Peace Education Prelims Reviewer PDF

ELECTIVE 003: PEACE EDUCATION o Indirect Violence: Structural issues, such as economic inequality and repression of Secular Views/Concepts of Peace and Violence freedoms, that sho...

ELECTIVE 003: PEACE EDUCATION o Indirect Violence: Structural issues, such as economic inequality and repression of Secular Views/Concepts of Peace and Violence freedoms, that shorten life spans or reduce quality of life. 1. Early Definitions of Peace - Birgit Brock-Utne (1989): - Hugo Grotius (1625): Defined peace as o Organized Violence: Collective violence merely the absence of war or direct violence such as war between or within states. (Dobrosielski, 1987). o Unorganized Violence: Includes personal - Raymond Aron (1966): Narrowly defined violence like rape, wife battering, and child peace as a condition of “more or less lasting abuse. suspension of violent rivalry between political units” (Barash, 1999). This continues the view that peace equals the absence of war or organized violence. - Negative Formulation of Peace: For many early thinkers, peace was simply the absence of death and destruction due to war or direct violence. 2. Emergence of Alternative Views on Peace (Late 1960s) - Focus began to shift towards indirect or structural violence, which refers to violence built into society through its social, political, and economic systems (Hicks, 1987). - Structural Violence: Conditions of extreme poverty, starvation, avoidable diseases, discrimination, and denial of human rights are also forms of violence. These indirectly lead to death and suffering. - Johan Galtung: Structural violence occurs when wealth from affluent nations or groups is built on resources taken from poorer nations or groups, leading to deprivation (Monez, 1973). Toward a Holistic Concept of Peace and Violence 1. Challenging Conventional Views - Peace is not just the absence of war; it also includes the eradication of injustice (Cheng & Kurtz, 1998). - A broader understanding of peace includes justice, non-exploitative relationships, and human and ecological well-being. 2. Johan Galtung’s Definitions - Negative Peace: Absence of direct violence (war, personal harm). - Positive Peace: Presence of social justice, equal distribution of resources, and egalitarian power structures. - Peace and Social Justice: Peace should also focus on justice and the well-being of people and the environment. 3. Positive Peace and Nature - Peace with Nature: Human survival and well-being depend on nature's ability to sustain itself (Mische, 1987). A failure to protect nature can lead to resource scarcity, which may result in conflict and aggression (Barnaby, 1989). - Ecological well-being is central to achieving positive peace. 4. Conceptual Map of Violence - Betty Reardon: Defines violence as humanly inflicted harm. This focuses on harm caused by humans, distinguishing it from harm caused by natural forces. - Direct vs. Indirect Violence: o Direct Violence: Physical harm such as war, domestic abuse, and street crime.  2. Love and reconciliation over retaliation: 8 Pillars of Peace - Central commandment: "Love one another" (John 13:34). 1. Well-functioning Government - Extending love to enemies: "Love your - Delivers high-quality public and civil services, enemies, do good to those who hate you" maintains political stability, upholds the rule of law, (Matthew 5:43–44). and fosters trust and participation. - Promoted non-retaliation: Romans 12:17– 21, "Overcome evil with good." 2. Sound Business Environment - Strong economic conditions and institutions that 3. Transforming initiatives: support private-sector operations. Business - Jesus called for peacemaking: "Blessed competitiveness and productivity are linked to are the peacemakers" (Matthew 5:9). peaceful countries. - Positive responses to violence: "Turn the other cheek" (Matthew 5:39-41). 3. Equitable Distribution of Resources - Equal access to resources like education and Practical Steps (Glen Stassen, 1983): healthcare, with less focus on income inequality. - Affirm the valid interests of your enemies and pray for them. 4. Acceptance of the Rights of Others - Talk to adversaries and seek agreement. - Laws guaranteeing human rights and freedoms, - Associate with the powerless who need justice. supported by cultural and social norms, contribute - Do not return evil for evil, instead take to peace. transformative action. 5. Good Relations with Neighbors Old Testament Concept of “Shalom”: - Peace depends on harmonious relationships - Shalom: Wholeness, well-being, security, and between countries and within a nation’s ethnic, absence of war (Hosea 2:20). religious, or cultural groups. Peaceful countries - Prophets envisioned weapons being turned into tend to be politically stable and integrated into their tools of peace (Isaiah 2:4). regions. - Peace is linked with justice: "Justice and peace shall kiss" (Psalm 85:11). 6. Free Flow of Information - Independent media spreads information to enhance Human Dignity: knowledge, leading to better decisions in times of - Humanity made in God’s image (Genesis 1:26–28). crisis and more rational responses. - "Do for others what you want them to do for you" (Matthew 7:12). 