Pharm BT Lec ZFINALs (Photosynthesis until the end) PDF

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION (LAB. EX. 14) AINSLEY C. MEDINA, RPH ,PHARMD PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION involves the use of energy uses glucose and oxygen to from sunlight, water and...

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELLULAR RESPIRATION (LAB. EX. 14) AINSLEY C. MEDINA, RPH ,PHARMD PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION involves the use of energy uses glucose and oxygen to from sunlight, water and produce carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide to produce water. glucose and oxygen. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O R P CELLULAR PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION  Light penetrates the cell and passes into the ___________ in which the light energy is PHOTOSYNTHESIS intercepted by ___________ molecules on the grana stacks (thylakoid). Some of them are converted to chemical energy. During this process, a phosphate is added to a molecule to cause the ___________ formation, it then provides energy to some of the other photosynthetic reactions that are causing the conversion of carbon dioxide into ___________.  Oxygen combines with sugars to CELLULAR break molecular bonds, releasing RESPIRATION the energy/ ______ contained in those bonds. In addition to the energy released, the products of the reaction are _________ & ______. In eukaryotic cells, it begins with the products of glycolysis being transported into the _________ in which series of metabolic pathways result in the further breaking of chemical bonds and the liberation of ___________. Its theoretical maximum yield is 36 ATP per molecule of glucose metabolized. PLANT SYSTEMATICS & NOMENCLATURE SYSTEMATICS TAXONOMY REMEMBER… Character states - any of the possible distinct conditions or forms that a character may exhibit. Clade - a group of taxa that all share an immediate common ancestor and are more closely related to each other than any other taxa. Cladistics - a classification method in which the members of taxa have been grouped together on the basis of phylogenetics. REMEMBER… Cladogram - a branching, tree-like diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific taxa of organisms; used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships and show points at which various taxa have diverged from common ancestral forms. Evolution - change in allele frequencies in a population over time. Phylogenetic tree - a diagram representing the evolutionary development of related species.  POLYNOMIAL BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE NOMENCLATURE Long, descriptive, precise Published by Linnaeus that is Ranunculus calycibus, still in use today (1736) retroflexus, pedulculis falcatis, Plantarum – published by caule erecto, folis comopositis Linnaeus describing & (The buttercup with bent-back classifying known organisms sepals, curved flower stalks, (1753) erect stems and compound leaves) BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE Genus – to which the organism is assigned (________) Specific epithet/ __________ - descriptive word that characterizes the organism LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION D– K– P– C– O– F– G– S– CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS IN PLANTS Super-order – group of related plant families, classified in the order in which they are thought to have developed their differences from a common ancestor. (-idea) Asteridae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Hamamelidae, Magnoliidae, Rosidae (Dicotyledonae) Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, Liliidae (Monocot) Order – each super-order is further divided into several orders. (-ales) Asterales, Poales, Sapindales CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS IN PLANTS Family – each order is divided into families; plants with many botanical features in common, and are the highest classification normally used. (-aceae) Apiaceae – celery, Arecaceae – palm trees, Asteraceae – daisy family, Brassicaceae – cabbage, Clusiaceae – garcinia family: (garcinia cambogia, St. John’s wort), Lamiaceae – mint family (basil, mint, rosemary, sage, oregano, thyme, lavender, perilla), Poaceae – grass family (tanglad, corn, rice) CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS IN PLANTS Family CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS IN PLANTS Subfamily – family may be further divided into a number of sub-families, which group together plants within the family that have some significant botanical differences.(-oideae) Pooideae – grass family Tribe – a division of plants within a family, based on smaller botanical differences, but still usually comprising many different plants. (-ea) Subtribe – division based on even smaller botanical differences, often only recognizable to botanists. (-inae) CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS IN PLANTS Genus – normal name given to a plant. The plants in a genus are often easily recognizable as belonging to the same group. Species – defines an individual plant; describes the color of the flowers, size/ shape of the leaves, named after the place where it was found. Variety – a plant that is only slightly different from the species plant, but the differences are not so insignificant as the differences in a form. (Quercus alba L. var. alba) CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS IN PLANTS Form – a plant within a species that has minor botanical differences: the color of flower/ shape of the leaves. (f.) Cultivar – a cultivated variety, a particular plant that has arisen either naturally or through deliberate hybridization, and can be reproduced. It follows the genus and species name, and is written in the language of the person who described it, and should not be translated. (cv.) Author – the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name; may be abbreviated. (Quercus dumosa Nuttall, Rubus L.) KINGDOM SYSTEM  LINNAEUS ROBERT WHITTAKER Divided all living things into two Developed, first, a three-kingdom kingdoms: _________ & _________ (used until 1960s); evolved to 3-kingdom; system (Fungi, Plants, Animals) and organized into nested hierarchies later, a 5-kingdom system.  CHANGING CLASSIFICATIONS OF KINGDOM SYSTEM Two Three Five Six Plantae ✔ ✔ ✔ Animalia ✔ ✔ ✔ Protista ✔ ✔ Fungi ✔ Archaebacteria Monera Eubacteria KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS & DOMAINS PLANTAE PLANTAE REMEMBER… Eudicots (“Eudicotidae”/ “Eudicotyledons”) – clade of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates (three furrows/ pores); being angiosperms, they are seed-bearing, vascular plants that produce flowers, fruit and pollen. The major change in angiosperm evolution among flowering plants – previously known as typical dicots. Core eudicots – large clade Asterids and Rosids – major clades 5 + 5 +(5 or 10) + (3 or 5) floral construction TAXONOMY TAXONOMY →The science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics. →Includes four components: Description, Classification, Nomenclature, & Identification Taxons – any group of organisms/ subjects under the study IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMY Naming: gives an organism or a plant a precise scientific name. Classifying: organizes into groups. Identifying: finds the name of an organism that has already been named and classified. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT NOMENCLATURE 1. Botanical nomenclature is independent of _____________ and _____________ nomenclatures. 2. The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types. 3. Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of _____________. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT NOMENCLATURE 4. Each taxon of a particular circumscription, position, and rank can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules. 5. Scientific names are treated as _____________. 6. The rules and regulations of the __________________ _________________ are retroactive. ICBN RULES Genus is treated as a noun. Species is treated as an adjective. oMale: us, is, er, o oFemale: a, is, ris oNeuter: um, re Lactuca hirsut__ Lacthyrus hirsut__ Vaccinium hirsut__ NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) NOMENCLATURE Formal naming of taxa according to standardized system set by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names given to plants.) Scientific name in Latin. A taxon will bear only one scientific name Binomial system of naming: Genus and species. IMPORTANCE OF USING SCIENTIFIC NAMES 1. It is universal. 2. Common names are not consistent. 3. Common names tell nothing about the rank, but scientific names do. 4. Not all organisms have common name. REASONS FOR A NAME CHANGE 1. Name contrary to the rules/ illegitimate. 2. Additional research has changes definition and delimitation of a taxon. COMMON ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES Genus – generic term; Species – organism taxonomic rank below capable of breeding with _________. This classifies other members of its own more than one species of kind; basic category in plants that are related in biological nomenclature. ______________. Form Varities Subspecies COMMON ELEMENTS OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES Author – refers to citing Authorship – name of the the person or group of person who first validly people who validly published the name. published a botanical Delphinium viscosum Hook name/ who first published the name fulfilling the formal requirements set by __________; may abbreviate author names. Rubus L. (Carl Linnaeus) Genus name:____________ Specific epithet:____________ Quercus dumosa Nuttall Author:____________ WHICH ONE IS CORRECT? Cercis canadensis var. alba Cercis canadensis alba