Philosophy Questions Package PDF

1. The etymology of the word philosophy is the greek words phiilein meaning to love and sophia meaning wisdom or philosophia meaning love of wisdom 2. It think philosophia perensis is useful to find connects between different philosophical studies and view points, by doing so we can...

1. The etymology of the word philosophy is the greek words phiilein meaning to love and sophia meaning wisdom or philosophia meaning love of wisdom 2. It think philosophia perensis is useful to find connects between different philosophical studies and view points, by doing so we can get a deeper understanding philosophical questions and to form your own opinions about them. It also will expand your knowledge and how you approach every day questions/problems. 3. Tradition is a fixed set of beliefs and practices that continue for generations, similar to philosophy. However philosophy has flexibility to grow and adopt new beliefs. Philosophy often builds on traditional faith and they both revolve around ethical ways of being. 4. Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. Philosophy can be considered a science because of its approach to search for answers about the world, to gain knowledge of our world aligning with the ultimate goal of science. Ionian 1. Predictable change indicates that matter in our universe follows a pattern of change, for example the seasons and evolution, suggesting that there must be laws of nature. If matter moves in a predictable pattern then this invites people to question if all matter must change and what laws tell them how to behave in a certain way. 2. A law-governed universe is a philosophical concept rather than a scientific due to the fact that it is an assumption that all reality and matter must follow these laws. However, it is not possible to know if that is entirely true because we don't have the resources to confirm this as a true fact. The nature of the universe is a question of metaphysics as well 3. The idea of a law-governed universe suggests that the Ionian thinkers turned away from supernatural beliefs and ideas, they searched for a rational approach to connect the universe. This suggests a unity of reality because if all matter follows the same pattern then everything must have started from a simpler similar state and has evolved into what it is now. The thinkers 1. Metaphysics- deals with the unobservable, the nature of reality and existence—the relationship of mind and matter and the nature of reality which math and science can't address. Metaphysics provides explanations of reality by addressing questions about the nature of being, existence and why things behave as they do rather than the how that science explains Heraclitus  2. The analogy of the river explains that we can observe something taht might seem the same but it is not due to the constant motion and change of our reality. Zeno 1. j Empeocles and anaxagoras 1. They thought that everything is made up of principles that shape the universe, unlike other pre-socratic thinkers who thought it was one element. Empeocles thought that air, fire, water and air was the roots of the binding of love and strife. Anaxagoras thought it was the concept of nous or mind. Metaphysics 1. The meaning? 2. What does it say about God, the universe, the world around us and ourselves 3. What does it offer you in perspective to life? 4. Where can it become a significant source of reflection? 1. Meaning of Metaphysics Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that studies such questions as What is the nature of existence? What is existence? Unlike many other branches of science which deals more with observations, it delves into issues like being, existence, objects and their attributes. Such topics include characteristics of time and space, causality, the concept of the self, and mind-matter duality. In other words, metaphysics aims at trying to establish what there is and what it is like to exist, questions that need to be answered and that cannot be answered by science and the scientific method. ### What Metaphysics Says of God, the Universe, the World, and Yourself (Application - 5 marks): - God:Metaphysics focuses on analysing the concept of deit, and more specifically whether there is a god and if so what characteristics this god has. It deals with issues of sovereignty, foreknowledge, and transcendence and how they apply to the reality and the existence. - The Universe: It explores physical cosmology and raises questions about the size of the universe, its utilization and whether it is predetermined or occurs through a series of natural contingencies or created by our perception. - The World: Metaphysics deals with the study of the physical and non physical reality of things by seeking to establish how the various objects and concepts in the world relate with each other. - Yourself: It responds to the questions of individual existence and subjectivity, making a definition of what a self is, how one’s individuality stays constant and the relation between the mind and the body.  ### What Metaphysics Offers in Your Perspective of Life and Its Importance (Communication - 5 marks): Metaphysics of course gives an analysis and a clear perception of things beyond the physical and tangible reality. Religion can offer an explanation for existence and its circumstances by answering life’s questions regarding the existence, the purpose, and the individuality. That’s why I think metaphysics is essential because it raises questions about the things which are not always visible or quantifiable. It contributes to the formation of worldview and supplies methods for thinking about the nature of the existence and our role in it which may be essential for everyone’s development. Where Metaphysics Can Be a Significant Source of Reflection Metaphysics can be a significant source of reflection in various areas: Metaphysics can be a significant source of reflection in various areas: - Ethics and Morality: It gives basic questions regarding the concepts of right and wrong, ints validity, freedom, morality, and responsibility. - Science and Technology: The hegomonious philosophical questions about the nature of the reality do affect the perception of the nature of time, space, and matter within the scientific theories. - Personal Identity: It gives clues what personal identity and consciousness mean and influence our perception of ourselves and to others. - Philosophy of Religion: It assists in revealing the mysteries of divinity, faith and the connection between the faith and the material world. Thus, metaphysical reflection has the possibility to result in increased clarity of multifaceted problems in these areas and to a more profound, general development of the individual as a subject. Unit 2 Socrates a. Empirical Observation - based on experience or observation. what is observable, in contrast to unobservable or theoretical objects. b. Empirico Deduction - Empirico-deduction refers to the approach that combines empirical evidence (knowledge from observation and experience) with deductive reasoning (drawing specific conclusions from general principles) to form or validate scientific theories and hypotheses. c. Empirico Induction - refers to the method of reasoning where general principles or theories are developed based on the accumulation of specific observations and empirical evidence. In this approach, inductive reasoning is used to infer broader generalizations or laws from repeated observations and experimental data. d. sophism - When someone deliberately tries to trick you by making a false statement, that's a sophism. Inventing statistics to back up your personal belief that dogs are smarter than humans is one example of sophism e. rhetoric - the art or skill of speaking or writing formally and effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people. The Sophists and the Pre-Socratics utilized observation in different ways to arrive at their conclusions, reflecting their distinct methods: Empirico-induction in Sophists mainly entailed the acquisition of observations and experiences which were used to support the rhetorical observation. They would collect specific case or example and out of this case or example they would make a generalize claim or try to sell something to an audience. Where they did apply induction it was more of a matter of convenience and more importantly where it could be applied to the ethos of persuasion rather than the ethic of strict verification. The Pre Socratics, empirico deduced via Thales and Heraclitus worked on the theory by a broad set of propositional factual observations. They made a wide observation of natural occurrences and tried to come up with general theories or principles for these occurrences. This was their mode of thinking, namely, from particulars an individualist arrived at more global and logical conceptions regarding the character of the real world. Socrates 1. The problem of Socrates is important because this means there is no certainty of what his teachings are and that may cause a lot of misinformation in the philosophical field. 2. Pseudo author - The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed.  This is something to investigate because the work of one philosopher may be discredited or adopted by another, making it difficult to authenticate contributions made from different people throughout history 3. People may use a different name to publish they’re work because they may not want the “fame” or praise to effect their ideas. Inductive argument Inductive argument, or inductive reasoning, is a type of logical thought pattern that moves from the specific to the general. This is the opposite of deductive reasoning, which begins with a general statement and moves to a specific conclusion. ex: Sara went to the library, and then Ann went. Sara went to sharpen her pencil, and then Ann went. Ann is copying Sara today. My mom packed a red apple in my lunch on Monday. She packed an orange on Tuesday, she packed a red apple on Wednesday. Today is Thursday, and I think she will pack an orange Deductive argument A deductive argument establishes a conclusion to be true by stating two or more true premises that lead to the conclusion being true. A deductive argument can be simply stated as "If A and B are true, then C must also be true." "All dogs are animals, Rover is a dog, therefore Rover is an animal." A universal definition is one that applies broadly and consistently across different contexts. For example, the definition of **"triangle"** as a three-sided polygon with three angles is universal because it applies to all geometric shapes that meet these criteria, regardless of size, orientation, or location. 