Philosophy Lesson 1 PDF

Picture Analysis DOING PHILOSOPHY Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Q1, Week 1 OBJECTIVES: At the of this Lesson Students should be able to: Recognize Human Activities that emanate from deliberate reflection. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad...

Picture Analysis DOING PHILOSOPHY Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Q1, Week 1 OBJECTIVES: At the of this Lesson Students should be able to: Recognize Human Activities that emanate from deliberate reflection. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad perspective on life. Do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation.  Meaning of Philosophy Philosophy from two Greek words originally meant “ Love of Wisdom”. Philosophy is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things. Science - Organized body of Knowledge, it is systematic, it follows steps and procedures, Philo Means “to Love” Sophia Means “Wisdom”  There are three Classes of People here.  Meaning of Philosophy Natural Light of Reason It uses a philosopher’s natural capacity to think, human reason, or the so-called unaided reason. Study of all things It makes philosophy distinct from other sciences because it is not one-dimensional or partial. A Philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. Philosophy is multi-dimensional or Holistic.  FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE Principle of Identity Whatever is; whatever is not is not, Everything is its own being , and not being is not being. Principle of Non Contradiction It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time. Principle of Excluded Middle A thing is either is or not, between being and not being there is no middle ground possible.  FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE Principle of Sufficient Reason not if without sufficient reason for its being existence.  CORE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY EPISTEMOLOGY METAPHYSICS ETHICS AESTHETICS Deals in the nature and Synthesize the concepts Deals with nature and Deals with minds and scope of knowledge and of right and wrong appreciation of art, relations of reality. justified beliefs. behavior. beauty and good taste. EPISTEMOLOGY ▪ Theory of knowledge. ▪ It explains (1) How we know what we claim to know; (2) How we can find out what we wish to know; and (3) how we can differentiate truth from falsehood. ▪ It addresses varied problems: the reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge; truth, language, and science and scientific knowledge. Common Questions: What is Knowledge? How does a person acquire knowledge? SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE: INDUCTION Using specific to form a general conclusion. Gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched. Observation Analysis Theory EMPIRICIST – Advocates of induction method. Empiricism is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience. EPISTEMOLOGY DEDUCTION Using a General premise to form specific conclusions. Idea Observation Conclusion Rationalist – Advocates of deduction method. For rationalists real knowledge is based on the logic, the laws, and the methods that can reasons develops. Pragmatism – The meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences. EPISTEMOLOGY LOGIC Reasoning is the concern of the logician. Come from the Greek word “logike coined by Zeno the stoic which means a treatise on matters about human thought. ▪ “A system of principles that uses reason to determine if a conclusion is true or untrue.” ARISTOTLE First Philosopher to devise a logical method. Truth means the agreement of knowledge with reality. Logical reasoning makes us certain that our conclusions are true. ZENO OF CITIUM One of the successors of Aristotle and founder of stoicism. METAPHYSICS A Philosophical belief discipline that concerned with exploring the basic principles that govern the nature of reality. ▪ The metaphysician’s task is to explain that part of our experience that we call unreal in terms of what we call real. Thales: He claims that everything we experience, that “REALITY” And everything else is “APPEARANCE” METAPHYSICS ▪ We try to explain everything else (Appearance) in terms of water (Reality). IDEALIST AND MATERIALIST Their theories are based on unobservable entities: mind and matter. They explain the observable in terms of the observable in terms of unobservable. ETHICS ▪ It explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions. ▪ It is the study of the nature of moral judgments. ▪ Philosophical ethics attempts to provide an account of our fundamental ethical ideas. ▪ It insists that obedience to moral law be given a rational foundation. Socrates “To be Happy is to live a virtuous life”. ▪ Vitues - behavior showing high moral standards.  ETHICS Metaethics Normative ethics Applied Ethics Deals with the Concerned with The application of Origin and establishing certain ethics to real-world meaning of standards for determining problems. what is morally right and Ethical Concepts. wrong. AESTHETICS The philosophical study of beauty and taste. It is closely related to the philosophy of art, which is concerned with the nature of art and the concepts in terms of which individual works of art are interpreted and evaluated. CLASS ACTIVITY # 1 1. Share your concepts about the importance of Philosophy. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How do you define “Happiness”? Do you support the view of Socrates “To become happy, a person must live a virtuous life” Explain. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. Share your views about what is “Right” or “Wrong”. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ _____  Develepoments Brought about the Emergence of Philosophy PRE-SOCRATIC ERA/LONIANS Thales - Earliest Philosophers to inquire about the World and explain the Composition of things and the changes in the physical reality. - “Father of Western Philosophy” - He believes that the ultimate composition of all things is water. Anaximander - All things created and emerged from an indefinite and boundless realm called “Apeiron” (The first Principle of thing was Apeiron or infinite of limitless). Anaximines - Believed that “all things are composed of Air”, He considered that it is a source of all life. Heraclitus - Fire is the First Principle of things, and everything is in constant Flux.  Develepoments Brought about the Emergence of Philosophy Classical Philosophy Democritus - He proposed that matter is composed of tiny particles called “Atoms”. Epicurus - Believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of happiness. - One should indulge in the needs and pleasures of the mind instead of the body. - Epicureanism – A school of philosophy that believes that wisdom and simple living will result in a life free from fear and pain. Socrates - Believed that philosophy could enable man to live a life of “Virtue”. - Socratic Method – A means of Examining a topic by questioning that lets the learner analyze his knowledge and views regarding the topic.  Develepoments Brought about the Emergence of Philosophy Classical Philosophy Plato - Theory of Forms – Everything exists based on our idea that can be perceived in the mind, these nonphysical ideas are eternal and unchanging. - Dialectic – A method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. A method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive at new knowledge. Aristole - For him all ideas and views are based on perception and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive (Empiricism). His studies in logic led to the formulation of a formal process of analyzing and reasoning. Why is there a need for man to Philosophize? Plato Traced mans need to philosophize to his “sense of wonder” (To know Things) Rene Descartes Traced the to philosophize “to Doubt” Saw the need to philosopize because of “experience” he believe that man is Karl Jaspers often confronted by his experiences (Called Limit Situations – feeling of helpplessness, anxiety or dread). “The need to philosophize is driven by the love of wisdom. To love Wisdom is to have an insatiable desire for truth”. Big Idea! “The only true Wisdom is knowing you Know Nothing” - Socrates Analyze the Picture! Holistic and Partial Perspectives Lesson 1.2 Partial Point of View Looking at the situation only in one part and not seeing the whole situation. Defined as a way or method how one sees or perceives the reality or a Phenomenon. A perspective that is based on one of the component part of a whole. Focuses on specific aspects. Holistic Perspective Seeing the situation as a Whole by connecting its parts and looking through the bird’s eye view. Looking at the thing or person from various perspectives. Learning and seeing how a thing is related to everything else. Requires to have an open mindset.  In the Case of an argument among friends, would it be beneficial to take one side or act as a mediator and try to reconcile all sides? Should we condemn a person who misbehaved in a video that has gone viral? Should we reserve judgment until we get all the facts regarding what we made that person act in that matter?  HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE Doing Philosophy Involves Taking a Holistic Perspective Rather Than a Partial One. With a Holistic Perspective, We Can See the Connectedness of Parts and Understand a Meaningful Whole.  Partial Point of View or Holistic Perspective? 1. Doctors focus on specific Symptoms to determine the cause of patient illness. 2. A panel of Discussants or Presenters shares their view on the burning issue. 3. A doctor identifies other underlying causes of the case of the patient with stomach problems.  CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking is the careful, reflective, rational, and systematic approach to questions of a general interest. Critical thinking means understanding philosophy and refraining from merely giving claims, but through careful thought, one reason through argumentations.  CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-assessment that further consists of: ▪ Defining, analyzing, and devising solutions ▪ Arriving at reasonable and informed solutions ▪ Willingness to change one point of view ▪ Continually examining and re-examining ideas ▪ Willingness to say “I Don’t Know” Attributes of a critical thinker include: Look for evidence to support assumptions. Adjust opinions Looks for proof Examines Problem Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information.  Sample of Critical thinking Questions: Considering the frequent typhoons and natural disasters in the Philippines, what sustainable practices and policies should be implemented to enhance disaster preparedness and response? How does the rising inflation rate affect the purchasing power of the average Filipino family, and what measures can be taken to mitigate these effects?  METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING Lesson 1.3  CRITICAL THINKING Critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-assessment that further consists of: ▪ Defining, analyzing, and devising solutions ▪ Arriving at reasonable and informed solutions ▪ Willingness to change one point of view ▪ Continually examining and re-examining ideas ▪ Willingness to say “I Don’t Know” Attributes of a critical thinker include: Look for evidence to support assumptions. Adjust opinions Looks for proof Examines Problem Rejects irrelevant and incorrect information.