PF - Properties of PTE Groups & Elements Part 2-4 PDF

PhLE MODULE 1 – PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TRANS BY MLVGA, RPh 1% drops: For warts and ophthalmia formation of an alkaline solution EXCEPT neonator...

PhLE MODULE 1 – PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TRANS BY MLVGA, RPh 1% drops: For warts and ophthalmia formation of an alkaline solution EXCEPT neonatorum – Crede’s prophylaxis; Be Erythromycin – present treatment BERYLLIUM (Be) 0.5% Concentration: Wet dressing for 3rd degree burns Most toxic metal – never employed in medicine NOTES: (+) Fluorescent lamp To remove indelible ink: Tox: Causes lung carcinoma, chronic ✓ I2 tincture then Na2S2O3 granuloma ✓ KCN MAGNESIUM (Mg) 2. Ammoniated Silver Nitrate (Ag(NH3)2NO3) Lightest of structurally important metals Ingredient of Tollen’s Reagent, 2nd most abundant intracellular cation desensitizing agent, dental protective (+) Chlorophyll component – photosynthesis 3. Silver Trinitophenolate (+) Compound of Grignard’s Reagent Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis and (RMgX) – for alcohol synthesis Monilia albicans Cofactor of Phosphate transferring Extended Use: Argyria, nephritis enzymes GOLD (Au) Constituent of bones and teeth Natural Sources of Mg (Double Salts): Aurum, shining dawn, king of all metals o Mg silicates (Talc, Asbestos) Most malleable and ductile, best o Mg CO3 (Magensite, Dolomite – conductor Ca + Mg) 24 karats – purest o Mg SO4 (Kieserite) Can be dissolved by: Magneson I (p-nitrobenzene resorcinol) – ✓ Aqua Regia: HCl + HNO3 (3:1) dyestuff to detect Mg ion forming a blue ✓ Selenic Acid: H2SeO4 – only single lake acid that can dissolve gold Pharmacologic Action: Pharmacologic Action: For non- ✓ Laxative (PO) disseminated lupus erythematosus ✓ Depressant Tox: Gold Toxicity – Antidote: BAL / ✓ Natural CCB (IM) Dimercaprol ✓ Anticonvulsant Tox: Mg Poisoning – Antidote: Ca GOLD PREPARATIONS gluconate 1. Aurothioglucose (Solganal®) – IM; for gout and CALCIUM (Ca) RA 2. Gold Na Thiomalate (Mypchrysin®) – IM; for 2nd most abundant extracellular cation gout and RA Vit D is needed for its maximum 3. Auranofin (Ridaura®) – PO; only oral gold prep; absorption for gout, RA, and glossitis Ion that plays a significant role in 4. Colloidal Gold (Purple of Cassius) – stannous neurotransmitter release chloride with metallic gold PTH controls Ca levels in the blood Pharmacologic Action: (CCRB) GROUP IIA: ALKALINE EARTH METALS ✓ Blood coagulation factor Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra (Prothrombin → thrombin) Valence: +2 ✓ Muscle contractant All Alkaline Earth Metals: reduce water ✓ Release of NT (NE) with the liberation of hydrogen & the ✓ (+) Bones, teeth (98 – 99%) → hydroxyapatite 20 | @blueveetriol | PhLE MODULE 1  PhLE MODULE 1 – PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TRANS BY MLVGA, RPh Deficiency States: o Non-toxic since it is NOT SOLUBLE o Osteoporosis – density Barium Hydroxide (Ba(OH)2) – Baryte; CO2 o Osteomalacia – resorption adsorbent o Ricketts – mineralization RADIUM (Ra) o Hypocalcemia – tetany-tonic spasm of muscles Heavy SOURCES OF CALCIUM Discoverer: Marie Curie – 1st discovery: Po Most soluble hydroxide salt Apatite: CaF2 Ca3(PO4)2 Salts are used in green pyrotechnics Fluorite: CaF2 – white ppt Radioactive – used in CA radiotherapy, Phosphate Rock: Ca3(PO4)2 diagnostic purposes Dolomite: MgCO3 CaCO3 Gypsum: CaSO4 GROUP IIB: VOLATILE METALS PROCESSES Metals have relatively low MP 1. Calcination – CaCO3 + heat → CaO (Lime) + O2 Exhibits auto complexation 2. Slaking – controlled by addition of water Zn+2, Cd+2, Hg+1, +2 “Zi-Cad-Mer” CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 – Slaked Lime ZINC (Zn) Lime Water – saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water Present in insulin and carbonic anhydrase 3. Carbonation – CaO + CO2 → CaCO3 Protective coating of galvanized iron: battery and dry cell container STRONTIUM (Sr) Pharmacologic Action: (AAAP) Brass yellow ✓ Astringent Can replace Ca in bone formation ✓ Antiperspirant Radioactive Sr – used in diagnostics to ✓ Antiseptic scan and study bones ✓ Protectant Salts are used in red pyrotechnics; flares – Tox: Metal Fume Fever – Antidote: crimson