1. Lawyers would make use of the Socratic dialogue, they use rhetoric to persuade the courtroom. Teachers could use Socratic dialogue to stimulate the students' minds, they can discuss a question in groups to combine different perspectives on a topic, and this would help to improve their problem-solving skills and creativity 2. I don’t believe knowledge is virtue because many people have a good idea of what is good vs wrong but certain circumstances blind people from what is “good”. For example, an impoverished mother who must provide for their child may steal food for her baby, she knows that it is wrong but she also knows she must take care of her child. I think a “good” life is anything that one feels happy in. There shouldn't be a set of rules or beliefs you must follow, you should create  your own beliefs and treat other the way you want to be treated. To live a good life shouldn't be complicated it should simply be where you are kind and happy. 3. Socrates is similar to Jesus in the sense that he sacrificed himself and was falsely accused of wrongdoings. epistemology:The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, scope, and limits of knowledge. It asks questions such as, “What is knowledge?” and “How do we know what we know?” Ontology: The study of being or existence, focusing on what entities exist and their nature or essence. It examines fundamental questions like “What is the nature of reality?” Universal Term: A concept or idea that represents a general category or class, applying to all members of that class (e.g., “justice” or “beauty”). In Plato’s philosophy, universal terms correspond to the Forms or Eidos, which are eternal and unchanging realities. Ontology provides the foundation for epistemology by defining what exists and what can be known. For Plato, understanding the nature of reality (ontology) is crucial because knowledge depends on having a clear understanding of the objects of knowledge. For example, Plato’s Forms (universal terms) are considered the true reality, and knowing these Forms represents the highest kind of knowledge. Without defining what exists, the process of knowing becomes directionless or incomplete. Eikasia: the lowest state of understanding, where individuals perceive only shadows or reflections of reality. It represents ignorance or a superficial grasp of truth, as seen in Plato’s allegory of the cave, where prisoners mistake shadows for reality. Noesis: the highest form of knowledge, characterized by intellectual enlightenement of the eternal Forms. It goes beyond perception and opinion, reaching a true understanding of The three transcendentals The transcendentals were thought to be forms of existence that lived outside of the shifting time-space-matter universe and transcended categories of reality. These forms were shared by all individuals but also transcended the boundaries to the divine. The True: the eternal and immutable (The Forms). Something that is not learned empirically but is grasped by noesis Ex: 1+1=2 exists out of human perception and is a universal truth The Beautiful: above physical appearances, true beauty is related to the perfection of the Forms. Something harmonious and an ideal. Beauty provided the pull towards the good (and therefore the true) by awakening one’s desire. Ex: the design on a flower The Good: It is the root of all existence and what gives us the ability to perceive truth, not a condition or attribute. Good was viewed as both the source and the end, and it could be attained via moral behaviour. Aristotle Theology vs teleology 1. Perfection and Simplicity Aristotle’s concept of the “Unmoved Mover” is a being that is perfect, unchanging, and simple in nature. In theology, this concept influenced the idea of God as a perfect, eternal being without complexity or change, embodying complete self-sufficiency and timelessness. 2.Change and Potentiality For Aristotle, everything in the material world undergoes change, striving to achieve its ultimate potential (Teleology). In theology, this aligns with the belief that creation is dynamic and directed toward a divine purpose. Humans, for example, strive to achieve spiritual and moral perfection, reflecting the potential to align with the divine will. 3.God as the Final Cause Aristotle’s teleological perspective sees all things as having a purpose or end (goal). Theologically, this suggests that God is the ultimate cause or purpose of existence, providing a framework for understanding divine providence and the direction of creation. Definition of Teleology Teleology is the philosophical study of purpose or design in natural processes. It comes from the Greek word telos, meaning “end” or “goal.” In Aristotle’s philosophy, teleology refers to the idea that everything in nature has a purpose or final cause, which drives its development and existence. What makes a Good Life? In present society, a “good life” is usually prosperous of wealth, friends, family and materialistic goods which are believed to make one happy. In Aristotle believes a Good life is one that has a greater purpose(teleology) , being virtuous, wisdom, and living in balance (golden mean), he also believed that humans need to live in communities with laws to promote ethical structure. Both societies promote relationships and Alexander The Great 1. Young Conqueror: Alexander became king of Macedon at the age of 20 after the assassination of his father, King Philip II, and he embarked on his famous military campaigns soon after. By the time of his death at age 32, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to Egypt and India. 