PHILO Final Examination Coverage PDF

Lesson 6 FREEDOM of the HUMAN PERSON  FREEDOM It is the practice of exercising our capacity to make decisions, choose our life path and directs the course of our lives through our own steering. Maurice Merleau-Ponty SITUATED FREEDOM Our freedom depends on a given situation. There is ne...

Lesson 6 FREEDOM of the HUMAN PERSON  FREEDOM It is the practice of exercising our capacity to make decisions, choose our life path and directs the course of our lives through our own steering. Maurice Merleau-Ponty SITUATED FREEDOM Our freedom depends on a given situation. There is neither pure determinism characteristic of the thing nor the absolute choice of pure consciousness. Maurice Merleau-Ponty SITUATED FREEDOM Situated freedom falls at the center of things – that freedom is relatively true only with a given situation. We have seen two extreme realities of FREEDOM: 1) Determinism 2) Existentialism DETERMINISM EXISTENTIALISM  1) DETERMINISM In philosophy and science, it is the thesis that all events in the universe, including human decisions and actions, are causally inevitable.  2) EXISTENTIALISM Is the philosophical belief that we are responsible for creating purpose or meaning in our own lives. Our individual purpose and meaning is not given to us by Gods, governments, teachers or other authorities. “What then is freedom?” For him, to be born is both to be born of the world and to be born into the world. Simply, we exist for a purpose and that purpose is relative to every being.  Existence does not end with existence alone, but it is a gateway towards coexisting with other beings – sharing each essences of well-being. Our freedom comes from the Supreme and Highest Being The essence of freedom in a human person is to do good and avoid evil. Free will must always come with a rational and logical intellect. We do good because we are naturally born as good. We may do bad things, but it does not take away the gift of freedom within us – there is just a corresponding consequence that we must be accountable of. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY “We know not through our intellect but through our experience.” Are we free? Are human beings really free? ACTS OF MAN vs. HUMAN ACTS ACTS OF MAN HUMAN ACTS  ACTS OF MAN These are acts that happen “naturally” acts done without self-awareness without deliberation, reflection, consent. Instinctive, spontaneous acts that human beings share with other animals.  HUMAN ACTS These are acts with conscious knowledge, acts that are done freely, acts done with consent. ACTS OF MAN HUMAN ACTS Involuntary Voluntary Actions Actions  Classification of Voluntary Actions: A. Voluntary - actions are performed from will and reason. B. Related to Compulsion - it is considered as mixed of voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the desire and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has considered preferences or alternatives. Classification of Involuntary Actions: A. Under Compulsion - circumstances which are beyond the control of the agent and contributes none to the action. B. Ignorance - where the doer failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on the result.  2 KINDS OF FREEDOM 1) Freedom of choice (horizontal freedom) 2) Fundamental option (vertical freedom)  2 KINDS OF FREEDOM The freedom of choice is our basic and particular choices we made every day in our lives. The fundamental option is our general direction or orientation in life that reflects our values in life. It is vertical freedom because it is a hierarchy that some values are higher than the others.  “We are our choices.” This is a famous quote from the well-known Philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. Indeed, we always make choices every moment of our lives. From the time we wake in the morning until we go to bed again, we consciously and sometimes unconsciously, make choices. So, whatever we become is a result of how we make our choosing. Jean-Paul Sartre is telling the truth.  “It is LOVE which makes me a person, which makes me truly free.” - Max Scheler LOVE is the highest moral value of all. When our choices are rooted from love and compassion, then all the decisions we make are good and nothing but pure goodness. Freedom makes us truly human.  “It is LOVE which makes me a person, which makes me truly free.” - Max Scheler But most of all, our freedom is manifested from the choices we make every single day. Reflect and look at yourself – set a high standard of moral value, and you shall be free, living an authentic way of life.  Questions or clarifications? Thank you for listening and participating! I hope you have learned something from our discussion today. PHILOSOPHY - Lesson 7 (Finals) Intersubjectivity Prepared by: Ms. Marchel Aimee B. Medequillo  WHAT IS INTERSUBJECTIVITY?  Intersubjectivity A term originally coined by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, stated as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, between two persons or “subjects,” as facilitated by empathy. Intersubjectivity Intersubjectivity is a coined word from the prefix “inter” which connotes “among and between” and the philosophical term “subject” that is equivalent to a conscious being.  Intersubjectivity Thus, intersubjectivity would mean in the general sense as “sharing of subjective states by two or more individuals”.  Intersubjectivity Meaning to say, as a person, we have a personal regard to self but we cannot deny the fact (objective – fact of reality we all share) that we live with others so we also regard them as part of ourselves. The Parable of the Good Samaritan This story clearly explains how man can go beyond cultural considerations and how one can overcome grudges to performing an ethical act towards a needy person. Intersubjectivity To simplify, intersubjectivity pertains to human relationships characterized by a shared sense of responsibility toward each other, respect for differences, and empathy.  WHAT IS THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY?  Subjectivity Subjective data is not based on facts, but rather on what a person is saying. This is open to interpretation, as each person is subject to their viewpoint and opinions.  