Physics Reviewer (No Circular Motion, Thermo, and Angulars) PDF

MODULES SUMMARY PHYSICS REVIEWER (TERMS) distribution relative to the axis of rotation. Circular Motion Axis of Rotation: The line about which...

MODULES SUMMARY PHYSICS REVIEWER (TERMS) distribution relative to the axis of rotation. Circular Motion Axis of Rotation: The line about which an object rotates. Centripetal Force: The net force Rotational Inertia: The tendency of an required to keep an object moving in a object to resist angular acceleration. circular path, directed toward the center of the circle. Centripetal Acceleration: The acceleration of an object moving in a Center of Mass circle, always directed toward the center. Center of Mass: The point at which the Radius (r): The distance from the total mass of a system is concentrated center of the circular path to any point and balanced in all directions. on its circumference. Weighted Average Position: The Angular Velocity (ω): The rate of center of mass is the weighted average change of angular displacement, of all particle positions in a system. measured in radians per second. Period (T): The time it takes for one complete revolution. Frequency (f): The number of Torque complete revolutions per second. Torque (τ): The measure of the rotational effect of a force applied to an object, dependent on the force, the lever arm, and the angle of application. Angular Speed Lever Arm (r): The perpendicular Angular Speed (ω): The rate at which distance from the axis of rotation to an object rotates or revolves, calculated the line of action of the force. as angular displacement over time. Angular Displacement (θ): The angle through which an object rotates, measured in radians. Gravitational Force Linear Speed (v): The rate at which an Gravitational Force: The attractive object moves along its circular path, force between two masses, governed related to angular speed by v=rω by Newton's law of universal gravitation. Universal Gravitation Constant (G): A proportionality constant in the Moment of Inertia gravitational force equation. Moment of Inertia (I): A measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotational motion, dependent on mass MODULES SUMMARY Density and Pressure Laws of Thermodynamics Density (ρ): The mass of an object per Zeroth Law: Defines thermal unit volume, ρ=m/V equilibrium; if two systems are each in Pressure (P): The force exerted per equilibrium with a third, they are in unit area, P=F/A equilibrium with each other. Hydrostatic Pressure: Pressure in a First Law: Conservation of energy; the fluid at a given depth, P=ρgh change in a system’s internal energy is equal to heat added minus work done. Second Law: Entropy in an isolated system always increases, and heat Nature of Waves flows naturally from hot to cold. Third Law: As a system approaches Wavelength (λ): The distance between absolute zero, its entropy approaches a two successive crests or troughs in a constant minimum. wave. Frequency (f): The number of wave cycles that pass a point per second. Amplitude: The maximum displacement of points on a wave from its equilibrium position. Wave Speed (v): The rate at which the wave propagates through a medium. Thermodynamics Heat (Q): The transfer of thermal energy due to temperature differences. Work (W): Energy transfer resulting from a force applied over a distance or from changes in volume in thermodynamic systems. Internal Energy (ΔU): The total energy contained within a system due to molecular motion and interactions. Entropy (S): A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. MODULES SUMMARY Center of Mass PHYSICS REVIEWER (FORMULAS) Circular Motion Torque Gravitational Force Angular Speed Density and Pressure Moment of Inertia MODULES SUMMARY Nature of Waves Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics MODULES SUMMARY - Waves transfer energy from one place Wave Motion to another, but they do not necessarily transfer any mass. Mechanical waves Damped Harmonic Motion - require a medium to travel through Damped harmonic oscillators have Pulse wave non-conservative forces that dissipate - a sudden disturbance in which only their energy. one wave or a few waves are generated Critical damping returns the system - Thunder and explosion are examples to equilibrium as fast as possible Periodic wave without overshooting. - repeats the same oscillation for several An underdamped system will cycles, such as in the case of the wave oscillate through the equilibrium pool, and is associated with simple position. harmonic motion. An overdamped system moves more - Each particle in the medium slowly toward equilibrium than one experiences simple harmonic motion that is critically damped. in periodic waves by moving back and forth periodically through the same Critical damping - the condition in which the positions damping of an oscillator causes it to Transverse wave return as quickly as possible to its equilibrium - propagates so that the disturbance is position without oscillating back and perpendicular to the direction of forth about this position propagation. Longitudinal wave Overdamping - the condition in which - is the disturbance is parallel to the damping of an oscillator causes it to return direction of propagation. to equilibrium without oscillating; the Pulse oscillator moves more slowly toward - can be described as a wave consisting equilibrium than in the critically damped of a single disturbance that moves system through the medium with a constant amplitude. Under damping - the condition in which - The pulse moves as a pattern that damping of an oscillator causes it to return maintains its shape as it propagates to equilibrium with the amplitude gradually with a constant wave speed. decreasing to zero; the system returns to equilibrium faster but overshoots and crosses More notes! the equilibrium position one or more Times Electromagnetic Spectrum Types of Waves 1. Radio Waves (longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and energy) Wave 2. Microwaves - a disturbance that travels or 3. Infrared propagates from the place where it 4. Visible Light was created. 