2. Undefeated in Battle: Alexander is renowned for his military genius, having never lost a battle. His strategic brilliance and ability to adapt to various opponents helped him achieve numerous victories, including the decisive Battle of Gaugamela against the Persian King Darius III. 3. Founding Cities: Alexander founded more than 20 cities during his conquests, the most famous being Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of learning and culture in the ancient world. 4. cultural Integration: Alexander promoted the fusion of Greek and local cultures in the regions he conquered, a process known as Hellenization. He encouraged intermarriage between Greeks and Persians and adopted some Persian customs himself. 5. Mysterious Death: Alexander’s death in 323 BCE remains a mystery. Some theories suggest he died from fever (possibly typhoid or malaria), while others speculate about poisoning. His body was reportedly preserved in a golden sarcophagus and displayed in Alexandria, though its current whereabouts are unknown. Plato’s Academy 1. First Institution of Higher Learning: Plato’s Academy, founded around 387 BCE in Athens, is considered the first institution of higher education in Western history. It served as a prototype for modern universities. 2. Named After a Hero: The Academy was named after the Greek hero Akademos, whose sacred grove was where the school was located. The area was a lush, peaceful setting for philosophical discussion and teaching.  3. Mathematics and Philosophy Focus: The Academy emphasized mathematics as a foundation for philosophy, following Plato’s belief that understanding abstract forms and logic was key to grasping deeper truths. 4. Selective Entry: A famous inscription at the entrance read, “Let no one ignorant of geometry enter.” This reflected the Academy’s high intellectual standards and emphasis on mathematical knowledge. 5. Survival Over Centuries: The Academy operated for nearly 900 years, surviving Plato’s death and numerous political changes. It was ultimately closed in 529 CE by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, who viewed it as a pagan institution. 1. The Difference Between Plato’s Idealism and Aristotle’s Empiricism - Plato's Idealism: According to Plato, the world is made up of ideal, immutable Forms, or Ideas. The physical world is only a shadow or replica of these ideal truths; these Forms are the actual nature of things. According to Plato, knowledge is not acquired by sensory experience but rather by reasoning and intellectual reflection on these Forms. - Aristotle's Empiricism: Plato's belief that ideal Forms exist apart from the material world was rejected by Aristotle. He held that knowledge originates from seeing and researching the physical world, which is where reality may be found. It is possible to identify universal truths by using logical reasoning and repeated sensory experiences. Aristotle valued scientific observation and categorization and found significance in the material, observable parts of existence. Key Difference: Plato sought knowledge in an abstract, ideal realm beyond sensory experience, while Aristotle grounded his philosophy in the observable, physical world. 2. Modern Society: Empiricist or Idealist? Empiricism has a strong hold on contemporary life. The use of science, technology, and evidence-based methods to explain and better the world is a clear example of this. Aristotle's empirical approach and the scientific method, which prioritizes observation, experimentation, and reasoning, are highly compatible. For ex: Technology and Medicine: Data collection and empirical research serve as the foundation for developments in engineering and healthcare. Schooling and Research: STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subjects that depend on experimentation and observation are frequently given priority in contemporary schooling. Idealism is still present, though, in intellectual, moral, and creative endeavors that center on impersonal ideals and principles like equality, justice, and beauty. Idealistic goals are frequently reflected in social reform movements. In conclusion, idealism continues to play a complementary role in modern society, generating visions of what society should aim for, even though it is primarily empiricist. For a balanced view of reality and advancement, both viewpoints are necessary. Metaphysics Causality Teleology Definition: The branch of Definition: The relationship Definition: The study of philosophy that examines between causes and purpose or end goals in the fundamental nature of effects, exploring how and natural processes. reality, existence, and the why things happen. relationships between Aristotle’s View: entities. Aristotle referred Aristotle’s Four Causes: to it as “First Philosophy.” Teleology explains that 1. Material Cause: The everything in nature has an Aristotle’s View: substance or matter inherent purpose or “final Metaphysics seeks to out of which cause.” This purpose understand being as something is made drives the development being—the essence and (e.g., wood for a and changes of all beings. causes of all things. He table). proposed that reality 2. Formal Cause: The Example: consists of both matter design or blueprint (substance) and form of a thing (e.g., the An acorn’s final cause is (essence), with form shape of the table). to become an oak tree. Its providing the defining 3. Efficient Cause: The growth is not random but characteristics of an object. agent or process directed toward this natural that brings end. Key Idea: Everything in something into reality has an underlying being (e.g., the Key Idea: Nature operates cause and unity that can carpenter). with order and purpose, be understood through 4. Final Cause: The and understanding this reason and observation. purpose or end goal purpose is essential to of a thing (e.g., the understanding reality. table’s use for dining). Key Idea: Every entity and event can be explained by identifying these four causes, emphasizing that  nothing happens by chance. Plato 1. Why is Alberto’s Dog Named Hermes? Hermes being the messenger god in greek mythology, symbolizes the transmission and gain of knowledge. Similar to how the dog is a bridge to bring letters to Sophie that contain knowledge from the Philosopher. 