7. High Levels of Human Capital - Jesus’ mission: life in fullness for all (John 10:10). - Societies that invest in education and promote knowledge have better political 2. Islam participation, social capital, and economic - Root meaning: "Islam" comes from "al-silm," productivity. meaning peace. - Muslim: One who submits to God’s will, 8. Low Levels of Corruption aiming to establish a just, harmonious social - Corruption hinders resource allocation and order (Mahmood-Abedin, 2001). can lead to civil unrest. Low corruption improves trust in institutions and enhances Five Obligations of a Muslim: business efficiency. 1. Tawheed: Acceptance of God’s oneness and the prophethood of Mohammed. Spiritual and Faith Traditions 2. Prayer: Five times a day. as Resources for Peace 3. Zakah: Obligatory charity, 2.5% of wealth, for wealth redistribution and social responsibility. Introduction 4. Fasting: During Ramadhan, fostering solidarity. - Faith and spiritual traditions motivate people to 5. Pilgrimage: To Makkah once in a lifetime. pursue peace. - Wars in the name of religion often stem from socio- Peace-Related Qur’anic Verses: political and economic conflicts rather than faith - Killing one is like killing all humanity; saving one is itself (Machado, 1993). like saving all (Surah 5:32). - Original teachings of these traditions are sources - Kindness and justice even toward non-Muslims for peace; rediscovering these principles is (Surah 60:8). essential. - Equality of all humans: “We created you male and - Understanding and cooperation among different female to know one another” (Surah 49:13). faiths are imperative today, emphasizing our - God forbids aggression and commands justice common humanity and shared values for peace and (Surah 16:90). respect. Hadith Teachings: 1. Christianity - God loves those who do good for others. - Peace Message: Jesus' birth was marked by - Reconciliation is better than prayers, fasting, or a song of peace (Luke 2:14). charity. - Restraint and tolerance lead to faith and Key Elements in Jesus' Approach to Peace: contentment. 1. Rejection of violence: - Show compassion to others to receive mercy from - Jesus lived under Roman occupation but God. refused both violence and oppression. - His message: "All who take the sword die by 3. Buddhism the sword" (Matthew 26:51–52). - Central goal: Attain nirvana, liberation from suffering (Sirikanchana, 2001). Core Teachings: Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Compassion and non-violence: Buddha praised those who do not kill (Dhammapada). Overview of Human Rights - Dalai Lama (2001): Compassion is a deep feeling - Definition: Human rights are inherent to all human of connectedness and commitment to relieve beings regardless of nationality, residence, sex, suffering. origin, religion, or any status. - Core Principles: Principles from Dalai Lama (1999): o Universality: Rights apply to everyone - Human nature is gentle, not aggressive. without discrimination. - Happiness is rooted in concern for others and o Interrelated, interdependent, and relationships. indivisible: All rights are equally important - Non-harming and cultivating positive traits like and interconnected. generosity and humility. o UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC): Promotes and protects human rights Law of Karma: worldwide. It has 47 members elected for - Actions, good or bad, have consequences for three-year terms based on regional oneself and others. representation. The headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. Middle Path: - Prince Siddharta (Buddha) advocated for a Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) balanced approach to life, avoiding extremes of - Adoption: Drafted by the UN Commission on indulgence or self-denial. Human Rights, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt. - Adopted: December 10, 1948, by the UN General 4. Hinduism Assembly. - Ultimate goal: Vision of unity and - Celebration: December 10th is recognized globally interconnectedness between all life forms as International Human Rights Day. (Sundararajan, 2001). Classification of Human Rights Key Verses: - Unity: "Unite your hearts, may your spirit be as one" 1. Civil and Political Rights (CPR) (Rg Veda). - Right to Life - Friendship: "May we look on one another with the - Freedom from Slavery eye of a friend" (Yajurveda). - No Torture - Right to Recognition as a Person before the Principles of Hinduism (Vaswani, 2007): Law - Lead a moral life with right actions. - Right to Equality before the Law - Control desires and anger. - Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal - Practice ahimsa (non-violence). - No Unfair Detainment - Promote love, compassion, and justice. - Right to a Fair Public Trial - Inner peace leads to peace in the world. - Right to be Considered Innocent Until Proven Guilty Additional Teachings (Sharma, 2005): - Right to Privacy - Engage in good deeds, avoid inflicting pain. - End prayers with “Shanti” (peace), repeated three 2. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCR) times, symbolizing peace within, in the family, and - Right to Social Security in the world. - Workers' Rights - Right to Rest & Leisure 5. Indigenous Traditions - Right to Adequate Living Standard - Indigenous peoples (IPs) hold a profound - Right to Education reverence for nature and view themselves as - Right to Participate in Cultural Life of custodians, not owners, of the land (Gray, Community 1999). - Right to Social Order that Supports Human Rights Key Beliefs: - The land is sacred; people belong to the earth, and Key Articles from the Universal Declaration of Human harming it harms oneself (Chief Seattle). Rights - Collective responsibility to protect the land and its resources (Bennagen, 1996). Article 1 - All humans are born free and equal in dignity and Community-Based Restorative Justice: rights, with reason and conscience, and should act - Communities share responsibility for violations by in brotherhood. members, and repairing harm is emphasized over mere forgiveness (Mercado, 1998). Article 2 - Rights and freedoms are entitled to all, without any Forgiveness and Reconciliation: distinction (race, color, sex, language, etc.). - Reparations must be made for wrongs, and punishment follows only after understanding the Article 3 cause of transgressions (Mercado, 1998). - Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security. Conclusion Article 4 - All these traditions, despite their diversity, share the - No one shall be enslaved or subjected to the slave fundamental aspiration for peace, mutual respect, trade. and coexistence, providing timeless resources for building a harmonious and just society. Article 5 Article 21 - No one shall face torture or cruel, inhuman, or 1. Right to take part in government. degrading treatment. 2. Equal access to public service. 3. Authority of government based on the will of the Article 6 people, expressed in free and fair elections. - The right to be recognized everywhere as a person before the law. Article 22 - Right to social security and the realization of Article 7 economic, social, and cultural rights for dignity and - All are equal before the law and entitled to its personal development. protection without discrimination. Article 23 Article 8 1. Right to work and choose employment freely. - Right to an effective remedy through competent 2. Right to equal pay for equal work without national tribunals for rights violations. discrimination. 3. Right to a just remuneration for a dignified life. Article 9 4. Right to join trade unions. - No one shall be arbitrarily arrested, detained, or exiled. Article 24 - Right to rest and leisure, including reasonable work Article 10 hours and periodic paid holidays. - Right to a fair and public hearing by an impartial tribunal. Article 25 - 1. Right to an adequate standard of living, including Article 11 food, clothing, housing, medical care, and social 1. Presumption of innocence until proven guilty in a services. public trial. - 2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special 2. No one is guilty of an offense if it was not an offense care. at the time of its occurrence. Article 26 Article 12 1. Right to education, which must be free and - Right to privacy, family, home, and protection compulsory at the elementary level. against unlawful interference. 2. Education should promote human rights, tolerance, and peace. Article 13 3. Parents have the right to choose their children's 1. Right to freedom of movement and residence within education. states. 2. Right to leave any country and return to one's own Article 27 country. - 1. Right to participate in cultural life, enjoy arts, and share in scientific progress. Article 14 - 2. Right to protection of moral and material interests 1. Right to seek asylum from persecution. of creative works. 2. This cannot apply to non-political crimes or violations against UN principles. Article 28 - Right to a social and international order where Article 15 human rights can be realized. 1. Right to a nationality. 2. No arbitrary deprivation of nationality. Article 29 1. Everyone has duties to the community for personal Article 16 development. 1. Equal right to marry and start a family without 2. Rights can only be limited by law to respect the discrimination. rights of others and maintain public order. 2. Marriage must have free and full consent of both 3. Rights cannot be used against UN principles. parties. 3. The family is entitled to protection by society and Article 30 the state. - No interpretation of the Declaration may undermine the rights and freedoms it sets forth. Article 17 1. Right to own property alone or with others. Key Conventions on Human Rights 2. No arbitrary deprivation of property. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Article 18 Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) - Right to freedom of thought, conscience, and - Purpose: Addresses women's needs from a human religion, including changing religion and expressing rights perspective, providing specific steps for beliefs. promoting women's rights. - Why Women in Peace Processes?: Article 19 o Women play key roles in peacebuilding. - Right to freedom of opinion and expression, o Women are disproportionately affected by including seeking and imparting information across conflict. borders. o Including women brings diverse views and fosters inclusivity. Article 20 - Sexual Violence: Women are often targeted with 1. Right to peaceful assembly and association. sexual violence as a tactic of war. 2. No one can be compelled to join an association. UNSCR 1325 (UN Security Council Resolution 1325) - Framework: Provides a political structure for promoting women's roles in peace and security but lacks detailed guidance. - Global Indicators: Used to protect women's rights. - Four Pillars: o Prevention: Preventing conflict and violence against women. o Participation: Increasing women's roles in decision-making. o Protection: Protecting women and girls from violence. o Relief and Recovery: Ensuring that women’s needs are addressed in post- conflict recovery. Convention on the Rights of the Child - Article 1: Defines a child as anyone under the age of 18 unless national law stipulates an earlier age of majority.