5. Ultraviolet MODULES SUMMARY 6. X-Rays The crests of the sine curve correspond to 7. Gamma Rays (shortest wavelength, compressions, and the troughs correspond to highest frequency, and energy) rarefactions When two waves interfere constructively and Frequency is defined as the number of cycles are in phase, their amplitudes add up per unit of time directly As the frequency of a sound wave increases, the pitch rises. When two waves interfere destructively, their amplitudes subtract because they are out of The circles represent the centers of phase. compressions, called wave fronts The radial lines perpendicular to the wave When two waves meet while traveling fronts are called rays through the same medium, they superimpose according to the principle of Sound Intensity superposition Intensity has units of watt per square meter If the energy in a longitudinal wave travels (W/m^2) from south to north, the particles of the The intensity equation shows that the medium would be vibrating both north and intensity decreases as the distance (r) south increases As a pulse travels through a uniform Relative intensity is the ratio of the intensity medium, the speed of the pulse remains the of a given sound wave to the intensity at the same threshold of hearing. A dimensionless unit called the decibel (dB) The main factor which affects the speed of a is used for values on this scale sound wave is the properties of the medium If one of the pendulums is set in motion, its As a wave travels into a medium in which its vibrations are transferred by the rubber band speed increases, its wavelength would to the other pendulums, which will also begin increase vibrating. This is called a forced vibration Sound waves Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a force applied to a A compression is the region of a longitudinal system matches the natural frequency of wave in which the density and pressure are at vibration of the system, resulting in a large a maximum. amplitude of vibration. A rarefaction is the region of a longitudinal Harmonics wave in which the density and pressure are at a minimum The harmonic series is a series of frequencies that includes the fundamental frequency and MODULES SUMMARY integral multiples of the fundamental the listener is not the same as the frequency source frequency Timbre is the musical quality of a tone Wave power - Wave motion conveys energy resulting from the combination of harmonics from one region to another. present at different intensities For waves that spread out in three dimensions, the wave intensity 𝐼 is inversely The variation from soft to loud and back to proportional to the square of the distance soft is called a beat. from the source. Beat is the periodic variation in the When both ends of a string with length 𝐿 are amplitude of a wave that is the superposition held fixed, standing waves can occur only of two waves of slightly different frequencies when L is an integer multiple of wavelength/2 Superposition of Waves Each frequency with its associated vibration pattern is called a normal mode. Principle of linear superposition - this principle depends on the linearity of the wave equation and the Density corresponding linear combination - It is a mass per unit area of any property of its solutions material. Pressure - a force perpendicular to any surface in contact with an object Standing Waves on a String In a wave that travels along the string, the Atmospheric pressure 𝑝𝑎 is the pressure of amplitude is constant and the wave pattern the earth’s atmosphere, the pressure at the moves with a speed equal to the wave speed. bottom of this sea of air in which we live. Nodes - never moving point Gauge pressure - the excess pressure above Antinodes - midway between the nodes atmospheric pressure. It is also the difference where the amplitude of motion is greatest between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure Standing wave - a wave pattern that doesn’t Absolute pressure - the total pressure appear to be moving in either direction along Liquids, by contrast, are nearly the string incompressible Traveling wave - a wave that does move along the string Pascal’s Law - states that pressure applied to an Doppler Effect enclosed fluid is transmitted - first described by the 19th-century undiminished to every portion of the Austrian scientist Christian Doppler fluid. - When a source of sound and a listener are in motion relative to each other, the frequency of the sound heard by MODULES SUMMARY - body immersed in water seems to weigh less than when it is in air