2. Plato was concerned with the relationship between what is eternal and immutable and what flows. Socrates was concernced with the relationship of man and society, human morals and societal ideals or vitrues. Socrates Beleived in absolute and eternal rules for what is right and wrong by using our common sense (human reason is eternal and imumtable). While Plato was concerned with what is eternal and immutable in nature and in morals and society (one in the same). Everything tangible flows, no substances that do not dissolve (everything that is materialistic can erode) and the eternal idea of the Forms. Nothing that is existing to our senses in not absolute and will change. Ture knowledge is understood with our reason 3. I think right and wrong can never be absolute because there are many circumstances that can determined whether a person’s actions were right ot wrong. For example, as a society, we know that murder is wrong however, if you are in immdiate danger and your life is being threatened your insitics tell you what you must do to perserve your life by killing the threat. Socrates believed in the existence of eternal and absolute rules what was right and wrong. By using our common sense we can all arrive at these immutable norms, since human reason is in fact eternal and immutable. 4. Plato was concerned with the eternal (the Forms that cannot be empiroclay percieved) vs the tangible ever-changing world (what we can empirically perceive with our senses).(the nature of change) He also studied what is true knowledge and the organization of society 5. Natural phonemonas are imperfect copies of the eternal Forms. 6. Platos’s Theory of Ideas also known as the Theory of Forms, explains that the Forms is a perfect realm that cannot be perceived where as physical realm makes imperfect copies of the Forms. The physical world is in constat change and is not eternal. The Forms are like bird and tree and the Ideas are like virtue and happiness. Unlike democritus who believed in a physical basic subatsnce like atoms as being eternal and immutable, plato believed that all things 7. True knowledge cannot be attained through our senses, it requires deep questioning and thinking to understand the Forms which are absolute (like goodness and beauty). Because our physical world are imitations of the Forms and is in constant change, we cannot rely on it to provide abolste truth and knowledge.  8. Sensory World: nothing is permanent and is in flux. Nothing is, it only comes to be and then passes away. Perceived through senses. Our body is bonded to this world where our senses exist therefore unreliable. The world of Ideas: True knowledge by using our reason, not perceived through senses. The Forms or ideas are eternal. The soul can exist in the world of ideas but forgets the Forms when it is bonded to a body. The soul longs for the world of ideas 9. Inmates shackled in a cave and only able to see shadows thrown on the wall by items behind them are the subject of the Allegory of the Cave. The physical world, which they incorrectly assume to be reality, is represented by these shadows. After being released and able to see the outside world, one prisoner discovers that the shadows are actually just reflections of actual figures. This allegory depicts the philosopher's path from ignorance to enlightenment and Forms knowledge. 10. The Ideal state should be governed by philosophers because there wisdom. Similar to totalitarian. An ideal state, people’s desires and talents must be harnessed for the good of the whole world community. For plato, democracy accomplices the opposite effect, he believed t Rulers - must have virtue and wisdom Auxilaries - Labours - 11. He had a positive view of women and believed they had the same capacity of women and should be given equal rights to education and governance as men According to Plato, the human body is composed of three parts: the head, the chest, and the abdomen. For each of these three parts there is a corresponding faculty of the soul. Reason belongs to the head, will belongs to the chest, and appetite belongs to the abdomen. Each of these soul faculties also has an ideal, or "virtue." Reason aspires to wisdom, Will aspires to courage, and Appetite must be curbed so that temperance can be exercised. Only when the three parts of the body function together as a unity do we get a harmonious or "virtuous" individual. At school, a child must first learn to curb its appetites, then it must develop courage, and finally reason leads to wisdom. The Major's Cabin Pages 94-103 1. What happened when Sophie looked in the mirror? Sophie’s reflection winked at her even though she hadn’t. 2. Which came first - the chicken or the idea chicken? The idea chicken because Plato’s theory of ideas states that the sensory world only has immiatations of the Forms therefore the chicken that exists in the sensory world had to come after the Form of the chicken in the Idea realm. 