TWO LEVELS OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY Intersubjectivity comes in two levels, which are: A) First Level This refers to the simple awareness of the self about the existence of the other. Flaticon Slidesgo CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes Freepik icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik Intersubjectivity comes in two levels, which are: B) Deeper Level This refers to the awareness of Self as being seen by others. Slidesgo CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes Flaticon Freepik icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik WHAT PHILOSOPHERS SAY ABOUT INTERSUBJECTIVITY?  Intersubjectivity is universal. It exists when and where humans exist. It is an undeniable reality which thinkers could not help but discuss. Here are some philosophers who took philosophical inquiry on intersubjectivity:  Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) In his philosophy, Confucius stresses order and harmony in the world. This means Confucian thinking on intersubjectivity is practical humanism.  Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) There is an emphasis on human actions in sociality. He calls every man to love the other through actions, not through thoughts.  Martin Buber (1878-1965) Is a Jewish philosopher who introduced the “I-Thou” and “I-It” relationships to embody his philosophy of intersubjectivity. “I” refers to the self and “Thou” or “You” refers to others.  Martin Buber (1878-1965) For Buber, we have to treat another person as a subject (a being different from things or objects). Persons are not inanimate objects to be used.  Martin Buber (1878-1965) Each person have their own mind and free will, thus, we have to respect others as we respect ourselves.  Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) He is also St. John Paul II but as a philosopher, we use his real name. For Wojtyla, human action is the foundation of our being. But human reality is also about being with others, so our actions are also directed towards others.  Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) This form of action is now called “Participation”. In the theory of participation, man has the capacity to share himself to others. This affirms the reality that man acts and exists with others.  Karol Wojtyla (1920-2005) He is a member of the community of persons, a community of “I-You” or “We”. His experience with others gives him meaning and allows him to create meaning with others.  We all live in the world surrounded by different people with different background and personality.  Relating with others and settling our differences is not always an easy task but it’s a task that we have to embrace since we all desire to live peacefully in a world that we shared with them no matter how different they are to us.  Questions or clarifications? Thank you for listening and participating! I hope you have learned something from our discussion today.  PHILOSOPHY – Finals Lesson 8 Human Person in Society Prepared by: Ms. Marchel Aimee B. Medequillo  The human person exists to relate with others. The person is by nature a social being because he or she has a tendency to go out of himself or herself to form bonds and relationships with others. Society and its various aspects provide supports that ensures the development of the human person. What is Society?  WHAT IS SOCIETY? Refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture.  WHAT IS SOCIETY? Society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION It is the process by which a society's social structure changes as its culture and technology become more sophisticated. SOCIOLOGIST GERHARD LENSKI Defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication. As a society advances, so does its use of technology.  What are the different forms of societies? PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES Before the Industrial Revolution and the widespread use of machines, societies were small, rural, and dependent largely on local resources. Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide, and there were few specialized occupations. FEUDAL SOCIETIES Contained a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection. The nobility, known as lords, placed vassals in charge of pieces of land. In return for the resources that the land provided, vassals promised to fight for their lords.  DIGITAL SOCIETIES Is a society where digital technology is integrated into all aspects of life, including work, education, communication, and recreation.  DIGITAL CITIZENS A digital citizen is a person who is knowledgeable and responsible enough to effectively use different social platforms in the internet.  Questions or clarifications? Thank you for listening and participating!  PHILOSOPHY (Finals) Lesson 9 Human Person and Death What is life? What is death? PHENOMENOLOGICAL NOTION OF DEATH  PHENOMENOLOGICAL NOTION OF DEATH According to Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) in his book Being and Time, death is (a) certain, (b) indefinite, (c) one’s property, (d) non-relational, and (e) not to be outstripped. DEATH IS CERTAIN Birth and death are two things we cannot remove from our existence. Whether we like it or not, we will die.  DEATH IS INDEFINITE While death is sure to come, it is however indefinite as to when it will come. Death is impending, it can happen anytime, and we do not know exactly when. DEATH IS ONE’S PROPERTY The death of the person belongs to him. Nobody can experience his death except himself. There can be no proxies or substitutes for a person in experiencing death.  DEATH IS NON-RELATIONAL When we die, we die alone. In contemplating death, we realize our own individuality and independence from the world. DEATH IS NOT TO BE OUTSTRIPPED Death cannot be taken away from a person. Even the person himself cannot remove the possibility of death in his life. One cannot make himself live forever.  DEATH AND AUTHENTICITY  AUTHENTICITY Authenticity is an idea mostly used in existentialism which means having true and meaningful existence. We have to avoid the crowd – the majority of the society which we think that should be the pattern of our lives. Another reason why we fail to lead an authentic life is fear. This challenge of authenticity is one of the important messages of death. As we accept death, we realize the value of having a true life – an authentic life!  Questions or clarifications?  Thank you for listening and participating! I hope you have learned something from me. Until next time!