taiwan‌ ‌has‌ ‌become‌ ‌a‌ ‌problem‌ ‌for‌ ‌WHO‌.‌ ‌March‌ ‌30,‌ ‌3030.‌ ‌https://www.bbc.‌‌ com/news/world-asia-52088167‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Heywood,‌‌Andrew.‌G ‌ lobal‌‌Politics‌.‌‌London:‌‌Palgrave‌‌Macmillan,‌‌2011.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Heywood,‌‌Andrew.‌P ‌ olitics,‌‌4th‌‌Edition‌.‌‌London:‌‌Palgrave‌‌Macmillan,‌‌2013.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Hopkins,‌ ‌Antony‌ ‌Gerald‌ ‌(editor).‌ ‌Globalization‌ ‌in‌ ‌World‌ ‌History‌.‌ ‌New‌ ‌York:‌ ‌W.‌ ‌W.‌ ‌Norton‌ ‌&‌‌ Company,‌‌2003.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 20‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Kabin,‌ ‌Benjamin.‌ ‌“Apple’s‌‌iPhone:‌‌Designed‌‌in‌‌California‌‌But‌‌Manufactured‌‌Fast‌‌All‌‌Around‌‌ the‌ ‌World‌ ‌(Infographic).”‌ ‌Entrepreneur‌.‌ ‌September‌ ‌13,‌ ‌2013.‌ ‌https://www.‌‌ entrepreneur.com/article/228315‌.‌ ‌ ‌ MacAskill,‌ ‌Ewen‌ ‌&‌ ‌Julian‌ ‌Borger.‌ ‌“Iraq‌ ‌War‌ ‌was‌ ‌illegal‌ ‌and‌ ‌breached‌ ‌UN‌ ‌charter,‌ ‌says‌‌ Annan.”‌ ‌The‌ ‌Guardian‌.‌ ‌September‌ ‌16,‌ ‌2004.‌ ‌https://www.theguardian.com/world/‌‌ 2004/sep/16/iraq.iraq‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Martell,‌‌Luke.‌T‌ he‌‌Sociology‌‌of‌‌Globalization‌.‌‌Bristol:‌‌Policy‌‌Press,‌‌2010.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Martinez-Vela,‌ ‌Carlos.‌ ‌World‌ ‌Systems‌ ‌Theory‌.‌ ‌Fall,‌ ‌2001.‌ ‌https://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/‌‌ notebook/WorldSystem.pdf‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Mercurio,‌ ‌Richmond.‌ ‌“Philippines‌ ‌remains‌ ‌world’s‌ ‌call‌ ‌center‌ ‌capital‌ ‌—‌ ‌CCAP.”‌ ‌Philippine‌‌ Star‌.‌ ‌May‌ ‌31,‌ ‌2018.‌ ‌https://www.philstar.com/business/2018/05/31/1820097/‌‌ philippines-remains-worlds-call-center-capital-ccap‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Ohmae,‌ ‌Kenichi.‌ ‌Borderless‌ ‌World:‌ ‌Power‌ ‌and‌ ‌Strategy‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌Interlinked‌ ‌Economy‌.‌ ‌London:‌‌ Harper‌‌Collins,‌‌1989.‌‌ ‌ ‌ RItzer,‌‌George.‌T‌ he‌‌McDonaldization‌‌of‌‌Society‌.‌‌California:‌‌Pine‌‌Forge‌‌Press,‌‌2000.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Roylance,‌‌Winona.‌‌“Davos‌‌was‌‌all‌‌about‌‌globalization‌‌4.0,‌‌so‌‌what‌‌does‌‌it‌‌mean?”‌‌‌Diplomatic‌ Courier‌.‌ ‌March‌ ‌13,‌ ‌2019.‌ ‌https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/davos-was-all-‌‌ about-globalization-4-0-so-what-does-it-mean#:~:text=With%20digital%20technologi‌ es%20continuously%20disrupting,structures%E2%80%94may%20be%20upon%20us‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Ryan,‌‌J.‌‌Michael.‌‌“Homogenization‌‌and‌‌Heterogenization.”‌‌In‌‌‌The‌‌Wiley‌‌Blackwell‌‌Encyclopedia‌‌ of‌ ‌Consumption‌ ‌and‌ ‌Consumer‌ ‌Studies,‌‌‌edited‌‌by‌‌Daniel‌‌Thomas‌‌Cook‌‌and‌‌J.‌‌Michael‌‌ Ryan,‌‌1-2.‌‌New‌‌Jersey:‌‌John‌‌Wiley‌‌and‌‌Sons,‌‌Ltd.,‌‌2015.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Scholte,‌‌Jan‌‌Aart.‌‌‌Globalization:‌‌A‌‌Critical‌‌Introduction,‌‌2nd‌‌edition‌.‌‌Basingstoke‌‌and‌‌New‌‌York:‌‌ Palgrave‌‌Macmillan,‌‌2005.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 21‌ ‌  ‌ Unit‌‌4:‌‌States,‌‌Nations,‌‌and‌‌Globalization‌ ‌ ‌ Vanham,‌ ‌Peter.‌ ‌“A‌ ‌brief‌ ‌history‌ ‌of‌ ‌globalization.”‌ ‌World‌ ‌Economic‌ ‌Forum‌.‌ ‌January‌ ‌17,‌ ‌2019.‌‌ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-histor‌ y-of-globalization/‌.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4.2.‌G ‌ lobalization‌‌ ‌ 22‌ ‌