red NaHCO3 Pharmacologic Action: Used to hasten Def: Parakeratosis bone mineralization in diseases such as CADMIUM (Cd) osteoporosis Strontium Chloride (SrCl2) – temperature Manufacture of stink bomb desensitizing agent (Sensodyne®) High affinity for metallothioproteins Strontium Lactate – used in the treatment (stress proteins) of osteoporosis Pharmacologic Action: ✓ Astringent BARIUM (Ba) ✓ Treatment of seborrheic Heavy dermatitis Insoluble phosphates (w/ Ba, Ca, Sr) Tox: Itai-itai Disease – Antidote: BAL Radioactive Ba – used in diagnostics to IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CADMIUM scan and study bones Salts are used in green pyrotechnics 1. Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) – emetic, tx of tinea Tox: Baritosis – Antidote: Mg SO4 (Epsom infection Salt) 2. Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) – yellow sulfide; anti- Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) – radiopaque seborrheic dermatitis / anti-dandruff substance used for GIT imaging 3. Cadmium Sulfate (CdSO4) – ophthalmic o Barium Meal (Esophotrast®) – antiseptic causes constipation 21 | @blueveetriol | PhLE MODULE 1  PhLE MODULE 1 – PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TRANS BY MLVGA, RPh MERCURY (Hg) Industrial Use: Vulcanizing rubber Hydrargyrum, Messenger of Gods, IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF BORON Quicksilver, Liquid Silver (Theophrastus), 1. Boric Acid (H3BO4) Asoge Sal Sativum, Sal Sedativum, Hydrogen Can be removed by S when it falls into borate, Orthoboric Acid cracks and difficult to clean places Burns with a green bordered flame when (+) Manufacture of thermometers, mixed with methanol and the mass ignited formation of amalgams (dental cement) Uses: 2 Forms: ✓ Buffer – 2% ophthalmic solt’n o Mercurous (Hg22+) – less toxic; ✓ Tonicity adjusting agent (isotonic; more difficult to absorb can still cause hemolysis) o Mercuric (Hg+) ✓ Antiseptic Water-soluble Mercury – solid Tox: Lobster Appearance (same with Na preparation containing: borate) o Mercury (10 – 20%) 2. Boron Trioxide – produced by heating Boric Acid o Cetyl Alcohol (70%) to temperature over 160 °C o Sodium lauryl sulfate 3. Sodium Tetraborate (NaB4O7 10H2O) o Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate o Glycerin and water Borax, Dobell’s Solution, Tinkal, Na pyroborate Source: Cinnabar (Aethrop’s Mineral) – HgS Use: Antiseptic, eye wash, wet dressing for wounds Pharmacologic Action: ✓ Protein precipitant (heavy metal) ALUMINUM (Al) ✓ Diuretic (useful for cardiac edema) Most abundant metal ✓ Antiseptic 3rd most abundant element ✓ Cathartic Base insoluble sulfide ✓ Tx of Syphilis Source: Cryolite (3NaF AlF3) ✓ Parasiticidal / Fungicidal Pharmacologic Action: Tox: Minamata Disease ✓ Constipation Antidotes: ✓ Astringent (CHON precipitant) o EDTA ✓ Antiperspirant o Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate NF – ✓ Deodorant (Also: Zn, Zr – banned best antidote due to granuloma formation) o Egg albumin – used in emergency; ✓ Tx of burns – Al thin foil 1 egg white for each 250mg Tox: Shaver’s Disease Mercuric chloride, to induce GALLIUM (Ga) emesis Eka-aluminum GROUP IIIA: BORON GROUP Except for Hg, has the lowest MP of the B, Al, Ha, In, Tl metals (29.57 °C) Hydroxides of this group of elements – Substitute for Hg in arc lamp manufacture tend to show amphoteric properties Appears in transferring, an iron transport except those at the top & bottom CHON, and appears to be useful in treating elements of this group CA-related hypercalcemia Oxidation: +3 Pharmacologic Action: Diagnostic Aid (67- Ga) BORON (B) Gallium Nitrate – for the treatment of CA- Bridge element, resembles Si related hypercalcemia 22 | @blueveetriol | PhLE MODULE 1  PhLE MODULE 1 – PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TRANS BY MLVGA, RPh INDIUM (In) o Amorphous ▪ Bituminous – soft coal; Used as diagnostic aid (111-In, 113-In) 70% Carbon THALLIUM (Tl) ▪ Anthracite – hard coal; 90% Carbon + 6% Most toxic, toxic effects are similar to Volatile Matter Arsenic ▪ Coke – impure carbon Green twigs (poison) IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CARBON Ant poison (insecticide) Defacqz Reaction – Test 1. Activated Charcoal