3. Are we born with innate ideas? Plato believed that the soul had existed in the Form realm before it is attached to the physical body, therefore the soul already knows the eternal Forms/ideas and through learning the soul recalls them. 4. What is the difference between plant, animal, and human? Plants - grow and reproduce but lack consciousness, no voluntary movement Animals - grow, reproduce, movement, no rational thought Humans - grow, reproduce, movement, rational thought that allows them to understand the etermnal Forms 5. Why does it rain? Scientifically rain is a result of the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, precipitation) Plato asks us to think about the purpose of rain instead, rain in essential for plants to grow and for sustainable ecosystems and for animals including humans to survive. 6. What does it take to live a good life? - Have the basic necessities to live including food, shelter and clothes - As well as finding fulfilment by seeking true knowledge and understanding the Forms. Also questioning knowledge that is empirically found by the senses. Overall seeking autonomy. Aristotle Pages 104 119 1. How did Aristotle differ from Plato (particularly on forms/ ideas)? Aristotle was concerned with natural processes. Plato used his reason and rejected the snesne while Aristotle used his senses and argued that nothing exists in consciousness that has not perceived by the senses. Aristotle believed the Form means was simply the characteristics and exists within the tangible entity, the real thing the Form were inseparable. The form is the purpose or function of the object, realized through its material existence. 2. Describe Aristotle's concept of final cause. What is the purpose of something existing and what it is meant to achieve? Everything in nature has a meaning for existing known as the final cause. Ex, a seed turns into a adult plant 3. Describe Aristotle's concept of first mover. There is a primary cause of motion of all things, something else had to move it to begin with. This leads Aristotle to believe in a God that is the first mover, they started all movement in the natural world, Earth moved by the heavenly bodies which were moved by God 4. What did Aristotle say were the three forms of happiness? All forms must be present for man to find happiness and fulfilment, finding balance and harmony Life of pleasure and enjoyment, free and responsible citizen think and philosopher, 5. What is on your list of three forms of happiness? - Strong and health relationships with friends and family - Sense of purpose - Achieving personal goals 6. What is the Golden Mean? - An ethical middle ground between two extremes  - According to Aristotle, a virtuous character trait is the mean between two vices: one of excess and one of deficiency. 7. What are three acceptable forms of government according to Aristotle? Monarchy, or kingship, there is only one head of state. For this type of constitution to be good, it must not degenerate into tyranny Aristocracy, is a larger or smaller group of rulers. Polity, (or democracy). Balanced government involving many citizens. 8. What did he say are some unacceptable forms of government? A democracy can quickly develop into mob rule. (Even if the tyrannic Hitler had not become head of state in Germany^ all the lesser Nazis could have formed a terrifying mob rule.) mob rule - control of a political situation by those outside the conventional or lawful realm, typically involving violence and intimidation. Aristochracy must beware of degenerating into an oligarchy, a government run by a few people. An example of that would be a junta - (a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.) Monarchy may become tyranny- when one ruler governs the state to his own advantage. 9. Describe Aristotle's view of women. Aristotle believed women were incomplete, as they were passive and receptive in reproduction, while men were active and productive. He believed all children's characteristics were complete in male sperm, with the woman being the the substance and man being the Form. ○ Introduced the concept of substance (what something is) and accidents (qualities that can change without altering the substance). ○ Four Causes: Material Cause: What something is made of. Formal Cause: The shape or design. Efficient Cause: How it was created. Final Cause: The purpose or function. 2. Ethics: ○ Virtue Ethics: Focused on achieving moral virtue through balance. ○ Doctrine of the Mean: Virtue lies between extremes (e.g., courage is between recklessness and cowardice). ○ Happiness (eudaimonia) comes from fulfilling one’s purpose and living virtuously. Aristotle held that there are three forms of happiness. The first form of happiness is a life of pleasure and enjoyment. The second form of happiness is a life as a free and responsible citizen. The third form of happiness is a life as thinker and philosopher. Aristotle then emphasized that all three criteria must be present at the same time for man to find happiness and fulfillment. He rejected all forms of imbalance. Had he lived today he might have said that a person who only develops his body lives a life that is just as unbalanced as someone who only uses his head. Both extremes are an expression of a warped way of life.