Counseling Theories and Approaches - Chapter IV - PDF

COUNSELING THEORIES AND APPROACHES, AND TCMP PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS CHAPTER IV  GROUP IV BL FAITH M BALAGTAS EUCKRINE FAIR GALVE CHRISTINE M SASOTA BEA FILLARTOS EDNALYN ANDALLON  COUNSELING THEORIES AND APPROACHES THERE ARE SIX MAJOR THEORETICAL...

COUNSELING THEORIES AND APPROACHES, AND TCMP PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS CHAPTER IV  GROUP IV BL FAITH M BALAGTAS EUCKRINE FAIR GALVE CHRISTINE M SASOTA BEA FILLARTOS EDNALYN ANDALLON  COUNSELING THEORIES AND APPROACHES THERE ARE SIX MAJOR THEORETICAL CATEGORIES THEY ARE:  1. HUMANISTICS THEORIES -It holds that people have within themselves all the resources they need to live healthy and functional lives, and that problems occur as a result of restricted or unavailable problem solving resources. -HUMANISTICS THERAPISTS care the most about the present and helping their clients achieve their highest potential. Instead of energy spent on the past or on negative behaviors, humanists believe in the goodness of all people and emphasize a persons self growth and self actualization. This category includes:  CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPHY -It is also known as Person-centered therapy or Rogerian therapy. it is non directive form of talk therapy. -In this approach the client acts as an equal partner in the therapy process while the therapist remain under active meaning they don't pass judgment on your feelings or offer suggestions or solutions. -The therapist strive to create the condition needed for their clients to change this involves a therapeutic environment that is conformable non judgmental and empathetic  EXISTENTIAL THERAPY -It focuses on free will self determination and the search for meaning often centering on the person rather than on the symptom. The approach emphasizes the client's capacity to make rational choices and develop to his or her maximum potential. -It aims to aid clients in accepting and overcoming the existential fear inherent in being human such as Freedom and Responsibility, Death, Isolation, and meaninglessness. -Existential therapist help clients find meaning in their lives by focusing on free will self determination and responsibility  GESTALT THERAPY -Form of psychotherapy that is centered on increasing a person's awareness freedom and self direction. It focuses on the present moment rather than past experiences it is based on the idea that people are influenced by their present environment. -The word Gestalt is a German term that generally means “whole” of “form”. It is an idea that views every individual as a blend of the mind, emotions, body and soul with unique experiences and realities. - The Gestalt therapist understands that no one can be fully objective and that all persons are influenced by their own environment and experiences. A therapist trained in gestalt therapy holds space for their clients to share their truth, not imposing their judgment and accepting the truth of their clients experiences.  2. COGNITIVE APPROACH This counseling theory focuses on how peoples thinking can change feelings and behavior. It is brief in nature and oriented toward problem solving. It holds that people experience psychological and emotional difficulties when their thinking is out of sync with reality. When this distorted or “faulty” thinking is applied to problem solving, the result is understandably leads to faulty solutions. Cognitive Counselors work to challenge their clients faulty thinking patterns so clients are able to derive solutions that accurately address the problems they are experiencing. This category includes:  COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY -It teaches people different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to situations to help you feel less anxious and fearful. -It helps person to become aware of ways of thinking that may be automatic but are inaccurate and harmful (for example someone whom has low opinion of their abilities). The therapist helps the person find ways to question these thoughts, understand how they affect emotions and behavior, and change self defeating patterns.  REALITY THERAPY Reality Therapy is a form of counseling that views behaviors as choices. It states that psychological symptoms occur not because of mental health condition, but due to people choosing behaviors to fulfill their needs. A Reality therapist goal is to help people accept responsibility for these behaviors and choose more desirable actions that enable them to connect with others.  ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPHY -It is a type of mindful psychotherapy that helps a person to stay focused on the present moment and accept thoughts and feelings without judgment. It aims to help the client to move forward through difficult emotions so he/she can put their energy into healing instead of dwelling on the negative. ACT Therapist operate under theory that suggest that increasing acceptance can lead to increased psychological flexibility. -The goal of ACT is to reduce your struggle to control or eliminate these experiences while simultaneously increasing your involvement in meaningful life activities.  3. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH IT Is also known as the Historical perspective and has its roots with Sigmud Frued , who believed there were unconscious forces that drive behavior. The techniques he developed such as free association, dream analysis and transference. Psychoanalytic Counselors strive to help their clients become aware of these unconscious working models so that their negative influence can be understood and addressed. This category includes:  ADLERIAN THERAPY -It is known as Individual therapy, emphasizes the individual ability to bring about positive change in his or her own life. -Adlerian therapy consist of four stages: ENGAGEMENT, ASSESSMENT, INSIGHT, AND REORIENTATION.  OBJECT RELATIONS THERAPY -It is centered on persons internal relationships with others. The lifelong relationship skills of a person are strongly rooted in his/her early attachments with parents, especially his/her mother. Object refer to people or physical items that come to symbolically represent either a person or part of a person.  4. CONSTRUCTIONIST APPROACH It holds that acknowledge is merely an invented understanding of actual events in the world or “construct”. While actual events in the world can trigger peoples meaning making processes, it is those meaning making processes, rather than the events themselves, that determine how people think, feel and behave. Constructionist counselors work collaboratively with clients examine and revise problematic clients constructions of self, relationship and the world. This category includes:  ERICKSONIAN THERAPY - It stresses the importance of the interactive therapeutic relationship, the partnership and purposeful engagement of the inner resources and experimental life of each and every individual. - It holds the indirect suggestions could result un therapeutic behavioral change. He prepared to converse with clients using metaphors, contradictions, symbols, and antidotes to influence their behavior rather than direct orders.  SOLUTION FOCUSED BRIEF THERAPY -It is strength based approach to psychotherapy base on solution building rather than problem solving. SFBT concentrates on the clients current circumstances and future hopes. -SFTB therapists believes that change in life is inevitable. Because someone creates their own reality, they may as well change for the better.  5. SYSTEMIC APPROACH It holds that thinking, feeling and behavior are largely shaped by pressures exerted on people by the social systems within which they live. Systematically focused counselors work to revise social network dynamics that influence a clients undesirable thoughts, feelings and behavior. This category includes:  STRUCTURAL FAMILY THERAPY -It is a type of family therapy that looks at the structure of a family unit and improves the interactions between family and members. - The goals is to improves communications and relationships to create positive changes for both individuals family member and the family unit as a whole.  GOTTMAN METHOD COUPLES THERAPY -It is a short-term family therapy treatment that is often used for families with families with children or adolescents who are dealing with behavioral issues. It is based in the premise that the family plays the most important role in the life and development of children. This type of therapy seeks to identify and change the structural interaction patterns that make up the family environment. By addressing family behaviors and interactions that contribute to problem behavior.  INITIAL/ INTAKE INTERVIEW TCMP is introduced as a program for the development of PDL while they are awaiting trial. Participants in the jail are unique as they as not necessarily drug users. The intake interview in the jail setting is done by a counselor to newly admitted resident. The main purpose is to elicit information about the resident and provide information about the program and what the expectations are n both parties. After the booking procedure, the counselor will conduct the initial intake interview to the newly committed resident using the intake interview form. This is done only in a designated area and one resident at a time.  INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING Individual counseling or one to one counseling is a helping tool between the resident and the counselor. Residents are usually referred to a counselor as needed by peers or staff based on the residence behavior. It is done to accomplish the ff. objectives. 1. To promote individual explorations to help surface complicated an troubled feelings among the residents. 2. To provide regular source to counseled guidance to residents 3. To assist the residents to develop better coping skills and improve self esteem. 4. To explore the different psychological tools which promote the development of insights and increased self efficiency among the residents. By the following this objectives the indicators of a successful individual counseling on the side of the PDL are:  Self- understanding  Established rapport  Achieved bigger wider level of self awareness  Experienced relief from emotional distress  TYPES OF GROUPS IN TCMP STATIC GROUP Is a permanent group of peers and leaders that meet regularly while the resident are in treatment. It a sort of home group who provides support for one another and to the new members of the community. This is designed to provide a forum for self-expression and disclosure. PEER CONFRONTATION GROUP The participants in peer confrontation group are selected by the staff and group according to peers like adult members will go with the same date of entry in the facility and same goes with the middle and young member. It is done in a more compassionate way where each residents tries to help one another.  