Tox: Poisoning causes green tongue and Adsorbent alopecia – Antidote: Trihexyphenidyl, Component of universal antidote Dimercaprol Prepared from ligneous material by Use: Diagnostic Aid (201-Tl) carbonization in the absence of air, followed by heat and/or chemical GROUP IIIB: RARE EARTH ELEMENTS treatment to increase surface area and Are the first elements that are large porosity enough to permit the addition of electrons Residue from a destructive distillation of to the d orbitals, beginning with the third various organic materials treated to principal quantum number increase its adsorptive power Members: 2 Forms: o Scandium (Sc) – Eka-boron o Finely Powdered – used in liquid o Yttrium (Y) media; official use in USP in tx of o Lanthanide Series (La-Lu; 57-71) diarrhea o Actinides Series (Ac-Ir; 89-103) o Course, Hard, Porous Particle – gas absorption GROUP IVA: CARBON FAMILY 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Non-metallic Carbonic Acid, Dry Ice Oxidation: +4 Most potent respiratory stimulant; best Predominantly exhibit covalent bonding, respiratory stimulant owing to the small size and high change on Treatment of persistent hiccups the tetravalent ions Dry Ice – used in the tx of acne, corns, Oxides of C and Si are ACIDIC, other calluses, moles, warts, eczema elements of the group are AMPHOTERIC Toxicity due to suffocation Adsorbers: Soda Lime (NaOH + CaOH) & CARBON (C) Barium Hydroxides Non-metal 3. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Can form multiple bonds with itself Toxic gas Catenation – ability to bond with another Major Source: Automotive Exhaust (Car) carbon forming chains (Hybridization, 210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than O Isomerism, Stability) leading to asphyxia = death 2 Allotropes: Targets cytochrome oxidase o Crystalline Systemic poison ▪ Diamond (Tetrahedral) Toxicity due to interaction w/ Hgb (cherry – purest native form of red blood) uncombined carbon; Pathognomonic of CO poisoning: Cherry formed under pressure; red color of blood and mucous hardest mineral known membranes ▪ Graphite (Planar) 23 | @blueveetriol | PhLE MODULE 1  PhLE MODULE 1 – PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY TRANS BY MLVGA, RPh Treatment: 100% O2, Artificial Air (He 80% Antifoaming agent + O2 20%), hyperbaric O2 Anti-flatulent in gastric bloating and post- operative gaseous distention in GIT 4. Carbonates / Bicarbonates (CO3 / HCO3) Antacid, carbonating agent 4. Attapulgite Bicarbonate – causes temporary hardness Polymagma®, Diatabs®, Quintess® of water Adsorbent; for diarrhea NaHCO3 – baking soda; gastric antacid 5. Talc KHCO3 – source of K ion French Chalk, Piedra Grasa, Soapstone, (NH4)2CO3 – effective reflex stimulant and Creta Gallica expectorant Softest mineral known Na Carbonate Forms: Formerly used as dusting powders and o Dehydrate / Decaydrate – Soda lubricant for surgical gloves Crystals, Washing Soda, Sal Soda o Sesquihydrate – Trona, Urao Filtering aid o Anhydrous – Soda Ash, Calcined Purified Talc – has been freed of iron and Soda other impurities; made by boiling very Soluble Carbonate Groups: finely powdered talc with water containing o -K 2% of HCl acid o -Na Most Frequent Impurities of Talc: o -NH4 ✓ Aluminum Oxide ✓ Calcium Oxide SILICON (Si) ✓ Ferric Oxide 2nd most abundant element, component of 6. Potassium Aluminum Silicate glass Feldspar Most common rock IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SILICON 7. Glass 1. Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Sodium Silicate – generic term used to Sand, Flint, Silica identify vitreous silicate material prepared Adsorbent, clarifying agent, filtering agent, by fusing a base, such as Na2CO3 & CaCO3 insulator + pure silica Tox: Silicosis – Antidote: Al Oxide (Al2O3); USP GLASS TYPES AND TEST LIMITS forms coats on silica particles GENERAL TYPE OF TYPE GENERAL USE Silica Fume – prepared by condensation of DESCRIPTION TEST Buffered and silica from its vapor phase; Colloidal Silicon Highly resistant Powdered unbuffered I borosilicate Dioxide NF glass aqueous glass Silica Gel – prepared by hydrolysis of solutions Buffered inorganic or organic orthosilicates; Silicon aqueous Dioxide NF solutions with Treated soda Water pH