GROUP COUNSELING Group counseling or Group therapy is a form psychotherapy that involved one or more therapists working with several people at the same time. The objectives of the group counseling are the: 1. To provide support to resident who fall behind the rise awareness about problematic behavior. 2. To help solve and overcome the problem 3. To impart to resident and practice the TC norms and values. 4. To develop awareness and insight into one motives, feelings, and behaviors. The indicators of a successful Group Counseling are:  Encouraged commitments  Problems addressed  Developed sense of belongingness THE ENCOUNTER GROUP Serves as a safety valve within in the community which is usually highly pressured and structured. It is a forum for members of the community to verbally pent-up or negative emotions within structured and safe environment without resorting to violence or aggressions and without fear of reprisal. The primary goal of an encounter group is to raise awareness of behaviors and explore the underlying feelings that lead such negative emotions.  THE FOUR PHASES OF ENCOUNTER GROUP CONFRONTATION - This phase involves verbalizations of concerns or honest disclosure of emotions that has been provoked during interpersonal interactions with another residents. This phase consist mainly of exchange of verbal expressions of emotions as a way of release. EXPLORATION- This phase all the feelings that were express are further examined and explored and find out how it could have resulted in a such a way in order to evoked awareness on the connection of behavior, feelings, and attitude. In this phase blaming or finger pointing at one party is avoided. It will cause resentment from one party. RESOLUTION AND COMMITMENT - After some realizations and attaining some insight into their behaviors, the residents are now ready to move to the last phase to practice new behaviors. From the feedback receive, the resident involved will now express how he feels about the whole things and may own up his behavior which has caused the conflict. He then goes on to make commitment to avoid such occurrences in the future. Such commitment made by the residents will be monitored to make sure that they are being put to practice to avoid lapses. SOCIALIZATION- It is a structured social event where all does involved in an encounter will have ample time to mend fences with those they have offended or hurt in the past. The purpose is to achieve closure. Re-affrim relationship and maintain the unity of the community so that all those involved can move on and leave the past behind. THE EXTENDED GROUPS - are usually composed of 5 to 12 resident and are facilitated by 2 highly trained staff member. It may last for 8-72 hours. The participants must have at least 4 months in the program and have showed adequate stability before they can be included in the activity. It focuses on the “here and now” but allows a deeper exploration of issues that affect new behavior. Specially subjects maybe the focus such us sexuality, trauma, and etc. WOMENS GROUP- it is done 1 hour once a week/ might last for 6 sessions, and its involved 8-15 residents, and a counselor. It provides a opportunity for all female residents to share and discuss their feeling on women’s issues: family, relationship, self identity, self image, societal role and reproductive issues. MENS GROUP- It is held 1 hour once a week and involved 8-15 residents and a counselors. Topics include expressions of feeling reveal of truth self, dealing with feelings and how to avoid abusive relationship, family, family conflicts, sexuality, and sexual relationship. MEDICATION SUPPORT GROUP- it involves residents on medication and jail help personnel; it is done as long as the residents are on medication. Counselor holds the group once a week who are on medical and psychiatric medication. Group member are educated on different kind of medical and psychiatric problems and its effect. Sharing the intake of medicines and its side effects of taking it. They also share and discuss how to face their difficulties, coping with the disease and problems encountered while they are on medication. ANGER MANAGEMENT- is a process that help people identify stressors, and help them to stay calm in anger management for them to handle tense situations in a constructive and positive (good therapy). In TCMP it is done 1 ¼ hour for 6 weeks or as needed and is curriculum-based. It is usually involves 10- 15 resident. SECRETS- are a group activity where participants are given the opportunity to upload emotional baggage and thus experience freedom form internal, psychological conflict. It promotes trust among the participants knowing that each will reveal his utmost secret to the group. It also aimed to deepen mutual respect among the participants. It involves a staff and 10-12 residents. It is usually done 1-2 hour once a month. PRE RELEASE INTERVIEW- are done before the PDL is scheduled to be released to the community. The objectives of a pre release interview are: 1. To ensure that the resident to released is are well prepared to face new challenges in the community upon their reintegration into the main stream of society. 1. To assess the various potentials of the resident which he can utilize to be a productive citizen upon his release from the jail. 2. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention provided the determine that improvements for the change that need to be done.